稻麦两熟农田径流养分循环利用模式的能值分析与生态补偿标准测算
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摘要
为探讨稻麦两熟农田径流养分循环利用模式的运作可持续性和生态补偿标准,应用生产-生态系统能值测算方法,综合分析其环境安全性和运作持续性;结合生产运营实践,深入分析了基于生命周期过程的物能投入与输出,提出生态补偿依据;并基于能值收益差异估算出其持续运行的生态补偿标准。结果表明,与传统模式相比,径流养分循环模式的环境负载率降低39.62%,而能值可持续发展指数和环境安全性指数分别提高64.89%和36.73%。径流养分循环模式的生物辅助能投入增加42.16%,而污染产能降低了70.09%。养分循环模式的氮磷养分环境排放量分别降低34.85%和30.43%。同时,循环模式的净能值收益比传统模式低2.15×1016Sej·hm-2·a-1。研究表明,径流养分循环模式提高了环境安全性但降低了经济效益,其生态补偿标准应不低于4 153.78元·hm-2·a-1。
To investigate the sustainability and ecological compensation standard for the runoff nutrient recycling system in rice-wheat rotation systems, the environmental safety and sustainability of operations was analyzed based on emergy analysis and evidence of ecological compensation was proposed based on energy and material flow analysis over the entire life cycle of production practice; The payment standard based on the net emergy benefit difference was also calculated. Emergy analysis suggested that the environmental loading ratio was reduced by 39.62%, while the emergy sustainability index and environmental safety index were increased by 64.89% and 36.73% under the nutrient recycling system, respectively. Energy flow analysis showed that the biological auxiliary energy input was increased by 42.16%,while energy output through pollutants was reduced by 70.09%. Material flow analysis showed that the recycling system decreased nitrogen and phosphorus output to the surrounding water environment by 34.85% and 30.43%. Likewise, the net emergy benefit was lower by 2.15×1016 Sej·hm-2·a-1 for the recycling system than for the conventional system. These results suggested that the recycling system improved environmental safety but reduced economic profit, which thus required ecological compensation for its ecosystemic services, and the payment standard was estimated to be 4 153.78 yuan·hm-2·a-1.
To investigate the sustainability and ecological compensation standard for the runoff nutrient recycling system in rice-wheat rotation systems, the environmental safety and sustainability of operations was analyzed based on emergy analysis and evidence of ecological compensation was proposed based on energy and material flow analysis over the entire life cycle of production practice; The payment standard based on the net emergy benefit difference was also calculated. Emergy analysis suggested that the environmental loading ratio was reduced by 39.62%, while the emergy sustainability index and environmental safety index were increased by 64.89% and 36.73% under the nutrient recycling system, respectively. Energy flow analysis showed that the biological auxiliary energy input was increased by 42.16%,while energy output through pollutants was reduced by 70.09%. Material flow analysis showed that the recycling system decreased nitrogen and phosphorus output to the surrounding water environment by 34.85% and 30.43%. Likewise, the net emergy benefit was lower by 2.15×1016 Sej·hm-2·a-1 for the recycling system than for the conventional system. These results suggested that the recycling system improved environmental safety but reduced economic profit, which thus required ecological compensation for its ecosystemic services, and the payment standard was estimated to be 4 153.78 yuan·hm-2·a-1.
引文
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[18]李颖,葛颜祥,刘爱华,等.基于粮食作物碳汇功能的农业生态补偿机制研究[J].农业经济问题,2014(10):33-40.LI Ying,GE Yan-xiang,LIU Ai-hua,et al.A study of agricultural ecological compensation based on carbon sequestration of food crops[J].Agricultural Economic Problems,2014(10):33-40.
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[20]王小龙,韩玉,陈源泉,等.基于能值分析的无公害设施蔬菜生产系统效率和可持续性评价[J].生态学报,2015,35(7):2136-2145.WANG Xiao-long,HAN Yu,CHEN Yuan-quan,et al.Efficiency and sustainability evaluation of a pollution-free vegetable production system based on emergy analysis[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(7):2136-2145.
[21]Cavalett O,Queiroz J F,Ortega E.Emergy assessment of integrated production systems of grains,pig and fish in small farms in the south Brazil[J].Ecological Modelling,2006,193(3/4):205-224．
[22]Brandt-Williams S L.Handbook of emergy evaluation:A compendium of data for emergy computation.Folio No.4:Emergy of florida agriculture[R/OL].[2019-03-21].http：//www.ees.ufl.edu/cep/.
[23]Brown M T,Bardi E.Handbook of emergy evaluation:A compendium of data for emergy computation.Folio No.3:Emergy of ecosystems[R/OL].[2019-03-21].http：//www.emergysystems.org.
[24]Hu Q H,Zhang L X,Wang C B.Emergy-based analysis of two chicken farming systems:A perspective of organic production model in China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(23):7227-7234.
[25]钟珍梅,翁伯琦,黄勤楼,等.基于能值理论的循环复合农业生态系统发展评价--以福建省福清星源循环农业产业示范基地为例[J].生态学报,2012,32(18):5755-5762.ZHONG Zhen-mei,WENG Bo-qi,HUANG Qin-lou,et al.Evaluating the ecosystem sustainability of circular agriculture based on the emergy theory:A case study of the Xingyuan circular agriculture demonstration site in Fuqing City,Fujian[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(18):5755-5762．
[26]陈阜.农业生态学[M].2版.北京：中国农业出版社,2011:315.CHEN Fu.Agroecology[M].2nd Edition.Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2011:315.
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