摘要
随着社会的老年化,肺癌的发病率逐年上升,其发病率随着年龄的增长而提高,发病高峰年龄为70～74岁,且年龄越大死亡率越高。
老年人由于衰老,各器官在功能调节、结构等多方面出现减退现象,使得老年人在中医病因病机、症状体征及治疗方面有着自身特点。老年人的免疫功能下降,故老年人对细菌、病毒、物理、化学等致病因素的抵抗能力下降,这就决定了老年肺癌临床特点合并症多,如呼吸系统疾病、心血管疾病和糖尿病等,有时可合并三种以上疾病。老年人全身局部反应性低,症状较隐匿,其诊断时多为晚期,全身机能减退,使得老年肺癌患者难以承受传统手术及放疗,放化疗毒副反应大。
鉴于上述特点,老年肺癌就同时具有老年人和肺癌的双重特点,故治疗上老年肺癌有其自身特点。而年龄并不是影响生存率及治疗有效率的决定性因素,治疗的选择必须选择那些毒副作用可以耐受,且具有较好疗效,能使大多数老年患者受益的治疗。
本文通过对国内外相关文献的研究,探讨了老年肺癌患者在中医病因病机、流行病学、诊断、手术治疗、放射治疗、化学治疗、生物治疗、微创治疗及中药治疗等多诸多方面的特点:正气虚弱是老年肺癌患者发病的主要因素,各种新的检查手段的应用于临床,提高了临床诊断率,随着科学技术的发展,新的手术术式的发展,使得老年肺癌患者部分可以接受手术治疗,新的术式对老年患者保留了肺功能,术后死亡率减低,且疗效与根治手术相仿;新的放疗技术的发展尤其三维适形放疗技术临床应用,使得放疗更加适形,剂量、疗效提高,且毒副作用减少,使得更加适合老年患者,放疗模式的更新及与手术化疗配合治疗提高了临床效果;新的毒副反应小的化疗药物和方案应用大大改善了老年肺癌治疗现状;近年来新出现的基因、免疫、靶向治疗其较之化疗有着较好的临床疗效,且毒副反应相对较低,且治疗的针对性强,成为老年肺癌患者新的可选择的治疗;微创也是目前研究的热点之一,其因创伤小,局部疗效好的特点,尤其适合那些不能承受手术、放化疗等创伤或毒副反应较大的治疗,且经微创治疗后减轻肿瘤负荷,可提高患者体力状态,从而使老年患者接其他治疗提供可能;中医药治疗的肺癌可以提高化疗效果及减轻放化疗毒副反应,加快患者的恢复,提高患者生活质量,是老年肺癌患者较好的选择。
手术、化疗加之与放疗、免疫治疗、生物治疗及中医药等多种方法合理配合的综合治疗,使的老年肺癌患者的肿瘤缓解率、生存治疗提高率及生存期延长率都有了较大的提高,以及各种微创技术的应用对肺部局部肿块的消除大大提高了疗效,并且使老年患者能够承受。目前综合治疗已成为老年肺癌治疗的一种较好的治疗模式。
With the aging society, incidence rate of lung cancer has increased. The incidence rate increases with growth of age. The peak age of lung cancer is 70 to 74 years of old. And the older the age the higher the mortality.
As the aging of older persons, the organ of the functional regulation, and structure of various emerging subside. In this situation, the elderly have their own characteristics in etiopathogenisis and pathogenesis of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), signs, symptoms and treatment. The elderly decreased immune function, therefore, the elderly dropped in the resistance on bacteria, viruses, physics, chemistry and other factors. This determines that elderly lung cancers have many complications, such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, sometimes with more than three diseases. Elderly have a low reaction in systemic and local. The symptoms become more concealed. Elderly patients are with systemic hypofunction for more advanced at the time of diagnosis. Elderly patients with lung cancer are unbearable to traditional surgery and radiotherapy, Chemoradiotherapy with large side effects.
Given these characteristics, elderly lung cancer simultaneously have the dual characteristics, the elderly and of lung cancer. Therefore, the treatment of lung cancer has its own characteristics. But, age is not a significant prognostic factor for overall survival and response to treatment. Treatment options must choose which side effects can be tolerated and has better efficacy, and most elderly patients can benefit from the treatment.
Based on the study of the relevant documents at home and abroad, talked about elderly lung cancer in etiopathogenisis and pathogenesis of TCM, epidemiology, diagnosis surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, biological therapy, minimally invasive treatment and TCM for many aspects and other features. Upright weak is main factor to older patients with lung cancer. It improved the rate of clinical diagnosis with using the new means of inspection applications. Along with the development of science and technology, and new surgical procedures, elderly patients can receive surgical treatment. New procedure can preserve lung function for elderly patients, and its effect is similar to radical surgery. With new radiotherapy technology development, especially the three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy techniques clinical application, it makes more conformal radiotherapy, increses dose, effect, and reduces the side effects, and is more suitable for elderly patients. Using new mode of radiotherapy with surgery and chemotherapy to treatment improved the clinical results. With the low side effects of chemotherapy drugs and application used in clinical, the treatment of elderly patients with lung cancer improved greatly. In recent years, the new gene, immunization, targeting, which clinical efficacy is better than of chemotherapy, have lower side effects than chemotherapy. As it well-targeted , it is a new option for elderly patients with lung cancer. Minimally invasive current study is one of the hot spots. It is suitable for those who can not afford surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and other injuries or adverse reactions, because of the features of small trauma and good partial efficacy. Minimally invasive treatment can reduces tumor burden and increases physical state of patients, in this situation older patients can possiblely receive other treatment. Chinese medicine treatment of lung cancer can improve the efficacy of chemotherapy and reduce side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, speed up the recovery of patients, and improve the quality of life of patients. It is a better choice for older patients with lung cancer.
The comprehensive treatment combined with Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, biological treatment and Chinese medicine, and other methods, improved tumor response rate, survival rate and long-term survival rate. And varieties of minimally invasive techniques enhance the efficacy for elimination of local pulmonary tumor, and are bearable for elderly patients. Currently, comprehensive treatment of lung cancer has become a good treatment modality for the elderly patients with lung cancer.
引文
[1] 常青. 对中医规范化辨证治疗肺癌的探讨. 光明中医,2002,17(100):16-18.
[2] 郭勇.非小细胞肺癌的中医中药治疗. 浙江中西医结合杂志,2003,13(9):529-530.
[3] 刘丽坤,李宜放,王唏星. 肺癌的病机及治法探讨. 中国中医基础医学杂志,2004,10(5): 75-77.
[4] 吴玉生,肺癌的病因病机与临床治疗,新中医,2005,37(8):3-5.
[5] 曹志成,中西医结合治疗肺癌进展,现代中西医结合杂志,2005,14(13):1788-1791.
[6] 魏华,晚期肺癌的中医药治疗,湖北中医杂志,2000,2(8):12-13.
[7] 刘嘉湘,肺癌证治,中医杂志,1986,(3):4-7.
[8] Shields PG, Harris CC. Cancer risk and low-penetrance susceptipility genes in gene environment interactions [J]. J Clin Oncol, 2000, 18(11):2309-2315.
[9] 李连弟,饶克勤.中国 11 市县肿瘤发病和死亡登记资料统计分析(1988 年-1992 年)[J]中国肿瘤,2000, 9(10): 435-437.
[10] 李连弟,饶克勤,张思维,等.中国试点市县肿瘤发病和死亡登记资料统计分析(1993 年-1997 年)[J]中国肿瘤.2002, (11) 9: 497-507.
[11] 陈万青,张思维,李连弟等.中国部分市县 1998-2002 年肺癌的发病与死亡[J]中国肿瘤,2006, 15(9): 570-574.
[12] Bernard W. Stewart, Paul Kleihues, edit. World Cancer Report. IARC Press. Lyon 2003:182.
[13] Etzel C, Zhang Q,Schabath M, et al. Building a comprehensive quantitative risk assessment model for lung cancer. Lung Cancer,2005, 49(Supp1 2):S21}(O-053).
[14] Visser O, Belderbos J , Kwa H, et al. Improved stage-specific survival of NSCLC in Northern Holland Flevoland, the Netherland-Effect of intensified treatment or stage migration? Lung Cancer,2005, 49(Supp1 2):S 198(P-316).
[15] Sanchez de Cos J, Miravet L, Nunez A,et al. Lung cancer(LC) in Spain. Last epidemiological trends concerning age, gender, smoking prevalence and histological types. Lung Cancer, 2005, 49(Suppl 2):S 197 ( P- 309).
[16] Bernard W. Stewart, Paul Kleihues, edit. World Cancer Report. IARC Press. Lyon 2003:183.
[17] Toh C, Leong S, Fong K, et al. Epidemiology of lung cancer in Singapore. Lung Cancer, 2005,49(Suppl 2):S198(P-315).
[18] Mathur KC. Epidemiology of lung cancer in India. Lung Cancer,2005, 49(Supp1 2):S385(25).
[19] I.M,S. M. Epidemiology of lung cancer(LC) in the underdeveloped regions of Pakistan. Lung Cancer, 2005, 49( Suppl 2):S193(P- 296).
[20] Joshi S, BK S, Pandit N. Smoking, air pollution, and the high rates of lung cancer in developing country Nepal. Lung Cancer, 2005, 49(Supp1 2):S191(P-291).
[21] 王志瑾. 肺癌流行病学[J]. 肿瘤防治杂志,2002,9(1):1-5.
[22] Sellers TA,Elston RC, Stewart C, et al. Familial risk of cancer among randomly selected cancer probands[J].Genet Epidemiol, 1988, 5( 6):381-391.
[23] Can YT,Blob WJ, Zhang W,e1 al. Lung cancer among Chinese women[J]. International Journal of Cancer,1987, 40: 604.
[24] Amos CI, Caporaso NE, Weston A. Host factors in lung cancer risk: a review of interdisciplinary studies[J]. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 1992, 1( 6):505- 513.
