震后降雨型碎石土斜坡稳定性的试验研究
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摘要
地震作用改变了碎石土斜坡岩土体的结构和物理力学性质,导致震后降雨诱发滑坡的数量和规模有明显的增大趋势。现有关于地震和降雨对碎石土斜坡稳定性影响的研究,多采用理论分析与数值分析的方法,缺乏验证手段。地震和降雨的耦合作用对滑坡的影响机理极其复杂,无法定量分析地震和降雨因子对坡体稳定性的影响。以汶川地震灾区震后降雨型碎石土斜坡为研究对象,通过开展一系列的振动台模型试验,并辅以人工降雨和坡顶加载手段,分析了震后降雨型碎石土斜坡的稳定性。试验结果表明:施加地震作用的斜坡表面及内部易形成裂缝,坡体结构上部振松、下部振密,导致坡体上部降雨入渗速度快,饱和区域扩大,岩土体强度下降,滑坡体增重,渗透力增大,坡体稳定性下降。地震与降雨共同作用时斜坡的稳定性要小于地震或降雨单独作用的稳定性。随着地震强度或降雨强度的增大,碎石土斜坡的稳定性呈下降趋势。当地震强度为0或0.1g时,降雨强度为100 mm/h较无降雨时,斜坡极限承载力下降的比例要远大于地震强度为0.2g或0.4g时。即当地震强度较小时,降雨对震后碎石土斜坡稳定性的影响要大于地震强度较大时。研究基于物理模型试验,定量分析了地震和降雨对碎石土斜坡稳定性的影响,可为震后降雨型碎石土滑坡的预测预警提供参考。
Earthquake changes the structure and physical-mechanical properties of the rock-soil mass in gravel soil slope, which increase the number and magnitude of rainfall landslides post earthquake. The existing researches on the effect of earthquake and rainfall on the gravel soil slope stability are mainly theoretical analysis and numerical analysis, but lack of validation. The coupling mechanism between earthquake and rainfall on landslide is extremely complex, therefore it is difficult to quantitatively analyze the effect of earthquake and rainfall on slope stability. Taking rainfall-induced gravel landslides post earthquake in Wenchuan earthquake stricken area as objects,a series of shaking table model tests, rainfall model tests and slope crest loading tests were carried out to analyze the stability of gravel landslide. The test results showed that the seismic loading induces fissures developing in slope crest and slope body, the upper slope becomes looser and the lower slope become more compressible. The rainfall seepage speed increase, the stability of rock-soil body decrease, the weight of landslide increase and the seepage force increase, thus the stability is obviously decreasing. The stability of rainfall-induced gravel landslide post earthquake is lower than rainfall or earthquake landslide.As the increasing of seismic intensity or rainfall intensity, the stability is obviously decreasing. As the seismic intensity is 0 or 0.1 g and subsequent rainfall intensity is 100 mm/h, the drop rate of ultimate bearing capacity is relative large than the seismic intensity is 0.2 g or 0.4 g. It means that the effect of subsequent rainfall on slope stability post earthquake is more significant when the seismic intensity is relative low. Based on physical modelling experiments, the effect of earthquake and rainfall on slope stability was quantitatively analyzed, which can provide reference for the prediction and early warning of rainfall-induced gravel landslide post earthquake.
Earthquake changes the structure and physical-mechanical properties of the rock-soil mass in gravel soil slope, which increase the number and magnitude of rainfall landslides post earthquake. The existing researches on the effect of earthquake and rainfall on the gravel soil slope stability are mainly theoretical analysis and numerical analysis, but lack of validation. The coupling mechanism between earthquake and rainfall on landslide is extremely complex, therefore it is difficult to quantitatively analyze the effect of earthquake and rainfall on slope stability. Taking rainfall-induced gravel landslides post earthquake in Wenchuan earthquake stricken area as objects,a series of shaking table model tests, rainfall model tests and slope crest loading tests were carried out to analyze the stability of gravel landslide. The test results showed that the seismic loading induces fissures developing in slope crest and slope body, the upper slope becomes looser and the lower slope become more compressible. The rainfall seepage speed increase, the stability of rock-soil body decrease, the weight of landslide increase and the seepage force increase, thus the stability is obviously decreasing. The stability of rainfall-induced gravel landslide post earthquake is lower than rainfall or earthquake landslide.As the increasing of seismic intensity or rainfall intensity, the stability is obviously decreasing. As the seismic intensity is 0 or 0.1 g and subsequent rainfall intensity is 100 mm/h, the drop rate of ultimate bearing capacity is relative large than the seismic intensity is 0.2 g or 0.4 g. It means that the effect of subsequent rainfall on slope stability post earthquake is more significant when the seismic intensity is relative low. Based on physical modelling experiments, the effect of earthquake and rainfall on slope stability was quantitatively analyzed, which can provide reference for the prediction and early warning of rainfall-induced gravel landslide post earthquake.
