生态环境修复和替代性修复的概念辨正——基于生态环境恢复的目标
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摘要
生态环境恢复旨在利用基本恢复、补偿性恢复甚或补充性恢复等工程措施实现生态环境损害的等值填补。美国《石油污染法》中的"恢复"涵盖恢复、重建、更换或者收购4种措施。欧盟《环境责任指令》中的修复涵盖基本修复、补充性修复和补偿性修复3个部分。我国《环境民事公益诉讼司法解释》第二十条中的生态环境修复和替代性修复都是生态环境恢复工程措施。通过制定和筛选生态环境修复方案或替代性修复方案,可以估算采取生态环境恢复工程措施的生态环境修复费用。
Eco-environmental restoration aims at making use of engineering measures such as primary restoration,compensatory restoration or even complementary restoration to realize the equivalent remediation of eco-environmental damage.The restoration in the US Oil Pollution Act 1990 covers four measures including restoration,rehabilitation,replacement and acquisition of the equivalent of the damaged resources.The remediation in 2004 EC Directive on Environmental Liability covers three components including primary remediation,complementary remediation and compensatory remediation.Both of eco-environmental remediation and alternative remediation in Article 20 of Judicial Interpretation on Public Interest Civil Environmental Litigation in China belong to engineering measures of eco-environmental restoration.The costs of eco-environmental remediation in the case of taking engineering measures can be measured through developing and choosing eco-environmental remediation plan or alternative remediation plan.
Eco-environmental restoration aims at making use of engineering measures such as primary restoration,compensatory restoration or even complementary restoration to realize the equivalent remediation of eco-environmental damage.The restoration in the US Oil Pollution Act 1990 covers four measures including restoration,rehabilitation,replacement and acquisition of the equivalent of the damaged resources.The remediation in 2004 EC Directive on Environmental Liability covers three components including primary remediation,complementary remediation and compensatory remediation.Both of eco-environmental remediation and alternative remediation in Article 20 of Judicial Interpretation on Public Interest Civil Environmental Litigation in China belong to engineering measures of eco-environmental restoration.The costs of eco-environmental remediation in the case of taking engineering measures can be measured through developing and choosing eco-environmental remediation plan or alternative remediation plan.
引文
[1]BRANS E H P. Liability for damage to public natural resources:Standing,damage and damage assessment[M].Hague:Kluwer Law International,2001:73.
[2]SEEVERS JR J S.NOAA's new natural resource damage assessment scheme:It's not about collecting money[J].Washing-ton and Lee Law Review,1996,53(4):1513-1569.
[3]MAZZOTTA M J,OPALUCH J J,GRIGALUNAS T A.Natural resource damage assessment:The role of resource restora-tion[J].Natural Resource Journal,1994,34(1):153-178.
[4]WICKHAM D A,KAHL C C,MAYER G F,et al. Restoration:The goal of the Oil Pollution Act natural resource damageactions[J].Baylor Law Review,1993,45:405-421.
[5]BRANS E H P. The environmental liability directive:Legal background and requirements[M]∥LIPTON J,zdemiroluE,CHAPMAN D,et al.Equivalency methods for environmental liability.Dordrecht:Springer,2018:3-20.
[6]MARIACHIARA A,LUCIANO B,MARCO C. Environmental damage:A new challenge for China,continuing challengefor western legal systems[J].Environmental Policy and Law,2011,41:42-51.
[7]最高人民法院环境资源审判庭.最高人民法院关于环境民事公益诉讼司法解释理解与适用[M].北京:人民法院出版社,2015.
[8]吕忠梅,窦海阳.修复生态环境责任的实证解析[J].法学研究,2017(3):125-142.
[9]郑学林,林文学,王展飞.《关于审理环境民事公益诉讼案件适用法律若干问题的解释》的理解和适用[J].人民司法,2015(5):22-27.
[10]张梓太,李晨光.生态环境损害赔偿中的恢复责任分析———从技术到法律[J].南京大学学报(哲学·人文科学·社会科学),2018(4):47-54.