[25] Tarabeia J, Nitzan-Kaluski D, Green MS. The paradox of low lung cancer incidence and high prevalence of smoking among Arab men and Israel. Lung Cancer, 2005, 49(Suppl 2):S198(P-314).
[26] Jovanovic D, Popevic S, Stevic R, et al. Changer in lung cancer presentation in 13 year interval (comparison of data bases from 1990 and 2003).Lung Cancer, 2005, 49( Suppl 2):S191(P-292).
[27] Kashyap S, Negi R, Bansal R. Primary lung cancer among women in north-western Himalayan region of India with special reference to Bidi smoking. Lung Cancer, 2005, 49( Suppl 2):S192( P- 293).
[28] 吴怀中,李定,Orlando VIEIR A ,等.澳门地区肺癌防治概况[J].中华肿瘤杂志. 2000. 22(1): 83- 84.
[29] Yang P, Williams B, Adjei A,et al. Characteristics of lung cancer patients who were diagnosed younger than 50 or older than 80 years of age. Lung Cancer. 2005, 49( Suppl 2):S22(O-58).
[30] Pleister A, Fisher J, Otterson G.. Retrospective analysis of octogenarians with lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2005, 49(Suppl 2):S195( P- 306).
[31] Polic-Vizntin M,Tripkovic I, Kukulj S, et al. The epidemiology of tracheal, bronchial and lung cancer in Croatia. Lung Cancer. 2005, 49(Suppl 2}:S196(P-307).
[32] Miller BA, Ries LAG, Hankey BF, et al. (1993) SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1973–1990. Bethesda, MD: NIH Pub. No. 93–2789.
[33] IARC. (1986) Tobacco smoking: Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 38. Lyon: International Agency for Research Cancer.
[34] Doll R, Hill AB (1952) A study of aetiology of carcinoma of the lung. British Medical Journal 2, 1271–1286.
[35] Levin LI, Goldstein H, Gerhardt PR (1950) Cancer and tobacco smoking: A preliminary report. JAMA143, 336–338.
[36] Parkin DM (1989) Trends in lung cancer incidence worldwide. Chest, 96, Suppl., 5S–8S.
[37] Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, et al. (1994) Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years’ observations on male British doctors. Br Med J 309, 901–911.
[38] Kubík A, Reissigová J (1990) Nep?íznivy vyvoj úmrtnosti na plícní rakovinu v ?eské republice. ?as. Lék. ?es., 129, 217–1223.
[39] Králíková E, Kozák JT (2000) Kou?ení na pracovi?ti. Pracovní léka?ství, 52, 85–89.
[40] Kozák JT, et al. (1993) Rizikovy faktor kou?ení. KPK, Praha, P. 242.
[41] Walter SD, Kubík A, Parkin DM, et al. (1992) The natural history of lung cancer estimated from the result of a randomized trial of screening. Cancer Causes and Control, 3, 115–123.
[42] Garfinkel L, Stellman SD (1988) Smoking and lung cancer in women: findings in a prospective study. Cancer Res 48, 6951–6955.
[43] Bernard W. Stewart, Paul Kleihues, edit. World Cancer Report. IARC Press. Lyon 2003:25.
[44] Doll R, Gray R, Hafner B, et al. (1980) Mortality in relation to smoking: 22 years’ observations on female British doctors. Br Med J 1, 967–971.
[45] Kaufman DW, Palmer JR, Rosenberg L, et al. (1989) Tar content of cigarettes in relation to lung cancer. Am J Epidemiol, 129,703–711.
[46] Samet JM (ed.) Epidemiology of lung cancer. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1994. P. 544.
[47] Freedman Da, Navidi WC (1990) Ex-smokers and the multistage model for lung cancer. Epidemiology, 1, 21–29.
[48] Bernard W. Stewart, Paul Kleihues, edit. World Cancer Report. IARC Press. Lyon 2003:184.
[49] Lubin JH, Blot WJ (1984) Assessment of lung cancer risk factors by histologic category. J Natl Cancer Inst, 73, 383–389.
[50] Parkin DM, Sasco AJ (1993) Lung cancer: Worldwide variation in occurence and proportion attributable to tobacco use. Lung Cancer, 9, 1–16.
[51] Davila DG, Williams DE (1993) The etiology of lung cancer. Mayo Clin. Proc., 68, 170–182.
[52] Nilson R (2001) Environmental tobacco smoke revisited: the reliability of the data used for risk assessment. Risk Anal, Aug; 21(4), 737–760.
[53] Trichopolous D, Kalandini A, Sparros L, et al. (1984) Passive smoking and lung cancer. Lancet, 1, 684.
[54] Rachtan J (2002) Smoking, passive smoking and lung cancer cell types among women in Poland. Lung cancer, 35(2), 129–136.
[55] Environmental Protection Agency: Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: lung cancer and other disorders. Washington: Epa, 1992.
[56] Matějová H, Hrubá D (2002) Kotinin – biologicky ukazatel expozice cigaretovému kou?i. Hygiena, 45, 232–237.
[57] Clarke RH, Southwood TRE (1989) Risk from ionizing radiation. Nature 338, 197–198.
[58] Jedrychowski W, Beecher H, Wahrendorf J, et al. (1990) A casecontrol study of lung cancer with special reference to the effect of air pollution in Poland. J Epidemiol Community Health 44, 114–120.
[59] Garfinkel L (1981) Time trends in lung cancer mortality among non-smokers and a note on passive smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst 66, 1061–1066.
[60] Clarke RH, Southwood TRE (1989) Risk from ionizing radiation. Nature 338, 197–198.
[61] Pope CA 3rd, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, et al. (2002) Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA Mar 6; 287(9), 1132–41.
[62] Jedrychowski W, Beecher H, Wahrendorf J, et al. (1990) A casecontrol study of lung cancer with special reference to the effect of air pollution in Poland. J Epidemiol Community Health 44, 114–120.
[63] Ko YC, Cheng LS, Lee CH, et al. Chinese food cooking and lung cancer in women nonsmokers[J]. Am J Epidemiol, 2000, 151(2):140-147.
[64] Gilliland FD, Hunt WC, Pardilla M, et al. Uranium mining and lung cancer among Navajo men in New Mexico and Arizona, 1969 to1993[J]. J Occup Enriron Med, 2000,(3):278-283.
[65] Cohen BL. Testing a BEIR-VI suggestion for explaining the lung cancer vs. radon relationship for U.S. counties[J]. Health Phys, 2000,78(5):522-527.
[66] Gerken M, Kreienbrock L, Wellmann J, et al. Models for retrospective quantification of indoor radon exposure in case-control studies[J]. Health Phys, 2000,78(3):268-278.
[67] Blot WJ, Fryzek JP, Henderson BL, et al. A cohort mortality study among gas generator utility workers[J]. J Occup Enriron Med,2000,42(2):194-199.
[68] Danielsen TE, Langard S, Andersen A. Incidence of cancer among welders and other shipyard worders with information on previous work history[J]. J Occup Enriron Med,2000,42(1):101-109.
[69] Bruske Hohifeld I, Mohner M, Pohlabeln H, et al. Occupational lung cancer risk for men in Germany: results from a pooled case-control study[J]. AM J Epidemiol,2000,151(4):384-395.
[70] Samet JM (1989) Radon and lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 81,745–757.
[71] Field RW, Krewski D, Lubin JH, et al. An overview of the North American residential radon and lung cancer case-control studies. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2006 Apr;69(7):599-631.
[72] Lubin JH, Boice JD (1989) Estimating Rn-induced lung cancer in the United States. Health Phys 57,417–427.
[73] Schabath M, Hernandez L, Pillow P, et al. Dietary phytoestrogens and lung cancer risk. Lung Cancer, 2005, 49(Suppl2):S21(O-055).
[74] Kubik A, Zatloukal P, Tomasek L, et al. Interactions of lung cancer risk factors in women. Lung Cancer, 2005, 49(Suppl2):S192(P-294).
[75] Helena Kollárová, Vladimír Janout, Luděk ?í?ek, Epidemiology Of Lung Cancer, Biomed. Papers 146(2), 103–114 (2002).
[76] Divisi D, Di Tommaso S, Salvemini S, et al. Diet and cancer. Acta Biomed. 2006 Aug;77(2): 118-23.
[77] Kudlová E (2000) Beta-karoten v prevenci civiliza?ních onemocnění.?as. Lék. ?es., 139, 86–87.
[78] Knekt P, Heliovaara M, Rissanen A, et al. (1991) Leaness and lung cancer risk. Int J Cancer, 49, 208–213.
[79] Zatloukal P, Petu?elka L (2001) Karcinom plic. Grada, Praha. P. 40.
[80] Sellers TA, Elston RC, Srewart C, et al. (1988) Familial risk of cancer among randomly selected cancer probands. Genet Epidemiol 5, 381–391.
[81] Amos CT, Caporaso N, Weston A (1992) Host Factors in lung cancer risk: a review of interdisciplinary studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1, 505–513.
[82] Orlow I, Park B, Clas B, et al. Genetic instability, response to DNA damage, and repair capacity in individuals with multiple primary non-small cell lung cancers. Lung Cancer, 2005, 49(Suppl2): S21(O-054).
[83] Park J, Park J, Han S, et al. Methyl-CpG binding domain 1 (MBD1) gene polymorphisms and risk of primary lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 2005, 49(Suppl2):S194(P-301).
[84] Ramnath N, Reid M, Loewen G, et al. Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of lung cancer in post-menopausal women. Lung Cancer, 2005,49(Suppl2):S21(O-052).
[85] Gibellino F, Nicolosi M, Grasso G. Hormonal risk factors in women lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 2005, 49(Suppl2):S384(P-22).
[86] Petel J, Gray R, Stewart J, et al. Theanti-estrogen tamoxifen has no impact of the risk of lung cancer in women. Lung Cancer,2005,49(Suppl2):S195(P-303).
[87] Bauer J (1994) Onkologie praktického léka?e. Anomal, Praha. P. 76–78.