引文
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[5]Bai Yongjian,Zheng Wanmo,Deng Guoshi,et al.Three-dimensional system monitoring and numerical simulation on the dynamic deformation process of Jiaju landslide in Danba,Sichuan[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(5):974-981.[白永健,郑万模,邓国仕,等.四川丹巴甲居滑坡动态变形过程三维系统监测及数值模拟分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(5):974-981.]
[6]Xu Xingqian.The detection of structure characteristics and analysis on the coupling relationship between geophysical parameters and shear strength of rock and soil in a gravel landslide[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Sciences,2015.[徐兴倩.碎石土滑坡结构特征探测及岩土体地物参数和抗剪强度的相关性分析[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2015.]
[7]Li Zhiqing,Tian Kuisheng,Lei Liping.An initial analysis on third-stage landslide hazards characteristic and influence factors in Wanzhou region of the Three-Georges reservoir area[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2004,12(Supp1):175-180.[李志清,田奎生,雷立平.三峡库区万州区三期滑坡(搬迁避让)主要特征及其影响因素浅析[J].工程地质学报,2004,12(增刊1):175-180.]
[8]Xiao Yongjun,Yin Kunlong,Huang Xuebing,et al.Weak intercalated layers'geologic feature in deep-seated rock mass of Baitupo slope in Badong new town-site of the Three Gorges reservoir[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2007,34(6):72-75.[肖拥军,殷坤龙,黄学斌,等.巴东新城白土坡深层岩体软弱夹层地质特征[J].水文地质工程地质,2007,34(6):72-75.]
[9]Sun Hongyue.Formation mechanism and control measures of the pebbly clay landslide clay landslide[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2005.[孙红月.含碎石粘性土滑坡的成因机理与防治对策[D].杭州:浙江大学,2005.]
[10]Tang Chuan,Jing Zhu,Xin Qi.Landslides induced by the Wenchuan earthquake and the subsequent strong rainfall event:A case study in the Beichuan area of China[J].Engineering Geology,2011,122(1/2):22-33.
[11]Lin C W,Liu S H,Lee S Y.Impacts of the Chi-Chi earthquake on subsequent rainfall-induced landslides in central Taiwan[J].Engineering Geology,2006,86(2/3):87-101.
[12]Sun Junjie,Wang Lanmin,Long Pengwei,et al.An assessment method for regional susceptibility of landslide undercoupling condition of earthquake and rainfall[J].Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(4):752-760.[孙军杰,王兰民,龙鹏伟,等.地震与降雨耦合作用下区域滑坡灾害评价方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(4):752-760.]
[13]Gong Wenjun,Li Mingyong,Wu Zhijian.Stability analysis of landslide under coupling action of earthquake and rainfall-Taking the No.Ⅲlandslide of Xihe county,Gansu province as an example[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2012,34(2):161-166.[龚文俊,李明永,吴志坚.降雨和地震耦合作用对滑坡稳定性的影响-以甘肃西和Ⅲ号滑坡为例[J].西北地震学报,2012,34(2):161-166.]
[14]Song Bo,Huang Shuai,Cai Degou,et al.Stability of sandy soil slope under the coupling of earthquake and groundwater[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2013,35(2):862-868.[宋波,黄帅,蔡德钩,等.地震和地下水耦合作用下砂土边坡稳定性研究[J].岩土工程学报,2013,35(2):862-868.]
[15]Tiwari B,Kawai K,Caballero S,et al.How rainfall and earthquake trigger shallow landslides-experimental and numerical studies on laboratory prepared slopes[J].International Journal of Landslide and Environment,2013,1(1):109-110.
[16]Beyabanaki S A R,Bagtzoglou A C,Anagnostou E N.Effects of groundwater table position,soil strength properties and rainfall on instability of earthquake-triggered landslides[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75:358.
