摘要
现阶段,我国对蔬菜废弃物的利用率还不是很高,大多被丢弃或是焚烧,不仅是巨大的资源浪费,而且还污染环境。加大对蔬菜废弃物的资源化利用成为急需解决的问题,堆肥化处理蔬菜废弃物不仅可以满足有机农业对肥料的需求,而且还可以解决蔬菜废弃物污染的问题。本试验研究了蔬菜废弃物、水稻秸秆分别和猪粪、牛粪以不同配比堆肥对堆肥发酵效果的影响,优化堆肥原料配比;研究了不同微生物发酵菌剂堆肥进程动态变化及对发酵效果的影响,并将发酵好的堆肥用于菜田,研究了蔬菜废弃物堆肥产品对土壤的影响。本研究试验结果如下:
1.不同原料配比对堆肥发酵效果的影响。在猪牛粪比例一定的前提下,逐渐增加蔬菜废弃物的比例。在保证堆肥质量的前提下,蔬菜废弃物的比例可以增加到20%。蔬菜废弃物、水稻秸秆和猪粪或是牛粪进行堆肥的最佳配比:10:40:50~20:30:50(干重),经过30d可以有效的将混合废物发酵成腐熟度良好、可以作为进一步深加工的或是土壤改良剂的主要原料。通过对堆肥产品理化指标的分析得出在pH、EC、T值、氮含量及速效磷方面,猪粪处理的效果要好于牛粪处理;而在有机质含量、速效钾含量方面,牛粪处理的效果要好一点。
2.不同微生物发酵菌剂堆肥进程动态变化及对发酵效果的影响。将蔬菜废弃物、水稻秸秆、猪粪,按照20:30:50混合均匀,分别接种创博微生物发酵剂(CB)、满园春生物发酵剂(MY)、群林发酵剂(QL)和沃土复合菌剂(VT),进行静态箱式堆肥,研究微生物菌剂对堆肥进程动态变化的影响。四种微生物菌剂在堆肥开始后42d,各处理均已发酵成效果良好的堆肥产品,QL菌剂处理的有机质降解率最大,比堆肥开始时下降了24.1%,全碳含量和C/N比最低,分别是26.72%和11.9。
3.蔬菜废弃物堆肥对土壤理化性状的影响。各处理菜田土壤的物理性状均比试验前有所改善。蔬菜废弃物堆肥处理(处理C)在降低土壤pH值、容重,增加土壤孔隙度,提高土壤阳离子交换量等方面和商用有机肥处理(处理S)没有显著性差异,并且在提高土壤速效磷含量方面比商用有机肥效果要好,成显著性差异;蔬菜废弃物堆肥配施微生物菌剂处理在改良土壤方面的作用效果最好。四种处理的效果比较:处理C+EM>处理S+EM>处理C>处理S。
Now the utilization of vegetable waste is not high, most of all was burned and thrown away, not only wasting a huge resource but also causing environmental problems. To increasing the utilization of vegetable waste is an urgent problem, composting of vegetable wastes not only meets the needs of organic agriculture on manure, but also can solve vegetable waste pollution. This paper was studied the effects of different raw material ratios on composting, and discussed the effects of different microbial agents on vegetable wastes composting process and the impacts on soil. The results of this study are as follows:
1. Effect of different raw materials ratios on composting.The best ratios of raw material on composting of vegetable waste are vegetable waste: straw: pig manure or cattle manure in the 10:40:50~20:30:50. After 30 days of composting, the mixed waste can be effectively fermented into maturity well as raw materials for further processing or soil amendments.
Through the analysis of physical and chemical properties of compost, the results showed that the pig manure treatment is better than cattle manure treatment in the pH, EC, the value of T, TN and available P. But the cattle manure treatment is better in OM, available K.
2. The composting dynamics and effect of different microbial agents treaetments on composting.CB, MY, QL and VT agent were respectively inoculated into the mixture of vegetable wastes, straw and Pig or cattle manure (20:30:50, w: w: w) before composting. After 42 days, the raw materials of four kinds of microbial agents’treatments got into good organic fertilization. QL agent treatment had decreased the organic matter content by 24.1% than beginning. The decomposition of organic matter on QL agent treatment is the largest in four treatments.The total carbon and C/N of QL treatment are the lowest treatment, of 26.72% and 11.9.
3. Effect of different treatments on the physical and chemical properties of soil. In trial, the physical properties of soil on each treatment had improved than before the test. The effects of C and S treatments, there were no significant differences in decreasing soil pH and bulk density and increasing soil porosity and CEC. And the effect of C treatment P is better than S treatment in increasing soil available. This showed that the vegetable waste compost is reached the commercial requirements.
引文
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