[88] Alavanja M, Brownson R, Boice J, et al. (1992) Preexisting lung disease and lung cancer among nonsmoking women. Am J Epidemiol 136, 623–632.
[89] World Health Organization: histological typing of lung tumors. 2nd Ed. Am J clin pathol 1982; 77:123.
[90] Travis WD, Colby TV, Corrin B, et al. Histological typing of lung and pleural tumours, International histological classification of tumours[M]. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1999.
[91] 李维华.三种肺癌组织学分类比较[J]. 中国肺癌杂志,2000,3(6):401-403.
[92] 林宝英,郑启华,李红艳. 青年肺癌与老年肺癌的临床病理分析(附 2347 例分析). 福建医药杂志, 1999,21(2):33-34.
[93] 李振华,孔灵菲,赵宏文,等. 青年肺癌和老年肺癌临床和病理特点对比分析. 中国肿瘤临床与康复, 1997,4(1):25-26.
[94] 冯光辉. 青老年肺癌临床病理比较分析. 广西医学, 2000,22(4):871-873.
[95] Bernard W. Stewart, Paul Kleihues, edit. World Cancer Report. IARC Press. Lyon 2003:185.
[96] 张湘,王悦胜,杜明辉等,肺癌病理 162 例分析,中国误诊学杂志,2006,6(1):137.
[97] 刘艳,黎星,贾志强,等.51 例小细胞肺癌的 CT 表现及病理诊断特点分析.新疆医科大学学报2005,28(3):262-263.
[98] 宫立群,阚学峰,刘素香等.肺大细胞癌 62 例临床分析[J].中国肿瘤临床,2006,33(10):568-570.
[99] De Stefani E, Deneo Pellegrini H, Boffetta P, et al. Cigarette smoking and risk of large cell carcinoma of the lung a case control study in Uruguay[J]. Lung Cancer, 2004,43(3):267-274.
[100] 马文江,周建英,王雪芬等.原发性肺类癌 42 例临床分析[J]. 浙江医学,2003,25(7):415-417.
[101] 黄信孚,林木耀主编.现代肿瘤学诊疗手册.北京:北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1995.323.
[102] 朱英.无呼吸道症状肺癌的误诊原因与对策[J].中国误诊学杂志,2001,1(6):944.
[103] 李龙芸,高 延,崔朝勃等.肺癌副癌综合症 104 例[J].中华内科杂志,2000;39(7):449.
[104] 李淑梅,彭正禄. 首先表现为骨关节病变的肺癌 99 例临床分析[J]. 四川省卫生管理干部学院学报, 2004,23(4):306.
[105] 刘琼.刘凤英.239 例肺癌病人的首发症状分析[J].中国医师杂志,1999,1(12):23.
[106] 陈秀娟,高徐德,张翔.肺癌并发高血糖的临床特点及预后探讨[J].中国肿瘤临床,1995,22(增刊): 27-30.
[107] 张安泽.以肺外症状为首发临床表现的肺癌之诊断[J].新医学,1996,27(10):510.
[108] 王维志.神经病学[M].第 5 版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2004.305.
[109] 李佩文主编.肺癌综合诊疗学.中国中医药出版社,2001:251.
[110] 桑斌杰,张进华. 肺癌的首发肺外症状[J]. 中国误诊学杂志,2005,5(14):2625-2627.
[111] 马春华.复杂多样的肺癌肺外表现(附 37 例误诊分析)[J]. 临床误诊误治,2006,19(1):19-20.
[112] 范贤明,邓述恺.以肺外表现为首发症状的肺癌 32 例临床分析[J]. 肿瘤防治杂志, 2002,9(2): 172-173.
[113] Tercelj M, Ales A, Turic B, et al. We can improve detection of early stage lung cancer by using automated image analysis(ClearSignTM test) of sputum. Lung Cancer, 2005,49(Suppl 2):S187(P-227).
[114] Mohamed I, Fox L, Turic B, et al. A validation trial of an automated quantitative cytometry (ClearSignTM) sputum test for the detection of lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 2005, 49(Suppl 2):S84(PD-059).
[115] Jett JR, Cortese DA. Lung cancer. In: Cherniack RM, ed. Current therapy of respiratory disease, Toroto: BC Decker. 1998, 307~310.
[116] Sone S, Li F, Yang ZG, et al. Results of three-ear mass screening program for lung cancer using mobile low-dose spiral computed tomography scanner. Br J Cancer, 2001,84(1):25-32.
[117] Sone S, Li F, Yang ZG, et al. Characteristics of small lung cancers invisible on conventional chest radiography and detected by population based screening using spiral CT. Br J Radiol, 2000, 73(866):137-145.
[118] Soda H, Tomita H, Kohno S, et al. Limitation of annual screening chest radiography for the diagnosis of lung cancer. A retrospective study, Cancer, 1993, 72(8):2341-2346.
[119] Rusinek H, Naidich DP, McGuinness G, et al. Pulmonary nodule detection: low dose verse conventional CT. Radiology, 1998,209(1):243-249.
[120] Henschke CI, Yankelevitz DF, Libby DM, et al. Survival of patients with stage I lung cancer detected on CT screening. N Engl J Med. 2006 Oct 26;355(17):1763-71.
[121] Roberts H, Patsios D, Paull N, et al. Lung cancer screening using low dose computed tomography: The Toronto experience. Lung Cancer, 2005,49(Suppl 2): S185(P-270).
[122] Ronchi M, Cordopatri G, Francisci DE, et al. ITALUNG-CT screening for lung cancer: Prelimimnary results. Lung Cancer, 2005,49(Suppl 2):S185(P-271).
[123] Kersies W, Mayer E, Schunk K, et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary metastases with turbo-SE MR imaging[J]. Eur Radiol, 1997,7(8):1190-1194.
[124] ]周凤丽,孟晓春,毕筱刚等.支气管肺癌仿真内镜与纤维支气管镜检查的对比研究.中国内镜杂志,2004,10: 21-23.
[125] Gupta NC, Frank AR, Dewan NA, et al. Solitary pulmonary nodules: detection of malignancy with PET with 2-[F-18]-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Radiology,1992,184(2):441-444.
[126] Carreras-Delgado JL. Positron-emission tomography(PET) in solitary pulmonary nodule. An R Acad Nac Med, 2001,118(2);405-419.
[127] Maron EM, Sarvis S, Herndon JE, et al. T1 lung cancer: sensitivity of diagnosis with fluorodeoxyglucose PET. Tariology, 2002,223(2):453-459.
[128] Bakheet Sm, Saleem M, Povue J, et al. F-18 fluorodeosyglucose chest uptake in lung inflammation and infection. Clin Nucl Med, 2000,25(4):273-278.
[129] 李佩文主编.肺癌综合诊疗学.中国中医药出版社,2001:190-198.
[130] De Leyn P, Vansteenkiste J, Cuypers P, et al. Role of cervical mediastinoscopy in staging of non-small cell lung cancer without enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes on CT scan[J]. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 1997,12(5):706-712/
[131] Kimura H, Iwai N, Ando S, et al. A prospective study of indications for mediastinoscopy in lung cancer with CT findings, tumor size, and tumor markers[J]. Ann Thorac Surg, 2003,75(6):1734-1739.
[132] 李伟良,陈慧芬.116 例肺癌纤维支气管镜检查分析.实用医学杂志,1996;12(4)∶246.
[133] 丁生珍,杨慧兰,胡晓萍等.超声诊断肺癌及合并症的价值.中国医学影像学杂志.2003,11(5):391-392.
[134] 黄秀英,张志学.肺周围肿物的超声引导下穿刺诊断[J].实用医技杂志,2005,12(2):421-422.
[135] 黄柱华,蒲春华,周争光等.超声引导肺穿刺活检在周围型肺癌诊断中的价值[J]. 蚌埠医学院学报,2006,31(4):355-356.
[136] 谢家政,江峰,候书法等.不同方法经皮穿刺肺活检对肺部肿块的诊断价值[J]. 临床肺科杂志, 2006, 11(4): 490-491.
[137] 唐良春,王华珍,梁冰. 677 例经皮针肺活检术预防并发症的护理干预[J]. 齐齐哈尔医学院学报,2004,25(3): 325-326.
[138] 张秀伟,郭方军,王玉中,等. CT 导引下经皮肺穿刺活检对老年肺周围占位性病变的诊断价值[J]. 实用老年医学,2006,20(5):356-357.
[139] 杨志雄,吴斌,廖思海,等. 经皮肺活检对老年肺部孤立病灶患者诊断的安全性探讨[J]. 中国综合临床,2002,18(8):736-737.
[140] 陈建红,田贤媚,郭纪全.老年患者 CT 下经皮肺穿刺活检术的护理[J]. 临床护理杂志,2003,2(3): 18-19.
[141] 黄振国,张雪哲,王武.评价 CT 引导下肺内病变活检在老年患者中的应用[J]. 放射学实践,2006, 21(10): 1057-1060.
[142] 金发光,钱桂生,傅恩清,等.支气管镜在诊疗过程中发生的严重并发症及防治方法探讨[J].中国急救医学, 2005,25(5):315-317.
[143] Seemann M D, Einerl T, Furst H, et al. An evaluation of the tumor markers carcinembiyonic antigen CEA), cytokerotin tumor markers carcinembiyonic antigen CEA), cytokerotin marker CYFRA21-1) and neuron-specific enolase NSE) in the differentiation of malignant from benign solitary pulmonary lesions[J]. Lung Cancer. 1999,26(3):149.
[144] 霍建民,屈庆云.硫酸黏合糖片段检测对非小细胞肺癌诊断价值的探讨[J].中国实用内科杂志. 2002,22(6):335.
[145] 李榕,韩宝惠.EGFR 检测在肺癌中的临床意义[J].临床肿瘤学杂志,2004,9(4):420-424.