[17]Li Liang,Liu Baochen.Lower bound limit analysis on bearing capacity of slope and its reliability[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2001,20(4):508-513.[李亮,刘宝琛.边坡极限承载力的下限分析法及其可靠度理论[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2001,20(4):508-513.]
[18]Liang Shuangqing,Su Lijun.Seismic dynamic response of gravel soil slope induced by variations of groundwater level[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2018,1(36):83-90.[梁双庆,苏立君.不同地下水位碎石土斜坡对震动的差异性动力响应[J].山地学报,2018,1(36):83-90.]
[19]Liang Shuangqing.Experimental study on the formation process of rainfall-induced gravel landslide post earthquake[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Sciences,2016.[梁双庆.震后降雨型碎石土滑坡形成过程试验研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2016.]
[20]Xu Guangxing.Research on the dynamic responses and permanent displacement of slope under earthquake[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2011.[徐光兴.地震作用下边坡工程动力响应与永久位移分析[D].成都:西南交通大学,2011.]
[21]Liang Shuangqing,Su Lijun,Wang Yang.Characteristics of dynamic response of gravel soil slope with different angles of inclination[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2016,35(21):153-158.[梁双庆,苏立君,王洋.不同坡面角度碎石土斜坡动力响应特征研究[J].振动与冲击,2016,35(21):153-158.]
[22]Li Xiaolian,Yu Yunyan,Chen Zhimin.Analysis on gravel slope stability during rainfall and earthquake[J].Construction Technology,2015,44(13):64-71.[李晓莲,余云燕,陈志敏.降雨与地震共同作用下碎石土边坡的稳定性分析[J].施工技术,2015,44(13):64-71.]
[23]Ding Jianghui.Study on the formation mechanism and dynamic model of landslide by earthquake and rainfall[D].Fuzhou:Fuzhou University,2013.[丁建辉.地震降雨型滑坡形成机理与动态模型研究[D].福州:福州大学,2013.]
[2]Wang Jiacheng.Experimental research on shear parameter of high cut slope gravel soil in Badong and its engineering application[D].Yichang:China Three Gorges University,2011.[王家成.巴东高切坡碎石土抗剪强度参数试验研究及工程应用[D].宜昌:三峡大学,2011.]
[3]Zhang Qingzhi,Zheng Wanmo,Ba Renji,et al.Highly precise GPS monitoring devices for stability analysis of Yakaze landslide,Danba,Sichuan-based on[J].Journal of En-gineering Geology,2013,21(2):250-259.[张清志,郑万模,巴仁基,等.应用高精度GPS系统对四川丹巴哑喀则滑坡进行监测及稳定性分析[J].工程地质学报,2013,21(2):250-259.]
[4]Li Minghui,Zheng Wanmo,Shi Shengwei,et al.The revival mechanism and stability analysis to Jiaju landslide of Danba county in Sichuan province[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2008,26(5):577-582.[李明辉,郑万模,石胜伟,等.丹巴县甲居滑坡复活机制及其稳定性分析[J].山地学报,2008,26(5):577-582.]
[5]Bai Yongjian,Zheng Wanmo,Deng Guoshi,et al.Three-dimensional system monitoring and numerical simulation on the dynamic deformation process of Jiaju landslide in Danba,Sichuan[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(5):974-981.[白永健,郑万模,邓国仕,等.四川丹巴甲居滑坡动态变形过程三维系统监测及数值模拟分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(5):974-981.]
[6]Xu Xingqian.The detection of structure characteristics and analysis on the coupling relationship between geophysical parameters and shear strength of rock and soil in a gravel landslide[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Sciences,2015.[徐兴倩.碎石土滑坡结构特征探测及岩土体地物参数和抗剪强度的相关性分析[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2015.]
[7]Li Zhiqing,Tian Kuisheng,Lei Liping.An initial analysis on third-stage landslide hazards characteristic and influence factors in Wanzhou region of the Three-Georges reservoir area[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2004,12(Supp1):175-180.[李志清,田奎生,雷立平.三峡库区万州区三期滑坡(搬迁避让)主要特征及其影响因素浅析[J].工程地质学报,2004,12(增刊1):175-180.]
[8]Xiao Yongjun,Yin Kunlong,Huang Xuebing,et al.Weak intercalated layers'geologic feature in deep-seated rock mass of Baitupo slope in Badong new town-site of the Three Gorges reservoir[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2007,34(6):72-75.[肖拥军,殷坤龙,黄学斌,等.巴东新城白土坡深层岩体软弱夹层地质特征[J].水文地质工程地质,2007,34(6):72-75.]
