抗生素菌渣堆肥化处理研究
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摘要
抗生素菌渣是抗生素生产企业在生产过程中产生的废弃物,因其含有一定量的抗生素残留而被国家有关部门列为危险废弃物,不合理的处理方法极易造成环境污染和生态危害,同时也会造成资源浪费。为了探讨抗生素菌渣堆肥化处理的可行性,本试验分别进行了青霉素菌渣、林可霉素菌渣与牛粪的联合堆肥试验,通过测定堆制过程中的基本理化性质(温度、含水量、pH)、植物毒性(种子发芽指数、芽长抑制率、根长抑制率)、抗生素残留量、肥效指标(总氮、水溶性总氮、水溶性总磷)、微生物的变化来考察堆肥的腐熟度、安全性及菌渣堆肥与普通牛粪堆肥的不同。得到的主要试验结果如下：
1.青霉素菌渣与牛粪的堆肥试验
堆肥过程中,T1、T2温度在50℃以上的时间超过一周,符合堆肥无害化卫生标准；堆肥结束时,三个处理的pH值分别为8.62、8.58和8.55,符合腐熟堆肥pH值在8.0-9.0的标准；堆肥结束时,三个处理的种子发芽指数均在50%以上,达到了基本无植物毒性的水平；堆肥过程中,T1、T2温度大于40℃,青霉素已失活；堆肥过程中,T1、T2高温持续期长,氮素损失严重；三个处理的微生物数量没有显著差异,但T1、T2中微生物种类明显少于T3。
2.林可霉素菌渣与牛粪的堆肥试验
堆肥过程中,各处理温度在50℃以上均保持了7d以上,符合堆肥无害化卫生标准；堆肥结束时,各处理pH均满足8.0-9.0的腐熟堆肥pH标准；堆肥结束时,五个处理的种子发芽指数均在70%以上,芽长抑制作用消失,根长抑制率也大大减小,堆肥已基本无植物毒性；堆肥结束时,T1、T2、T4的林可霉素残留已全部被降解,T3的林可霉素含量降解了99.7%；水溶性总氮呈减小趋势,氮素损失严重,水溶性总磷比堆肥开始时也有所降低；菌渣堆肥中放线菌数量抑制严重,微生物种类远远少于对照。
3.林可霉素菌渣堆肥对土壤微生物的影响
菌渣堆肥对土壤中微生物的增殖有很好的促进作用,且效果好于普通牛粪堆肥；菌渣堆肥对土壤中微生物的多样性没有显著的破坏作用。
通过试验得出结论,菌渣堆肥中抗生素残留已基本降解,堆肥成品基本达到无害化标准,所以可以将堆肥作为抗生素菌渣资源化利用途径之一。
The antibiotic mushroom dregs were the wastes during the production process of antibiotic enterprises. The wastes were grouped into the hazardous wastes because of residual antibiotics by national departments concerned. The inappropriate treatments on these wastes could cause environmental pollution, ecological risk and resource waste. To research the feasibility of composting treatment on antibiotic mushroom dregs, we designed the co-composting with cattle manure by penicillin mushroom dregs and lincomycin mushroom dregs respectively. To investigate the compost maturity, compost security and the differences between composts with antibiotic mushroom dregs and compost by cattle manure, we determined the basic physicochemical properties(temperature, water content, pH), phytotoxicity(seed germination indexes, inhibition rates of the sprout length, inhibition rates of the root length), antibiotic residuals, fertility indexes(total nitrogen, water-soluble nitrogen, water-soluble phosphorus), microbial changes during compost. The main results were as follows:
1. Study on the co-composting of penicillin mushroom dregs and cattle manure
During composting, the time of temperature over 50℃of T1 and T2 was more than a week, which accord with the composting health standard. After composting, pH of three treatments was 8.62,8.58 and 8.55 respectively, which accorded with the matured compost standard demanding pH between 8 and 9. After composting, seed germination indexes were above 50%, achieved the practical non-phytotoxicity level. During composting, temperatures of T1 and T2 were above 40℃and penicillin was deactivated. During composting, the thermophilic phases of T1 and T2 lasted long and nitrogen losses were seriously. The microbe quantities of three treatments had no significant difference, but microbe species of T1 and T2 were less than that of T3 obviously.
2. Study on the co-composting of lincomycin mushroom dregs and cattle manure
During composting, Time of temperature over 50℃of all treatments was more than 7d, which accorded with the composting health standard. After composting, pH of all treatments accorded with the matured compost standard demanding pH between 8 and 9. After composting, seed germination indexes were all above 70%. The inhibition of compost on bud length disappeared. The inhibition rates of the root length also reduced greatly. Compost had achieved the practical non-phytotoxicity level. After composting, the lincomycin of T1、T2、T4 were all degraded and that of T3 was degraded 99.7%. The content of water-soluble nitrogen decreased, nitrogen losing seriously. The population of actinomycetes was inhibited seriously. Microbe species were far more less than the control.
3. effect of the compost with lincomycin mushroom dregs on soil microbes
The compost with lincomycin mushroom dregs played a good part in promoting the microbe proliferation and the effect was better than that of cattle manure. The compost with mushroom dregs has no significant destruction for microbial diversity.
4. Screening for lincomycin-degrading strains
We had screened out three bacterial strains and nine fungal strains. The degrading strains we screened out all can degrade lincomycin in some extent. Among them, zh5 had the best effect, the degradation rate of lincomycin in 20d reaching 13.24%.