[146] 白素平,李乐静,李迎军.非小细胞肺癌中 VEGF、MVD 及 PCNA 的表达[J].临床肿瘤学杂志, 2004,9(4):353-356.
[147] 左建新,刘阳,周乃康.血清肿瘤标志物 CEA、NSE、CYFRA21-1 联合检测在肺癌鉴别诊断中的价值[J]. 军医进修学院学报,2006,27(4):260-262.
[148] 尹永英,李如敏.3 种肿瘤标志物在肺癌诊断中的应用[J]. 中国医药导报,2006,3(26):59-60.
[149] 郑晓莉,黄震英,董万军. 血清CEA、CYFRA21-1、CA153 三种肿瘤标志物联合检测在肺癌诊断中的临床价值[J].肿瘤防治研究.2006,33(6):471-472.
[150] 戚良晨,高楠,韩振国等.肿瘤标志物联合检测在肺癌诊断中的价值[J]. 中国实验诊断学. 2006, 10(7): 774-776.
[151] Waller DA. Surgery for non-small cell lung cancer-new trends. Lung Cancer, 2001,34(Suppl 2): S133~136.
[152] 文欣轩.32 例老年晚期肺癌患者肺部真菌感染分析.中国肺癌杂志,2004,7(6):511.
[153] 赵守华,刘向阳,张德超,等.70 岁以上老年肺癌患者术后严重并发症和死亡危险因素分析.中华老年医学杂志,2006,25(9):660-663.
[154] 李云 霞 , 邓 明 佳 , 任 宏轩 , 等 .116 例 70 岁以 上 老 年肺 癌 患 者 临床 特 点 分 析 . 中 国肺 癌 杂志,2006,9(2):210.
[155] 姜桂林,王瑞芳.143 例老年肺癌的临床特点分析.重庆医学,2005,34(7):1061-1062.
[156] 刘城林,陈为平,崔书中,等.参芪扶正注射液辅助化疗治疗老年非小细胞肺癌临床观察.中国中西医结合杂志,2004,24(10):901-903.
[157] 杨悦,黄小健.紫杉醇联合伯尔定治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效.中国癌症杂志,2003,13(5): 484-485.
[158] 杨钰贤,陈志明,张盛奇,等.吉西他滨联合卡铂治疗老年非小细胞肺癌耐受性及疗效分析.中国肿瘤,2006,15(6): 397-398.
[159] 宁雪坚,范先基,姚波,等.吉西他滨联合 125I 放射性粒子植入治疗老年非小细胞肺癌.中国肿瘤临床与康复,2005,12(1): 83-84.
[160] 孙振,王伟,郝林慧,等.老年肺癌患者术后常见并发症的分析.中国冶金工业医学杂志,2003,20(2): 113-114.
[161] 谢春岩,魏学武,郭敏,等.116 例老年肺癌病人的外科治疗.吉林医药学院学报,2006,27(3):157-158.
[162] 刁秀军.老年肺癌患者术后并发心律失常分析.现代中西医结合杂志,2002,11(16):1584.
[163] 马良赟,伍硕允,叶敏,等.登楼梯试验在预测老年肺癌患者术后心肺并发症中的作用.中国医师进修杂志,2006,29(9):24-26.
[164] 晁淑玉.老年肺癌患者术后呼吸衰竭发生原因及其护理对策.山东医药,2006,46(27):99.
[165] 郑菽敏.老年肺癌术后心律失常的原因分析及护理.齐鲁护理杂志,2006,12(9):1812-1813.
[166] 耿庆 ,乌达,张本固 ,等.低肺功能老年肺癌患者的外科治疗及围手术期处理 .中国老年学杂志,2005,25(7):754-755.
[167] 孔令弘,张光金,芮祥林.影响老年肺癌手术疗效的因素(附 202 例)分析.中国肿瘤临床与康复,2002,9(1):54-56.
[168] 谢阿静,盖丽贞.老年肺癌手术患者 126 例围术期护理.齐鲁护理杂志,2005,11(9):1288-1289.
[169] 武丽,李晓波.合并冠心病的老年肺癌患者围手术期护理.中国医科大学学报,2005,34(4):381.
[170] J.P. van Meerbeeck, R.A.M. Damhuis, M.L. Vos de Wael. High postoperative risk after pneumonectomy in elderly patients with right-sided lung cancer. Eur Respir J 2002; 19:141-145.
[171] Johnson BE, Bridges JD, Sobczeck M, et al. Patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer treated with concurrent twice-daily chest radiotherapy and etoposide/ cisplatin followed by cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine[J]. J Clin Oncol, 1996,14(3): 806-813.
[172] Passlick B. Can surgery improve local control in small cell lung cancer[J]? Lung Cancer, 2001, 33(Suppl1): 147-151.
[173] Shepherd FA, Evans WK, Feld R, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy following surgical resection for small-cell carcinoma of the lung[J]. J ClinOncol, 1988,6(5): 832-838.
[174] Deslauriers J. Surgery for small cell lung cancer[J]. Lung Cancer,1997,17(Suppl 1):91-98.
[175] Coolen L, Van den Eeckhout A, Deneffe G, et al. Surgical treatment of small cell lung cancer[J]. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 1995,9(2):59-64.
[176] Zhao DS, Valdivia AY, Li Y, et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in small-cell lung cancer[J]. Semin Nucl Med, 2002,32(4): 272-275.
[177] Kobayashi S, Okada S, Hasumi T, et al. The significance of surgery for bulky N2 small-cell lung cancer: a clinical and in vitro analysis of long-term survivors[J]. Surg Today, 2000,30(11): 978-986.
[178] Strand T, Rostad H, Norstein J. Survival after resection for primary lung cancer. A population based material of 3209 resected patients. Lung Cancer, 2005,49(Suppl 2):S61(O-183).
[179] Borasio P, Lausi P, Manzone E, et al. Survival and prognostic factors in surgically treated small, peripheral, non-small cell lung cancers. Lung Cancer, 2005,49(Suppl 2): S59(O-176).
[180] Yamamoto K, Padilla Alarcon J, Calvo Medina V, et al. Surgical results of stage I non-small cell lungcancer: comparison between elderly and younger patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003; 23: 21–5.
[181] Jazieh AR, Hussain M, Howington JA, et al. Prognostic factors in patients with surgically resected stages I and II non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70: 1168–71.
[182] Van Rens MT, de la Riviere AB, Elbers HR, van Den Bosch JM. Prognostic assessment of 2,361 patients who underwent pulmonary resection for non-small cell lung cancer, stage I, II, and IIIA. Chest 2000; 117: 374–9.
[183] Arti Hurria, Mark G. Kris. Management of Lung Cancer in Older Adults. CA Cancer J Clin 2003; 53: 325-341.
[184] Bach PB, Cramer LD, Schrag D, et al. The influence of hospital volume on survival after resection for lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 181–8.
[185] Carlos M. Mery, Anastasia N. Pappas, Raphael Bueno, et al. Similar Long-term Survival of Elderly Patients With Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Lobectomy or Wedge Resection Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database. Chest. 2005;128:237-245.
[186] Goldstraw P, Mannam GC, Kaplan DK. Surgical management of non-small cell lung cancer with ipsilateral mediastnal node metastasis(N2 disease). J Thorac Cordiovasc surg.1994,107(1):19.
[187] Zhou QH, Liu LX, Li L, et al. A randomized clinical trial of preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery in the treatment of stage Ⅲ non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 2003, 41(Suppl2) : S45(O-149).
[188] 刘向阳. 肺癌外科治疗的现状与进展.中国医刊.2003,38(6):15-17.
[189] 刘伦旭. 肺癌的外科治疗.中国肺癌杂志.2005,8(5):408-411.
[190] 闵家新. 肺癌外科治疗进展. 第三军医大学学报.2005,27(20):2092-2094.
[191] Luketich JD, Bwt M. Reseetion of isolated adrenal metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. Symposia of the 7th world conference on lung cancer,1994;11:153.
[192] Poliakov I, Porhanov V, Kononenko V, et al. Results of extended resections for lung cancer with superior vena cava invasion. Lung Cancer, 2005,49(Suppl2): S58(O-171).
[193] Klein J, Nemec P, Bohanes T, et al. Temporary aorto-aortal bypass during extended pneumonectomy. Lung Cancer, 2005,4(Suppl2): S354(P-891).
[194] Oka T, Sawada T, Muraoka M, et al. Bronchoplastic segementectomy for hilar lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 2000;29 (suppl 1):141.
[195] Shimizu J,Oda M, Ohta Y, et al. Evaluation of sleeve segmentectomy for early hilar lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 2005,49(Suppl 2):S286(P-637).
[196] Muscolino G, Valente M, Andreani S, pancoast tumors: clinical assessment and long-term results of combined radiosurgical treatment. Thorax,1997;52(3):284.
[197] Okubok, Wada H, Fuwkuse T, et al. Treatment of pancoast tumors. Combined irradiation and radical resection, Thorac Cardiocasc surg, 1995;43(5):284.
[198] Ginsberg RJ, Martini N, Zaman M, et al. Influence of surgical resection and brachytherapy in the management of superior sulcus tumor. Ann Thorac surg,1994;57(6):1440.
[199] Wright CD, Menard MT, Wain JC, et al. Induction chemoradiation compared with induction radiation for lung cancer involving the superior sulcus. Ann Thorac Surg, 2002,73(5): 1541~1544.
[200] Martinod E, D'Audiffret A, Thomas P ,et al. Management of superior sulcus tumors: experience with 139 cases treated by surgical resection. Ann Thorac Surg 2002,73(5):1534~1539.
[201] McKenna R, Houck W, Fuller C. VATS lobectomy-An experience with 1100 cases. Lung Cancer, 2005, 49(Suppl 2): S106(PD-133).
[202] 李佩文,主编.肺癌综合诊疗学.中国中医药出版社,2001:303-304.
[203] Wurschmidt F, Bunemann H, Bunemann C, et al. Inoperable nonsmall cell lung cancer, retrospective analysis of 427 patients treated with high-dose radiotherapy[J]. Int J Radia Oncol Biol Phys, 1994, 28: 583-585.
