摘要
综观我国近20年旅游产业的发展,其特点可以概括为:开放度不断加强、综合性明显增加、需求面愈加多样、稳定性逐步增强、旅游合作走向深入、红色旅游应运而生、体制创新呼之欲出。就世界范围内旅游发展趋势来看又主要表现在普及化、健康化、个性化、多样化、产业化、科技化、信息化、竞合化、体验化和国际化等十个方面,旅游发展已经进入一个全新的发展阶段。
然而,审视当前我国旅游产业的发展,可以用“散、小、弱、差”来形容我国旅游产业的现状,所谓“散”,可以解释为经营分散、产业链条松散、企业联系缺乏、整合能力较弱;所谓“小”,可以解释为企业无序竞争严重、合作机制尚未形成,产业分工深化、企业寻租和企业聚集的外部性尚不明显,从而导致企业发展较为粗放,旅游产业规模小;所谓“弱”指企业抵抗风险能力弱、市场竞争力弱,企业发展处于不利地位;所谓“差”指经济效益差。为提升和保持旅游产业的持续竞争优势,旅游产业发展需要实现由“散、小、弱、差”向“紧、大、强、好”转变,旅游目的地需要积极探讨一种新型的、长期的旅游产业发展战略和经济组织模式,而产业集群为旅游产业提供一种新的创新思维的空间。
“产业集群”的概念是由美国商学院波特教授1990年在《国家竞争优势》书中正式提出产业集群概念,并把它提高到增强国家竞争力的高度。作为一种新的经济组织形式,引起了管理学、经济地理学、经济学、社会学等领域学者的浓厚兴趣,一方面是因为产业集群是一种具有独特结构、运行机制和演化规律的经济活动空间组织形式,另一方面是因为产业集群具有特殊的经济效率,特别是在区域经济发展、在区域参与全球化的竞争中表现出了很强的生命活力和竞争力。世界上越来越多的国家和地区都把培育产业集群,促进产业集群发展作为提高国家或者区域经济发展竞争力的一个重要政策手段。联合国、经济合作与发展组织、世界银行等国际机构也积极地推动产业集群战略和政策在发展中国家地方公共政策中的实践。
产业集群研究大都集中在制造业和高薪技术产业领域,作为服务业重要组成部分的旅游产业是否适合用产业集群理论来研究引起了学术界和政界的广泛关注。作为一种方法论,产业集群具有很大的包容性,它不仅应用到制造业和高薪技术产业领域,同样也适用于非制造业领域,特别适用于旅游产业领域。在国内外研究综述的基础上,本文从空间培育的角度对三门峡市旅游产业集群进行了系统地研究,尝试性地探讨了中观层面旅游产业集群空间培育模式。本文共分为七个部分:
第一部分:引言。首先从旅游产业实践和旅游产业集群现象进行了背景分析,阐述了本文的研究目的和意义,并对研究方法和技术路线进行了设计,最后点明了本文的拟创新点。
第二部分:国内外研究综述。在国内外关于旅游产业集群研究文献收集的基础上,对国内外关于旅游产业集群研究进行了综合分析和述评。
第三部分:旅游产业集群基本理论研究。在旅游产业特征分析的基础上,阐述了旅游产业集群的内涵、竞争优势,并对旅游产业集群演进动力机制进行了初步的理论探讨。
第四部分:三门峡市旅游产业发展历程与现状。对三门峡市旅游产业演进进行了回顾,重点分析了旅游产业现状特征和旅游产业集群空间培育的必要性,并应用“钻石模型”理论分析了三门峡市旅游产业集群空间培育的可行性。
第五部分:三门峡市旅游产业集群空间布局研究。对三门峡市旅游产业集群空间培育原则、思路、布局进行了研究,探讨了不同类型区空间培育模式。
第六部分:旅游产业集群培育中的政府推进方式。重点探讨了政府在旅游产业集群空间培育中的作用。
第七部分:结语。概括了本文研究的主要结论以及关于旅游产业集群进一步研究计划。
Look back to the nearly 20 years development of Chinese tourism industry, its characteristics can be summarized as: opening degree becoming stronger ,comprehensive quality increasing significantly, demand aspect increasingly diverse, stability gradually increasing, deepening cooperation in tourism, red tourism being produced increasingly, institutions innovating unceasingly. It also shows ten aspects on the main global trends in tourism development which are opportunities, health, personality , diversity ,industry , science and technology , information , technology , competition and cooperation, experience and internationalization. So, tourism development has entered a new stage.
