摘要
在人类长期的演化过程中,随着生产生活方式的改变,人类的咀嚼器官总体呈现出一个逐渐退化的趋势。咀嚼器官的变化在很大程度上反映了人类生存环境的改变及文化的发展。对咀嚼器官演化的研究不仅有助于揭示社会历史的演变过程,更有利于对人类演化过程本身的了解,从更高层面上理解人体的生理结构变化及其生长发育的特点。而咀嚼器官的变化主要体现在牙齿和颌骨的变化上。由于颌骨本身骨质相对于牙齿疏松,易于损坏,出土后保存完整的颌骨标本较少,因而有关下颌骨方面的研究非常少。本文收集不同年代人下颌骨标本,进行形态学测量,纵向研究人类3000年来下颌骨的演化趋势。
1材料
本研究分别选取第四军医大学解剖教研室保存的完整的现代人下颌骨标本共计150例,男性105例,女性45例;陕西省考古所始皇陵考古队保存的完整的秦代(距今约2200年前)人下颌骨共计49例,均为男性;陕西省考古所泾渭考古基地保存的完整的西周时期(距今约3000年前)人下颌骨标本,共计56例,男性24例,女性32例。
2方法
参照《人体骨骼测量方法》(吴汝康,吴新智,1965),《人体测量手册》(邵象清,1985)及《体质人类学》(朱泓,2004年)所介绍的方法和标准,观测不同年代人下颌骨标本的各项指标。
3结果
1分别报告了不同年代人下颌骨标本的线性测量测量结果及非线性测量结果。
2对三个年代人下颌骨各项测量数据进行对比发现:
①与现代人相比,3000年前组和2000年前组下颌体、下颌支及下牙弓的三维测量数据均较大,而3000年前组与2000年前组相比,除下颌角间宽、下颌支高等5项外,其余项目均为3000年前组大于2000年前组,其中下颌体厚、颏孔高度等7项差异具有统计学意义,其余项目差异无统计学意义,因此3000年前组与2000年前组下颌骨测量数据差异不大。
②在本研究的三个样本中,下颌骨整体呈缩小趋势,其中以下颌体部和下颌角的变化最为明显,下颌支的宽度变化较高度变化明显,髁突前后径整体呈缩小趋势,但内外径变化并不明显。
3非线性测量结果:3000年来人下颌骨的非线性测量项目,包括颏孔形状、颏孔位置、颏孔副孔出现率、下牙弓形态、下颌孔形态等项目,三个不同年代组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
4结论
本研究通过对三个不同年代人下颌骨标本的研究,报告了三个年代组人下颌骨标本的各项线性测量及非线性测量数据,并通过对三个年代组人下颌骨标本线性及非线性测量数据的对比,旨在了解下颌骨的演化趋势,但对于下颌骨演化趋势及其机制的探讨还需大量的研究来论证。
During the human evolution, the masticating apparatus have been weakened by the changes of producing and living style. Jaw bones of the ancient people can be used not only to reflect the physical and physiological status, lifestyle, and culture in the certain period, but also to understand the jaw bones development and variation. The main changes of masticating apparatus are in teeth and jaws,but as the jaws are difficult to preserve, so the studies on jaw bones are still rare, furthermore the studies related to mandibles are even less. In this study, human mandibles of different periods were collected. Observing and measuring were carried out to investigate the trend of mandible evolution.
1. Material
Mandible of different periods were selected respectively in this study, including 150 mandibles of modern people (105 male and 45 female), provided by the department of anatomy of the Fourth Military Medical University; 49 male mandibles samples of 2000 years ago provided by the archiological institute of Shaanxi province and 56 mandibles of 3000 years ago ( 24 male, 32 female) provided by archiological institute of Shaanxi province.
2. Method Every data was noted in detail by the standards and methods described in“Human Skeleton Measurement”(Wu Rukang,Wu Xinzhi,1965) ,“Anthropometric Handbook”(Shao Xiangqing, 1985) and“Phsical anthropology”(Zhu Hong, 2004).
3. Results
1. Results of Linearity measurements and nonlinearity measurements in different periods are reported respectively.
2. The comparisons among the mandible data of different periods show that
①Compared with modern people group , the mandible data in group of 3000 years ago and the group of 2000 years ago were much larger, especially in mandibular body, mandibular ramus and mandibular arch. And the mandibular measurements of the group in 3000 years ago were bigger than measurements of the group in 2000 years ago, except bigonial breadth, height of the mandibular ramus and so on. In all measuring items, there were 7 items which have statistical significance between the group of 3000 years ago and the group of 2000 years ago. In three samples, the whole size of mandible decreased gradually to date. Among measuring items, the decreasing of mandibular body and mandibular angle were more obvious, and the decreasing in breadth of mandibular ramus were more obvious than the decreasing in height of mandibular ramus. Moreover, there were no obvious changes in interior～exterior diameter of the condyle process.
②Results of nonlinearity measurements
There was no statistic significance in different measuring items between three groups(P>0.05).
4. Conclusions
By measuring and observing, obtained mandibular data were reported. The results of our study have provided data for human mandibular evolution and anthropology.
Compared with mandibular data in three different periods, the whole size of mandible decreased gradually to date. These changes may relate to lifestyle and environmental changes. But to investigate the trend of mandible evolution, we still need further studies on this issue.
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