[204] Mary VG, Nilesh L, Lain MG, et al. Evaluation model in three dimensional treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. Lung Cancer. 1996,34:469.
[205] Baumann M, Appold S, Petersene, et al. Dose and fractionation concepts in the primary radiotherapy of non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. Lung Cancer. 2001,33(Sunppl 1):S35.
[206] 张积仁,刘端祺,主编.肿瘤物理治疗新技术.人民军医出版社.2005:126-147.
[207] Ahn S, Choi E, Kim J, et al. Clinical results of stereotactic body frame based fractionated radiosurgery for stage non-small cell lung cancer.Lung Cancer. 2005,49(Suppl 2);S47(O-137).
[208] Antonio Rossi, Paolo Maione, Giuseppe Colantuoni, et al. Treatment of Small Cell Lung Cancer in the Elderly. The Oncologist, 2005, 10(6):399-411.
[209] Gridelli C, De Vivo R, Monfardini S. Management of small-cell lung cancer in the elderly. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2002;41:79–88.
[210] Jonnson DH, Grece FA. Small cell carcinoma of the lung[J]. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 1986,4(4):333-336.
[211] 朱瑜,武建军.局限期小细胞肺癌化疗并放疗观察.长治医学院学报.2005,19(2):136-138.
[212] Yuen AR, Zou G, Turrisi AT, et al. Similar outcome of elderly patients in intergroup trial 0096: cisplatin, etoposide, and thoracic radiotherapy administered once or twice daily in limited stage smallcell lung carcinoma. Cancer 2000; 89: 1953–60.
[213] Johnson BE, Bridges JD, Sobczeck M, et al. Patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer treated with concurrent twice daily chest radiotherapy and etoposide/ cisplatin followed by cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine. J Clin Oncel.1996;14:806-813.
[214] Jeremic B, Shibamoto Y, Acimovic L, et al. Initial versus delayed accelerated hyperfractioned radiation therapy and concurrent chemotherapy in limited small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol,1997;15:893-900.
[215] 何健,曾昭冲. 小细胞肺癌放疗和化疗研究进展. 中国呼吸与危重监护杂志.2005,4(3):173-174.
[216] Turrisi AT 3rd, Kim K, Blum R, et al. Twice-daily compared with once-daily thoracic radiotherapy in limited small-cell lung cancer treated concurrently with cisplatin and etoposide. N Engl J Med,1999;340:265-271.
[217] Jeremic B, Shibamoto Y, Acimovic L, Milisavljevic S. Carboplatin, etoposide, and accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy for elderly patients with limited small cell lung carcinoma: a phase II study. Cancer 1998; 82: 836–41.
[218] 曹卡加,毛志达,崔念基,等. 放疗对局限期和广泛期小细胞肺癌化疗疗效的影响.癌症. 1999,18(3): 330-332.
[219] Auperin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer incomplete remission. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview Collaborative. Group N Eng J Med, 1999;341: 476~484.
[220] 许峰,王瑾,周清华.非小细胞肺癌放射治疗进展. 中国肺癌杂志.2005,8(5):401-404.
[221] 江启安,赵美红,郎丰平.三维适形低分割放射治疗老年非小细胞肺癌疗效观察.中华放射肿瘤学杂志,2004,13(4):289-290.
[222] 刘士煜,陈亮.低分割立体适形放疗老年非小细胞肺癌疗效观察.医疗装备,2006,19(7):39-40.
[223] 杨志雄,陈梓宏,梁荣,等.力尔凡配合放射治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床评价.中国肿瘤临床,2003,30(8):600-601.
[224] 陈辉利,赵青梅,张继青.立体定向放射治疗老年肺癌 101 例临床观察.实用老年医学,2003,17(2): 107-108.
[225] 任素蓉,张羽,冯岗,等.老年晚期非小细胞肺癌常规放疗联合适形放疗的临床研究.川北医学院学报,2005,20(4): 373-374.
[226] 费振乐,吕光明,郝文胜.老年肺癌的立体定向适形放射治疗.中国肿瘤临床与康复,2003,10(4):371.
[227] 傅 美 娜 , 王 国 民 , 宋 美 芳 , 等 . 老 年 非 小 细 胞 肺 癌 适 形 放 疗 近 期 疗 效 分 析 . 老 年 医 学 与 保健,2004,10(3):169.
[228] 杨俊泉,张瑞娟,王小红,等.适形放疗同期吉西他滨化疗综合治疗老年Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌.肿瘤防治研究,2006,33(8):596-598.
[229] 刘 海 燕 , 张 艳 英 , 宋 延 梅 . 多 西 他 赛 同 步 放 疗 治 疗 老 年 晚 期 非 小 细 胞 肺 癌 . 实 用 医 药 杂志,2006,23(7):786-788.
[230] 杨志雄,梁荣,黄杰,等.放化联合治疗老年非小细胞肺癌的可行性.肿瘤防治研究,2003,30(3): 228-230.
[231] 张汉祥,张忠法,刘洪,等.放疗加中药治疗老年性非小细胞肺癌——附 48 例报告.肿瘤防治杂志, 2002,9(1):83-84.
[232] 鲁培,王留兴,王丽萍,等.紫杉醇同步放疗对老年晚期非小细胞肺癌的治疗.中国误诊学杂志, 2004,4(8): 1204-1206.
[233] Okunieff P, Petersen AL, Philip A, et al. Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) for lung metastases.Acta Oncol. 2006;45(7):808-17.
[234] Girling DJ. Comparison of oral etoposide and standard intravenous multidrug chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer: a stopped multicentre randomised trial. Medical Research Council Lung Cancer Working Party. Lancet 1996; 348: 563–6.
[235] Graham MV, Purdy JA, Emami B, et al. Preliminary results of prospective trial using three dimesional radiotherapy for lung canncer. Int J Radiation Oncologybiol Phys, 1995,33:993.
[236] Ahn S, Choi E, Kim J, et al. Clinical results of stereotactic body frame based fractionated radiosurgery for stage non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 2005,49(Suppl 2): S47(O-137).
[237] Kupelian PA, Komaki R, Allen P, et al. Prognostic factors in the treatment of node-negative nonsmall cell lung carcinoma with radiotherapy alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,1996,1:607-613.
[238] 傅深,蒋国梁,王丽娟,等.超分割放疗非小细胞肺癌疗效分析.临床Ⅲ期研究.中华肿瘤杂志, 1994,16:306.
[239] 傅小龙,蒋国梁,王丽娟,等.非小细胞肺癌疗效分析.临床Ⅲ期研究.中华肿瘤杂志,1994,16:306.
[240] Herskovic A, Soctt C, Demas W, et al. Accelerated hyperfractionation for bronchogenic cancer Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9205[J]. Am J Clin Oncol. 2000,23(2):207-212.
[241] Ueda H, Kuwahara M, Sakada T,et al. Chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer inpatients over 80 years old. Anticancer Res,2002,22(6B):3629-3631.
[242] 徐振晔,杨宇飞.肺癌:总论[M].北京:人民卫生出版社 2002.3-4.
[243] 廖美琳,徐长文.小细胞肺癌化疗的进展[J].国外医学:呼吸系统分册,1987,7(2):570-574.
[244] Sundstrom S, Bremnes RM, Kaasa S, et al. Cisplatin and etoposide regimen is superior to cyclophosphamide, eqirubicin, and vincristine regimen in small-cell lung cancer results from araddomized phase Ⅲ trial with 5 years follow-up[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2002,20,4665-4672.
[245] Pujol JL, Carestia I, Daures JP. Is there a case for cisplatin in the treatment of small-cell lung cancer? A meta-analysis of randomized trials of a cisplatin-containing regimen versus a regimen without this alkylating agent[J]. Br J Cancer, 2000,83:8-15.
[246] Girling DJ. Comparison of oral etoposide and standard intravenous multidrug chemotherapy for small-cell lung cancer a stopped multieenter randomized trial[J]. Lancet 1996,348:563-566.
[247] Souhami RL, Spiro SG, Rudd RM, et al. Five-day oral etoposide treatment for advanced small-cell lung cancer randomized comparison with intravenous chemotherapy[J]. J natl Cancer Inst. 1997,89:577-580.
[248] 吴拥军,吴逸明,王丽萍,等.对小细胞肺癌化疗药物的研究[J].药学进展,2000,24(5):281-283.
[249] Spiro SG, Souhami RL, Geddes DM, et al. Duration of chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer: a Cancer Research Campaign trial[J]. Br J Cancer, 1989,59(4): 578~583.
[250] 焦小龙.肺癌临床新进展-第八届国际肺癌大会概述[J].国外医学·肿瘤学分册,1998,25(3): 152-155.
[251] 王方聚,王淑静,朱永峰. 紫杉醇联合卡铂治疗小细胞肺癌的临床效果. 实用医药杂志.2005,22(2): 129.
[252] 张燕,冯斌,孙雅红等. 拓扑替康和顺铂联合治疗复发的小细胞肺癌. 中国肺癌杂志.2005,8(4): 317-318.
[253] 徐朝久,张灿珍,丁纯志等. 拓扑替康联合顺铂治疗小细胞肺癌的临床研究. 肿瘤防治研究. 2004,31(12): 776-778.
[254] 刘春玲,姜家豫,单利等. 和美新治疗小细胞肺癌的临床观察. 新疆医科大学学报.2005,28(1): 53-54.
[255] 潘登,侯梅,李慧等. 伊立替康联合顺铂方案与足叶乙甙联合顺铂方案治疗小细胞肺癌的随机对照临床研究. 中国肺癌杂志.2006,9(5):443-446.
[256] James LE, Rudd RM, Gower NH, et al. A phase Ⅲ randomized comparison of gemcitabine/ carboplatin(GC) with cisplatin/ etopside(PE) in patients with poor prognosis small cell lung cancer(SCLC)[J]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2002,21:293a.