From the tests we know:The residual antibiotics were degraded and composting products had reached harmless standard basically. So composting can be regarded as a resourceful utilization way of the antibiotic mushroom dregs.
1.青霉素菌渣与牛粪的堆肥试验
堆肥过程中,T1、T2温度在50℃以上的时间超过一周,符合堆肥无害化卫生标准；堆肥结束时,三个处理的pH值分别为8.62、8.58和8.55,符合腐熟堆肥pH值在8.0-9.0的标准；堆肥结束时,三个处理的种子发芽指数均在50%以上,达到了基本无植物毒性的水平；堆肥过程中,T1、T2温度大于40℃,青霉素已失活；堆肥过程中,T1、T2高温持续期长,氮素损失严重；三个处理的微生物数量没有显著差异,但T1、T2中微生物种类明显少于T3。
2.林可霉素菌渣与牛粪的堆肥试验
堆肥过程中,各处理温度在50℃以上均保持了7d以上,符合堆肥无害化卫生标准；堆肥结束时,各处理pH均满足8.0-9.0的腐熟堆肥pH标准；堆肥结束时,五个处理的种子发芽指数均在70%以上,芽长抑制作用消失,根长抑制率也大大减小,堆肥已基本无植物毒性；堆肥结束时,T1、T2、T4的林可霉素残留已全部被降解,T3的林可霉素含量降解了99.7%；水溶性总氮呈减小趋势,氮素损失严重,水溶性总磷比堆肥开始时也有所降低；菌渣堆肥中放线菌数量抑制严重,微生物种类远远少于对照。
3.林可霉素菌渣堆肥对土壤微生物的影响
菌渣堆肥对土壤中微生物的增殖有很好的促进作用,且效果好于普通牛粪堆肥；菌渣堆肥对土壤中微生物的多样性没有显著的破坏作用。
通过试验得出结论,菌渣堆肥中抗生素残留已基本降解,堆肥成品基本达到无害化标准,所以可以将堆肥作为抗生素菌渣资源化利用途径之一。
The antibiotic mushroom dregs were the wastes during the production process of antibiotic enterprises. The wastes were grouped into the hazardous wastes because of residual antibiotics by national departments concerned. The inappropriate treatments on these wastes could cause environmental pollution, ecological risk and resource waste. To research the feasibility of composting treatment on antibiotic mushroom dregs, we designed the co-composting with cattle manure by penicillin mushroom dregs and lincomycin mushroom dregs respectively. To investigate the compost maturity, compost security and the differences between composts with antibiotic mushroom dregs and compost by cattle manure, we determined the basic physicochemical properties(temperature, water content, pH), phytotoxicity(seed germination indexes, inhibition rates of the sprout length, inhibition rates of the root length), antibiotic residuals, fertility indexes(total nitrogen, water-soluble nitrogen, water-soluble phosphorus), microbial changes during compost. The main results were as follows:
1. Study on the co-composting of penicillin mushroom dregs and cattle manure
During composting, the time of temperature over 50℃of T1 and T2 was more than a week, which accord with the composting health standard. After composting, pH of three treatments was 8.62,8.58 and 8.55 respectively, which accorded with the matured compost standard demanding pH between 8 and 9. After composting, seed germination indexes were above 50%, achieved the practical non-phytotoxicity level. During composting, temperatures of T1 and T2 were above 40℃and penicillin was deactivated. During composting, the thermophilic phases of T1 and T2 lasted long and nitrogen losses were seriously. The microbe quantities of three treatments had no significant difference, but microbe species of T1 and T2 were less than that of T3 obviously.
2. Study on the co-composting of lincomycin mushroom dregs and cattle manure
During composting, Time of temperature over 50℃of all treatments was more than 7d, which accorded with the composting health standard. After composting, pH of all treatments accorded with the matured compost standard demanding pH between 8 and 9. After composting, seed germination indexes were all above 70%. The inhibition of compost on bud length disappeared. The inhibition rates of the root length also reduced greatly. Compost had achieved the practical non-phytotoxicity level. After composting, the lincomycin of T1、T2、T4 were all degraded and that of T3 was degraded 99.7%. The content of water-soluble nitrogen decreased, nitrogen losing seriously. The population of actinomycetes was inhibited seriously. Microbe species were far more less than the control.
3. effect of the compost with lincomycin mushroom dregs on soil microbes
The compost with lincomycin mushroom dregs played a good part in promoting the microbe proliferation and the effect was better than that of cattle manure. The compost with mushroom dregs has no significant destruction for microbial diversity.
4. Screening for lincomycin-degrading strains
We had screened out three bacterial strains and nine fungal strains. The degrading strains we screened out all can degrade lincomycin in some extent. Among them, zh5 had the best effect, the degradation rate of lincomycin in 20d reaching 13.24%.
From the tests we know:The residual antibiotics were degraded and composting products had reached harmless standard basically. So composting can be regarded as a resourceful utilization way of the antibiotic mushroom dregs.
引文
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[2]Bruce J R, Paul K S L, Michael M. Emerging chemicals of concern:Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs) in Asia, with particular reference to Southern China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2005,50:913～920
[3]王丽平,章明奎,郑顺安.土壤中恩诺沙星的吸附-解吸特性和生物学效应[J].土壤通报,2008,39(2)：393～397
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