(1)《最高人民法院关于审理环境民事公益诉讼案件适用法律若干问题的解释》,法释[2015]1号,2015年1月6日。
(1)原环境保护部办公厅《关于印发〈生态环境损害鉴定评估技术指南总纲〉和〈生态环境损害鉴定评估技术指南损害调查〉的通知》,环办政法[2016]67号,2016年6月30日。
(1)See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,Natural Resource Damage Assessments(Final Rule),61 Fed.Reg.440,441(1996).
(2)See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,Natural Resource Damage Assessments(Final Rule),61 Fed.Reg.440,452(1996).
(1)原环境保护部办公厅《关于印发〈环境损害鉴定评估推荐方法(第Ⅱ版)〉的通知》,环办[2014]90号,2014年10月24日。
(1)参见江苏省徐州市人民检察院诉徐州市鸿顺造纸有限公司水污染公益诉讼案一审民事判决书,(2015)徐环公民初字第6号,2016年4月21日。
(1)参见江西省抚州市人民检察院诉时某、黄某某大气污染公益诉讼案一审民事判决书,(2017)赣10民初142号,2018年2月6日。
[2]SEEVERS JR J S.NOAA's new natural resource damage assessment scheme:It's not about collecting money[J].Washing-ton and Lee Law Review,1996,53(4):1513-1569.
[3]MAZZOTTA M J,OPALUCH J J,GRIGALUNAS T A.Natural resource damage assessment:The role of resource restora-tion[J].Natural Resource Journal,1994,34(1):153-178.
[4]WICKHAM D A,KAHL C C,MAYER G F,et al. Restoration:The goal of the Oil Pollution Act natural resource damageactions[J].Baylor Law Review,1993,45:405-421.
[5]BRANS E H P. The environmental liability directive:Legal background and requirements[M]∥LIPTON J,zdemiroluE,CHAPMAN D,et al.Equivalency methods for environmental liability.Dordrecht:Springer,2018:3-20.
[6]MARIACHIARA A,LUCIANO B,MARCO C. Environmental damage:A new challenge for China,continuing challengefor western legal systems[J].Environmental Policy and Law,2011,41:42-51.
[7]最高人民法院环境资源审判庭.最高人民法院关于环境民事公益诉讼司法解释理解与适用[M].北京:人民法院出版社,2015.
[8]吕忠梅,窦海阳.修复生态环境责任的实证解析[J].法学研究,2017(3):125-142.
[9]郑学林,林文学,王展飞.《关于审理环境民事公益诉讼案件适用法律若干问题的解释》的理解和适用[J].人民司法,2015(5):22-27.
[10]张梓太,李晨光.生态环境损害赔偿中的恢复责任分析———从技术到法律[J].南京大学学报(哲学·人文科学·社会科学),2018(4):47-54.
(1)《最高人民法院关于审理环境民事公益诉讼案件适用法律若干问题的解释》,法释[2015]1号,2015年1月6日。
(1)原环境保护部办公厅《关于印发〈生态环境损害鉴定评估技术指南总纲〉和〈生态环境损害鉴定评估技术指南损害调查〉的通知》,环办政法[2016]67号,2016年6月30日。
(1)See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,Natural Resource Damage Assessments(Final Rule),61 Fed.Reg.440,441(1996).
(2)See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,Natural Resource Damage Assessments(Final Rule),61 Fed.Reg.440,452(1996).
(1)原环境保护部办公厅《关于印发〈环境损害鉴定评估推荐方法(第Ⅱ版)〉的通知》,环办[2014]90号,2014年10月24日。
(1)参见江苏省徐州市人民检察院诉徐州市鸿顺造纸有限公司水污染公益诉讼案一审民事判决书,(2015)徐环公民初字第6号,2016年4月21日。
(1)参见江西省抚州市人民检察院诉时某、黄某某大气污染公益诉讼案一审民事判决书,(2017)赣10民初142号,2018年2月6日。
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