[257] Furuse K, Kubota K, Kawahara M, et al. Phase II study of vinorelbine in heavily previously treated small cell lung cancer[J]. Japan Lung Cancer Vinorelbine Study Group Oncology.1996, 53 (2):169-172.
[258] Argiris A, Murren JR. Advances in chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer single agent activity of newer agents[J]. Cancer J, 2001, 7(3):228-235.
[259] 李兰芳. 小细胞肺癌的二线化疗及研究进展. 肿瘤研究与临床.2006,18(6):424-426.
[260] Craig C Earle,Jerry S Tsai, Richard D Gelber, et al. Effectiveness of chemotherapy for advanced lung cancer in the elderly: instrumental variable and propensity analysis[J}.J Clin Oncol, 2001,19(4):1064-1070.
[261] 卢涛,刘才顺 ,郑森中 .36 例老年晚期非小细胞肺癌吉西他滨联合奥沙利铂化疗.肿瘤学杂志,2005,11(4):315.
[262] 沈维敏,李向阳,徐怀玉,等.NIP 方案与 MVP 方案治疗老年非小细胞肺癌的临床研究.老年医学与保健,2002,8(12):92-94.
[263] 殷先利,文晓萍.NE 与 NP 方案治疗老年非小细胞肺癌疗效比较.肿瘤防治杂志,2003,10(6):642-644.
[264] 王绩英,王昌明,曾锦荣,等.TP 方案与 CAP 方案治疗 65 例老年晚期非小细胞肺癌的对比研究.华夏医学,2005,18(6):944-945.
[265] 白春华,鞠春梅.艾迪注射液联合 NP 方案治疗老年非小细胞肺癌的临床研究.中国老年学杂志, 2005,25(12): 1535-1536.
[266] 王素兰,罗素霞.艾迪注射液联合化疗治疗老年非小细胞肺癌的临床观察.临床肿瘤学杂志, 2005,10(1): 94.
[267] 肖亚嫔.艾迪注射液配合化疗治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床观察.临床肺科杂志, 2006,11(3): 286-287.
[268] 丁剑午,蒋为民,刘安文,等.艾素联合顺铂每周给药方案治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌.江西医学院学报, 2006,46(4): 111-115.
[269] 赵峰,周宏平,薛青萍,等.不同剂量顺铂联合长春瑞滨治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌对照研究.井冈山学院学报(自然科学),2005,26(2):88-90.
[270] 刘城林,陈为平,崔书中,等.参芪扶正注射液辅助化疗治疗老年非小细胞肺癌临床观察.中国中西医结合杂志,2004,24(10):901-903.
[271] 刘世峰,张桂芳,田国防.长春花碱酰胺、顺铂联合治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌疗效观察.青岛医药卫生,2002,34(4):261-262.
[272] 郭伟.长春瑞滨加卡铂治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌.山西医科大学学报,2006,37(4):389-390.
[273] 朱江红,徐兴明,杨胜利,等.长春瑞滨加顺铂联合治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌患者近期疗效观察.中国肺癌杂志,2005,8(2):145-146.
[274] 张锡芹,齐洁琳,田禾,等.长春瑞滨加顺铂治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌 36 例临床分析.中国肿瘤临床与康复,2005,12(1):88.
[275] 姚道根 , 周林芳 , 沈佼 . 长春瑞滨联合奥沙利铂治疗 34 例老年非小细胞肺癌 . 中国癌症杂志,2004,14(3):284-285.
[276] 胡兴胜,张湘茹.长春瑞滨与紫杉醇联合铂类治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌临床对照研究.中国肿瘤临床与康复,2005,12(5):409-412.
[277] 宋敏,王留兴.单药健择与联合方案治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床观察.河南肿瘤学杂志,2004,17(5):332-333.
[278] 杨 悦 , 黄 小 健 . 紫 杉 醇 联 合 伯 尔 定 治 疗 老 年 晚 期 非 小 细 胞 肺 癌 的 疗 效 . 中 国 癌 症 杂志,2003,13(5):484-485.
[279] 邱文生,张彦,任德玲,等.紫杉醇联合顺铂及长春瑞滨联合卡铂治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床对照研究.中华肿瘤防治杂志,2006,13(11):861-862.
[280] 吴敏,王利娟,张红巧,等.紫杉醇周方案治疗老年非小细胞肺癌临床研究.实用诊断与治疗杂志,2006,20(10):751-752.
[281] 鲍宗麟,张本华.吉西他宾联合草酸铂治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌.实用临床医学,2006,7(4):99-105.
[282] 姚璧,纪丕军,范亚峰,等.吉西他滨联合卡铂治疗老年非小细胞肺癌临床观察.山西职工医学院学报, 2004,14(4):31-32.
[283] 杨钰贤,陈志明,张盛奇,等.吉西他滨联合卡铂治疗老年非小细胞肺癌耐受性及疗效分析.中国肿瘤, 2006,15(6):397-398.
[284] 刘庆春,张宗平,刘德传,等.吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗 36 例老年晚期非小细胞肺癌.中国肿瘤, 2006,15(11):785-786.
[285] 陈文萍,杜前锋,康炜,等.吉西他滨/顺铂治疗 32 例晚期非小细胞肺癌老年患者的临床观察.南京医科大学学报,2004,24(2):178-179.
[286] Isamu Okamoto, Eiji Moriyama, Shinji Fujii, et al. Phase II Study of Carboplatin–Paclitaxel Combination Chemotherapy in Elderly Patients with Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 2005 35(4):188-194.
[287] Han JY, Lim HS, Lee DH, et al. Randomized Phase II study of two opposite administration sequences of irinotecan and cisplatin in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. Cancer. 2006 Feb 15;106(4):873-80.
[288] Buccheri, G, Ferrigno, D Vinorelbine in elderly patients with inoperable non-small cell lung carcinoma: a phase II study. Cancer 2000;88,2677-2685.
[289] Kanard, A, Jatoi, A, Castillo, R, et al Oral vinorelbine for the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer in elderly patients: a phase II trial of efficacy and toxicity. Lung Cancer 2004;43,345-353.
[290] Altavilla, G, Adamo, V, Buemi, B, et al Gemcitabine as single agent in the treatment of elderly patients with advanced non- small cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res 2000;20,3675-3678.
[291] Ricci, S, Antonuzzo, A, Galli, L, et al Gemcitabine monotherapy in elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a multicentre phase II study. Lung Cancer 2000;27,75-80.
[292] Martoni, A, Di Fabio, F, Guaraldi, M, et al Prospective phase II study of single-agent gemcitabine in untreated elderly patients with stage IIIB/IV non-small-cell lung cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 2001;24,614-617.
[293] Martoni, A, Di Fabio, F, Guaraldi, M, et al Prospective phase II study of single-agent gemcitabine in untreated elderly patients with stage IIIB/IV non-small-cell lung cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 2001;24,614-617.
[294] Bianco, V, Rozzi, A, Tonini, G, et al Gemcitabine as single agent chemotherapy in elderly patients with stages III–IV non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a phase II study. Anticancer Res 2002;22,3053-3056.
[295] Fidias, P, Supko, JG, Martins, R, et al A phase II study of weekly paclitaxel in elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2001;7,3942-3949.
[296] Lilenbaum, R, Rubin, M, Samuel, L, et al A phase II randomized trial of docetaxel weekly or every 3 weeks in elderly and/or poor performance status (PS) patients (pts) with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2004;23,627.
[297] Takigawa, N, Segawa, Y, Kishino, D, et al Clinical and pharmacokinetic study of docetaxel in elderly non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2004;54,230-236.
[298] Inoue, A, Kunitoh, H, Mori, K, et al Phase I trial of weekly docetaxel in elderly patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2002;38,205-209.
[299] Manegold C. Chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: st.dards[J]. Lung cancer, 2001, 34(12)S2: 165-170.
[300] Ramalingam S, Belani CP. State-of-the-art chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol, 2004 ,31(1 Suppl 1):68-74.
[301] Sorenson S, Glimelius B, Nygren P, et al. A systematic overview of chemotherapy effects in non-small cell lung cancer. Acta Oncol, 2001,40(2-3):327-339.
[302] Schiller JH, Harrington D, Belani CP, et al. Comparison of four chemotherapy regimens for advanced nun-small-cell lung cancer. Engl J Med, 2002,346(2):92-98.
[303] Fossella FV, Belani CP. Phase III study(TAX 326) of docetaxel-cisplatin(DC) and docetaxel-carboplatin(DCb) versus vinorelbine-cisplatin(VC) for the first-line treatment of advanced/ metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC): Analyses in elderly patients[J]. Pro Am Soc ClinOncol, 2003( abstr 2528).
[304] Kelley R,owley J,Bunn PA, et al. Randonmized phase III trial of paclitaxel plus carboplatin versus vinorelbine plus cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A Southeast Oncology Group trial[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2001; 19:3210-3218.
[305] Georgoulias V, Papadakis E, Alexopoulos A, et al. Docetaxel plus cisplatin versus Docetaxel plus Gemcitabine chemotherapy inadvanced non-small cell lung cancer: a preliminary analysis of multicenter randomized phaseⅡtrial. Proc ASCO, 1999.USA:1999.
[306] Kosnudis PA, Bacoyiannis C,Mylonaks N, et al. A Randomized phase III Trial of Paclitaxel plus Carboplatin versus Paclitaxe lplus Gemcitabine in advanced non-small cell lung cancer “NSCLC”. Proc ASCO, 2000. USA:2000.
[307] Gridelli, C, Perrone, F, Gallo, C, et al Chemotherapy for elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: the Multicenter Italian Lung Cancer in the Elderly Study (MILES) Phase III randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95,362-372.
[308] Kosmas C, Tsavaris NB, Polyzos A, et al. A phase II study of paclitaxel-ifosfamide-cispl-atin in combination in advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma[J]. Cancer, 2000;89(4):774-782.