[9]Sun Hongyue.Formation mechanism and control measures of the pebbly clay landslide clay landslide[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2005.[孙红月.含碎石粘性土滑坡的成因机理与防治对策[D].杭州:浙江大学,2005.]
[10]Tang Chuan,Jing Zhu,Xin Qi.Landslides induced by the Wenchuan earthquake and the subsequent strong rainfall event:A case study in the Beichuan area of China[J].Engineering Geology,2011,122(1/2):22-33.
[11]Lin C W,Liu S H,Lee S Y.Impacts of the Chi-Chi earthquake on subsequent rainfall-induced landslides in central Taiwan[J].Engineering Geology,2006,86(2/3):87-101.
[12]Sun Junjie,Wang Lanmin,Long Pengwei,et al.An assessment method for regional susceptibility of landslide undercoupling condition of earthquake and rainfall[J].Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(4):752-760.[孙军杰,王兰民,龙鹏伟,等.地震与降雨耦合作用下区域滑坡灾害评价方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(4):752-760.]
[13]Gong Wenjun,Li Mingyong,Wu Zhijian.Stability analysis of landslide under coupling action of earthquake and rainfall-Taking the No.Ⅲlandslide of Xihe county,Gansu province as an example[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2012,34(2):161-166.[龚文俊,李明永,吴志坚.降雨和地震耦合作用对滑坡稳定性的影响-以甘肃西和Ⅲ号滑坡为例[J].西北地震学报,2012,34(2):161-166.]
[14]Song Bo,Huang Shuai,Cai Degou,et al.Stability of sandy soil slope under the coupling of earthquake and groundwater[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2013,35(2):862-868.[宋波,黄帅,蔡德钩,等.地震和地下水耦合作用下砂土边坡稳定性研究[J].岩土工程学报,2013,35(2):862-868.]
[15]Tiwari B,Kawai K,Caballero S,et al.How rainfall and earthquake trigger shallow landslides-experimental and numerical studies on laboratory prepared slopes[J].International Journal of Landslide and Environment,2013,1(1):109-110.
[16]Beyabanaki S A R,Bagtzoglou A C,Anagnostou E N.Effects of groundwater table position,soil strength properties and rainfall on instability of earthquake-triggered landslides[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75:358.
[17]Li Liang,Liu Baochen.Lower bound limit analysis on bearing capacity of slope and its reliability[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2001,20(4):508-513.[李亮,刘宝琛.边坡极限承载力的下限分析法及其可靠度理论[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2001,20(4):508-513.]
[18]Liang Shuangqing,Su Lijun.Seismic dynamic response of gravel soil slope induced by variations of groundwater level[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2018,1(36):83-90.[梁双庆,苏立君.不同地下水位碎石土斜坡对震动的差异性动力响应[J].山地学报,2018,1(36):83-90.]
[19]Liang Shuangqing.Experimental study on the formation process of rainfall-induced gravel landslide post earthquake[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Sciences,2016.[梁双庆.震后降雨型碎石土滑坡形成过程试验研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2016.]
[20]Xu Guangxing.Research on the dynamic responses and permanent displacement of slope under earthquake[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2011.[徐光兴.地震作用下边坡工程动力响应与永久位移分析[D].成都:西南交通大学,2011.]
[21]Liang Shuangqing,Su Lijun,Wang Yang.Characteristics of dynamic response of gravel soil slope with different angles of inclination[J].Journal of Vibration and Shock,2016,35(21):153-158.[梁双庆,苏立君,王洋.不同坡面角度碎石土斜坡动力响应特征研究[J].振动与冲击,2016,35(21):153-158.]
[22]Li Xiaolian,Yu Yunyan,Chen Zhimin.Analysis on gravel slope stability during rainfall and earthquake[J].Construction Technology,2015,44(13):64-71.[李晓莲,余云燕,陈志敏.降雨与地震共同作用下碎石土边坡的稳定性分析[J].施工技术,2015,44(13):64-71.]
[23]Ding Jianghui.Study on the formation mechanism and dynamic model of landslide by earthquake and rainfall[D].Fuzhou:Fuzhou University,2013.[丁建辉.地震降雨型滑坡形成机理与动态模型研究[D].福州:福州大学,2013.]
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