However, the development of Chinese tourism industry can be used in“scattered, small, weak, and poor”to describe its current situation. The so-called“scattered”can be interpreted as a decentralize operation, loose industrial chain, shortage of business linkages and weak integration capability. The so-called“small”means serious enterprises' disorderly competition and cooperation mechanism having not yet formed , industrial division's deepening and enterprises' behavior of rent-seeking being not obvious that the tourism industry gathering in the external connection that result in the more extensive enterprises development and small tourism industry in scale . The so-called“weak”refers to the business development at a disadvantage because of weak ability to resist risks and market competition. The so-called“poor”means low economic efficiency. To enhance and maintain the tourism industry's sustainable competition advantage , it is necessary to change the“scattered , small , weak , and poor”to the“tight , big , strong , and high”. The tourism destination need to actively explore a new, long-time tourism industry development strategies and economic organization model, while the industry cluster provides a new and innovative thinking space for the tourism industry.
The concept of“Industry Cluster”is presented officially by the United States , professor Porter's in School of Business in 1990“Competition Advantage of Nations”, and it was raised to the height of enhancing the competitiveness of a country . As a new form of economic organization, it has caused the field of management, economic geography, economics, and sociology scholars' strong interest. On the other hand, because industry cluster is a space organization forms of economic activity which has unique structure, operational mechanisms and evolution law. The other hand, it has special economic efficiency, and especially in the regional economic development and regions' participating in global competition, it has demonstrated a strong vitality and competitiveness. A growing number of countries and regions in the world are regarding cultivating cluster and to promote its development as an important means to raise national and regional economic development competitiveness. The international institutions such as the United Nations, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the World Bank are actively promoting industrial cluster strategies and policies' practice in the areas of developing countries' public policy.
Industry cluster studies mostly concentrates in the filed of manufacturing and hi-and new-tech industries. As an important component part of the service business, the tourism industry can whether be suitable studied with the industry cluster theory, which has caused the academic and political circles' wide concern. The author believes that the industry cluster is very inclusive as a methodology .It is not only applied to manufacturing and high wages technology industries, and also to non-manufacturing fields, particularly the tourism industry. On the basis of review about tourism cluster study progress , the paper focuses on spatial cultivation of tourism cluster ,and studies tourism industry of Sanmenxia City ,and attempts to explore the micro-level space tourism cluster development mode. This paper is divided into seven parts:
Part one: introduction. The paper made background analysis from the tourism industry practice and the tourism cluster phenomenon , expounded the meaning and purpose of this paper , and designed research methods and technical lines , finally pointed out the paper's draft innovation .
Part two: summary of research. The paper provided a comprehensive analysis and commentaries on the basis of the literature collection of tourism cluster at home and abroad.
Part three: the basic theory of tourism cluster. Based on the analysis of the tourism industry's characteristics, the paper described its meaning and competitive advantage, and discussed preliminary theory of its mechanisms of the dynamic evolution.
Part four: Sanmenxia City tourism industry development process and the status quo. The paper recalled the progress of tourism industry evolution, and analyzed the status of the tourism industry and the poor”necessity of tourism cluster cultivation, and based on the“diamond model”theory, the paper analyzed the feasibility of tourism cluster cultivation.
Part five: Sanmenxia city tourism industry cluster distribution. The paper Summarized the principles, ideas, and the layout of tourism cluster cultivation of Sanmenxia City, and discussed the different types of space development model. Part six: the government's role of tourism cluster cultivation. The paper focuses on the government's the role in tourism cluster spatial cultivation.
Part seven: the paper summarized the main study conclusions and pointed out the tourism cluster study direction and content to continue to be explored.
引文
1 http://www.clusterstudy.com
3《三门峡市重点文物保护单位名录》,三门峡市文物局,2006 年 6 月。
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