[309] Comella P,Frasci G, Panzan N, et al. Randomized trial comparing cisplatin, gemcitabine and vinorelbine with either cisplatin and gemcitabine or cisplatin and vinorelbine in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Interim analysis of a plase III trial of southern Italy cooperative oncology group[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2000;18: 1451-1457.
[310] Hanna N, Shepherd FA, Rosell R, et al. Aphase III study of pemetrexed vs docetaxel in patients with recurrent non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who were previously treated with chemotherapy[J]. Pro Am Soc Clin Oncol, 2003 (abstr 2503).
[311] Crino L, Scagliotti G, Marangolo M, et al. Cisplatin-gemcitabine combination in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase II study[J].J Clin Oncol. 1997,15(1): 297-303.
[312] Ohyanagi F, Taguchi F, Horai T, et al. Phase II study of combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and irinotecan in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer previously treated with platinum-containing chemotherapy regimens.Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2006 Sep;36(9):547-51.
[313] Chen YM, Shih JF, Perng RP, et al. A randomized trial of different docetaxel schedules in non-small cell lung cancer patients who failed previous platinum-based chemotherapy.Chest. 2006 Apr;129(4):1031-8.
[314] Broker LE, de Vos FY, van Groeningen CJ, et al. Phase I trial with BMS-275183, a novel oral taxane with promising antitumor activity. Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Mar 15;12(6):1760-7.
[315] Tsao TC, Chen CH, Chang JW, et al.Weekly short infusion of taxotere at a 4 week cycle in Chinese patients with advanced NSCLC who have failed or relapsed after the frontline platinumbased non-taxane chemotherapy--a Phase II trial. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2006 Feb;36(2):80-4.
[316] Cho KH, Song YB, Choi IS, et al. A phase II study of single-agent gemcitabine as a second-line treatment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jan;36(1):50-4.
[317] 胡义德,钱桂生.肺癌生物及分子靶向治疗临床研究进展. 国外医学呼吸系统分册.2005,25(2): 155-157.
[318] 刘荣成.干扰素联合化疗治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床疗效观察.肿瘤研究与临床. 2005,17(Suppl): 31-32.
[319] Liao ML. Non-surgical therapy for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Respirology, 1998,3(3): 151-157.
[320] 周清华,鄢希,任莉等.注射用重组改构人肿瘤坏死因子联合化疗药物治疗非小细胞肺癌的多中心Ⅲ期临床试验[J]. 中国肺癌杂志,2003,6(4):264-267.
[321] 金阳,熊先智,陶晓南等.重组改构人肿瘤坏死因子对小细胞肺癌化疗的干预[J]. 中国医院药学杂志,2006,26(3):270-272.
[322] 吕同德,张辉,邓芝云,等. 过继免疫联合化疗治疗肺癌的临床应用[J]. 细胞与分子免疫学杂志, 2004,20(2): 228.
[323] 李高峰,蒋永新,王巍炜,等. 化疗联合免疫治疗与单纯化疗治疗中晚期非小细胞肺癌疗效分析[J]. 昆明医学院学报,2006,(4):91-94.
[324] 包 志 青 , 闫 建 杰 . 免 疫 导 向 化 疗 对 阻 抑 肺 癌 术 后 复 发 的 临 床 观 察 [J]. 中 国 基 层 医 药 , 2000,7(3):169-170.
[325] Weill D, Mack M, Roth J, et al. Adenoviral-mediated p53 gene transfer to non-small cell lung cancer through endobronchial injection. Chest, 2000,118(4):966-970.
[326] Fukuoka M, Yano S, Giaccone G, et al. Multi-institutional randomized phase Ⅱtial of gefitinib for previously treated patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (IDEAL1)[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2003,2(12): 2237-2246.
[327] Kris M, Natale RB, Herbst R, et al. Efficacy of gefitinib, an inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, in symptomatic patients with non-small cell lung cancer (IDEAL2)[J]. JAMA, 2003,290(16): 2149-2158.
[328] Miller VA, Kris MG, Shah NT, et al. Bronchioloalveolar pathologic subtype and smoking history predict sensitivity to gefitinib in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2004,22(6):1103-1109.
[329] Cappuzzo F, Ardizzoni A, Soto-Parra H, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor targeted therapy by ZD1839 (Iressa) in patients with brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Lung Cancer, 2003,41(2): 227-231.
[330] Scagliotti, A, Rossi, S, Novello, F, et al Gefitinib (ZD1839) combined with gemcitabine or vinorelbine as single-agent in elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2004;23,633.
[331] Giaccone G, Herbst RS, Manegold C, et al. Gefitinib in combination with gemecitabine and cisplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase trial-INTACT 1[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2004,22(5): 777-784.
[332] Herbst RS, Giaccone G, Schiller JH, et al. Gefitinib in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in advaced non-small-cell lung cancer:a phase Ⅲ tial-INTACT 2[J]. J Clin Oncol,2004,22(5): 785-794.
[333] 吴一龙,杨学宁,杨衿记,等.中国的非小细胞肺癌 gefitinib 分子靶向治疗[J].中国肺癌杂志, 2004,7(4):318-320.
[334] Johnson, BE, Lucca, J, Rabin, MS, et al Preliminary results from a phase II study of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib in patients > 70 years of age with previously untreated advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2004;23,633.
[335] Kim ES, Mauer AM, Tran HT, et al. A phase Ⅱstudy of cetuximab, an IgG1 epidermal growth factor receptor-blocking antibody, in combination with docetaxel in chemotherapy-refractory/ resistant patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: final report [abstract no. 2581][J]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, 2003,23: 642.
[336] Gatzemeler U, Rosell R, Ramlau R, etal. Cetuximab (C225) in combination with cisplatin/ vinorelbine vs cisplatin/ vinorelbine alone in the first-line treatment of patients(pts) with epidermal growth facor receptor (EGFR) positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC) [abstract no.2582][J]. Pro Am Soc Clin Oncol, 2003,22:642.
[337] Gatzemeier U, Groth G, Britts C, et al. Randomized phase Ⅱ trial of Gemcitabine Cisplatin with or without trastuzumab in Her-2 positive non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Ann Oncol, 2004,15(1): 19-27.
[338] Langer CJ, Stephenson P, Thor A, et al. Trastuzumab in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: Is there a role? Focus on Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study 2598[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2004,22(7): 1180-1187.
[339] Johnson DH, Fehrnbacher L, Novotny WF, et al. Randomized phase Ⅱ trial comparing bevacizumb plus carboplatin and paclitaxel with carboplatin and paclitaxel alone in previously untreated locally advanced or metastic non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol,2004,22(11): 2184-2191.
[340] Heymach I, Dong R, Dimery J, et al. ZD6474, a novel antiangiogenic agent in combination with docetaxel in patients with NSCLC: Results of the run-in phase of a two-park randomized phase Ⅱ study. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2004, 22:207.
[341] 史鹤玲,徐丽艳,刘哲.重组人血管内皮抑制素(YH216)注射液治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌期临床研究[J].中国肺癌杂志 2004,7(4): 325-328.
[342] Khuri FR, Glisson BS, Kim ES, et al. Phase Ⅰ study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor lonafarnib with paclitaxel in solid tumors[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2004,10(9): 2968-2976.
[343] Adjei AA, Mauer A, Bruzek L, et al. Phase Ⅱ study of Farnesy transferase inhibitor R155777 in patients with advanced non-smallcell lung cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2003,21(9): 1760-1766.
[344] 徐云科,冯华松. CT 引导配合氩氦刀治疗肺癌的应用. 海军总医院学报 2006,19(4): 237-238.
[345] 牛立志,何卫兵,贺轶松,等. 氩氦刀冷冻治疗肺癌 508 例临床分析. 中国交通医学杂志 2006,20(1): 29-30.
[346] 王洪武.CT 引导下经皮穿刺氩氦刀靶向治疗肺癌.中国肿瘤,2002,11(8):462.
[347] 胡凯文,姜敏,李占东等,氩氦刀冷冻联合中药治疗肺癌 65 例的临床观察.中华中医药杂志(原中国医药学报),2005,20(5):295-296.
[348] 牛立志,何卫兵,贺轶松,等.氩氦刀冷冻治疗肺癌 508 例临床分析[J]. 中国交通医学杂志,2006,20(1): 29-30.
[349] 钱有辉,王正,周钧,等.激光热疗治疗晚期肺癌的疗效观察.中国肿瘤临床.2004,31(10): 598.
[350] 张洪红,等.纤维支气管镜 Nd:YAG 激光治疗晚期中心型肺癌的体会.医学信息,2001,14(8):467.
[351] 孙平,曹慧,李嫦燕等.纤维支气管镜下微波治疗中央型肺癌 27 例疗效观察.陕西医学杂志, 2005,34(5): 588-589.
[352] 李球兵,王红阳,王兴旗等.内镜下微波治疗联合局部放疗对晚期肺癌疗效及免疫指标的影响.中国内镜杂志,2005,11(8):822-824.
[353] 冯威健,刘巍,等.经皮微波凝固疗法治疗肺癌的临床应用.中华肿瘤杂志,2002;24(4):388-340.
[354] 陈景藻. 现代物理治疗学 [ M ]. 北京 :人民军医出版社,2001. 188 - 212.
[355] 赵恒军,姜振宇,姚程等. 多弹头射频消融治疗肺癌 60 例临床分析. 白求恩医科大学学报. 2001,27(6): 642-643.
[356] 康世均,罗荣城,廖旺军,等.聚能刀治肺癌疗效观察[J].第一军医大学学报,2001,21(7): 556.
[357] 黄立军 ,程庆书 ,王云杰 ,等 .高温射频消融治疗周围型肺部恶性肿瘤 [J].中国肿瘤临床与康复,2001,8(6): 101-102.
[358] 王远东,周明,徐岗. 非小细胞肺癌术后辅助全身热疗的疗效. 广东医学.2006.27(2): 204-205.
[359] Kato H. Photodynamic therapy for lung cancer--a review of 19 years’ experience. J Photochem Photobiol B, 1998 ,42 (2): 96-99.
[360] 张积仁,刘端祺,主编. 肿瘤物理治疗新技术.人民军医出版社.2005:287-296.
[361] 吴品林,崔佩朋,付碧云,等. 电化学治疗肺癌 63 例报告.肺癌杂志.1998,1(1): 39.
[362] 史伟 ,李杰 ,于素惟. 电化学治疗高龄晚期肺癌 50 例. 现代医药卫生.2005,21(13): 1696.
[363] 郑汝恒,董永华,周康荣,等.支气管肺癌的肺动脉供血研究.中华肿瘤学杂志,1995,17:53-55.
[364] 方淳,乔文龙,方立德,等.肺癌的肺动脉供血初步探讨.中国医学计算机成像杂志,1998,4:25-28.
[365] 韩铭钧,冯敢生,杨建勇,等.肺动脉不参与肺癌供血-实验和 DSA 研究.中华放射学杂志,2000,34: 802-804.
[366] 张清辉,张洪. 支气管动脉灌注化疗治疗中晚期肺癌 51 例分析. 四川肿瘤防治.2005,18(1):38-39.
[367] 袁萍 ,薛得文 ,代晓峰. 支气管动脉栓塞术治疗肺癌 96 例[J]. 人民军医,2005,48(7): 391-392.
[368] 于秀芹,赖永新. CAP 方案配合肺动脉灌注化疗治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌——附 36 例临床报告[J]. 肿瘤防治杂志,2003,10(4): 439.
[369] 梁秀芬,刘锦程,余国政,等.肺癌双重介入治疗临床疗效分析.实用放射学杂志,2004,20(8): 722-723.
[370] 刘京峰, 于松青,孙毅,等.术中置入32P同位素球内放疗治疗肺癌的研究.肿瘤防治杂志,2003,10(7): 748-749.
[371] 刘潇,段早辉,徐志涛,等.支气管动脉化疗栓塞联合经皮穿刺无水乙醇瘤内注射治疗肺癌.实用癌症杂志,2004,19(3):309-311.
[372] 冯月娟,张建芳,张国良.112 例肺癌中医证型、舌象与病理分型关系探讨.中国中医急症.2004,13(7):446-447.
[373] 崔慧娟,李佩文,李园,等.肺癌恶病质的中医辨证分型.内蒙古中医药.2002,5:1-2.
[374] 周建伟,朱斌,石建国等.扶正固本结合辨证论治对非小细胞肺癌化疗的疗效分析.中国临床医学.2005,12(6):1159-1160.
[375] 秦志丰,魏品康,李峻,等.康莱特注射液结合中医辨证对晚期肺癌生存质量及免疫功能的影响.中国中西医结合杂志.2002,22(8):618-619.
[376] 贾 英 杰 , 章 伟 , 贾 彦 焘 , 等 . 力 尔 凡 联 合 中 医 辨 证 治 疗 中 晚 期 肺 癌 临 床 观 察 . 四 川 中医.2002,20(4):26-27.
[377] 张淑香.晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的证候研究.中医药学刊.2006,24(4):678-679.
[378] 王芬,胡凯文,陈文强,等.晚期非小细胞肺癌中医证候与生存质量的关系.中国中医药信息杂志. 2005,12(6):16-17.
[379] 武晓勤,黄金昶,陈冬娜,等.养阴清肺方治疗进展期非小细胞肺癌的临床研究.中国临床医生. 2004,32(2):51-53.
[380] 严石林,李炜弘,高峰,等.中晚期原发性支气管肺癌寒热病性倾向性的研究.癌症进展杂志. 2004,2(2):131-134.
[381] 周伟生,杨贤卫,何蓉.中晚期周围型肺癌临床分期理分型与中医证型相关性研究.中医药学刊. 2006,24(8):1436-1437.
[382] 马纯政,李艳丽,柏龙,等.中西医结合治疗晚期肺癌 58 例.中医研究.2004,17(6):20-21.
[383] 苏晋梅,韩明权,黄海茵,等.中药联合化疗治疗晚期原发性非小细胞肺癌疗效分析.临床医药实践杂志,2006,15(6):409-411.
[384] 郭晓玉,孙士玲,杨晓丽,等.中药配合化疗对晚期非小细胞肺癌的影响.辽宁中医杂志,2005,32(6): 549-550.
[385] 徐荣贵.中医辨证合 MVP 方案治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌.浙江中西医结合杂志,2005,15(7): 402-404.
[386] 李东芳.中医辨证治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌 32 例临床观察.四川中医,2003,21(1):33-34.
[387] 孙玉冰,史清华,李霞,等.中医药治疗中晚期肺癌 33 例疗效观察.新中医,2005,37(8): 34-35.
[388] 陈锐深,曹洋.辨证论治肺癌 132 例分析.中医药学刊.2005,23(4):593-594.
[389] 李金瀚.中西医结合治疗非小细胞肺癌可延长生存期.癌症进展杂志,2006,4(6):489-491.
[390] 傅大治.中西结合疗法改善肺癌患者厌食和体重减轻.浙江中西医结合杂志,2006,16(8): 471-472.
[391] 苗文红.中医辨证治疗肺癌 89 例报告[J].陕西肿瘤医学,2001,3(1):59-60.
[392] 刘嘉湘.中医药维护癌症患者生存质量的作用[J].中华肿瘤杂志, 2002,(3):309-310.
[393] 夏黎明,林起铨,呈飞雪,等.中医药治疗原发性肺癌临床疗效探析.中国中医基础医学杂志,2001;7(8): 52-53.
[394] 朴柄奎.肺瘤平膏治疗晚期原发性肺癌临床观察[J].中医杂志, 1991,32(4):21.
[395] 李佩文,张代钊.平肺方治疗非小细胞肺癌 109 例临床观察[J].中医杂志,1995,36(2): 87-88.
[396] 孙大兴, 裘维焰. 肺康方治疗中晚期非小细胞肺癌疗效分析. 中医药学报,2002;30(2): 49-50.
[397] 王義明.扶正养阴法在治疗支气管肺癌中的应用[J].辽宁中医杂志, 1985,9(8):25.
[398] 王云杰,黄立军,张志培,等.康莱特注射液治疗原发性肺癌的临床研究[J]. 现代肿瘤医学,2006,14(1): 36-37.
[399] 谭诗生,薛英波,姜桂林.榄香烯乳联合 EP 方案治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌[J]. 浙江中西医结合杂志, 2002,12(4): 215-216.
[400] 吴敏,王素英,. 榄香烯乳治疗肺癌脑转移临床研究[J]. 医药论坛杂志,2006,27(9): 80-81.
[401] Zeng DW, Chang QS, Sun YE, et al. Intraoperative radiation therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Preliminary report of 33 cases. Hepato-Gastroenterology Curgent Medical and Surgical Trends [C]. Abstract of the 5th International IORT symposium, Lyon France:1994, 32.
[402] Maver R, Smolle-Juettner FM,Szolar D. et al. Postoperative radiotherapy in radically resected non-small cell lung cancer [ J].Chest. 1997,112(4):954-959.
[403] 陈明,冼超贵,崔念基,等. 放疗和手术在非小细胞肺癌治疗中的联合应用.癌症.2000,19(9): 951-953.
[404] 王龙垣,巫志华,刘小华等. 术前新辅助化疗加手术治疗非小细胞肺癌的临床观察.临床肺科杂志. 2005, 10(3): 289-290.
[405] 王思愚,戎铁华,区伟,林勇斌,梁颖,叶雄,. ⅢA-N2期非小细胞肺癌术后化疗随机对照研究结果[J]. 中国肺癌杂志,2006,9(5):434-438.
[406] 潘泓,刘德森,茅乃权,等,. Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌术后辅助化疗疗效分析[J]. 临床肿瘤学杂志, 2006,11(3): 173-175.
[407] 刘明宪,宋方军,魏玉学,等.COME 方案化疗同步放疗治疗小细胞肺癌 20 例近期疗效[J].河南肿瘤学杂志, 1996,9(6):422.
[408] 吴红宇,周道安,吴琼雅,等. Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌同期减量放化疗与序贯放化疗的临床试验[J]. 中国肺癌杂志,2006,9(3): 283-285.
[409] 孙志华,于世英,刘英杰,等. 局部晚期非小细胞肺癌同步放化疗随机对照临床试验[J]. 中国肺癌杂志, 2005,8(6): 547-549.
[410] 王敬亭,中西医结合治疗晚期肺癌临床观察,中国药物与临床,2005,5(4);299.
[411] 马秀丽,魏俊青.榄香烯乳治疗肺癌所致恶性胸腔积液的疗效观察.山西中医学院学报.2003,4(2):51.
[412] 黎苗. 白细胞介素Ⅱ胸腔内给药治疗肺癌癌性胸水的体会. 医学临床研究.2005,22(1):90-91.
[413] 宋洪恩,周艳丽,张秀贞.滋肺解毒汤合渗湿泄下散治疗肺癌并发胸水 106 例疗效观察,河北中医,2004,26 (1): 28-29.
[414] 许宗协,二生汤治疗肺癌咳嗽 42 例,中国中医药科技,2001,8(2);130.
[415] 吴玉华,蒋益兰,青蒿鳖甲汤加味治疗肺癌发热 20 例,湖南中医杂志,1997,13(5);27-28.
[416] 胡凯文,王芬,左明焕,等.中晚期肺癌患者合并肺部细菌感染的中医证候危险因素分析,中国中医基础医学杂志,2004,10(8);45-46.
[417] 王思勤,马希涛,潘金兵,痰热清注射液治疗肺癌晚期合并肺部感染 28 例,中医研究,2004,17(6):31.
[418] 肖震宇.剂量帕米膦酸二钠治疗骨转移癌疼痛的临床研究[J]. 赣南医学院学报,2006,(4):560-561.