基于无人飞行平台的小型Ka波段合成孔径雷达系统研制
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摘要
无人飞行平台具有滞空时间长、使用维护方便等优点,在军事侦查打击、国土资源普查、灾害监测等领域的应用日益广泛。合成孔径雷达是一种二维成像雷达,能够得到类似光学图片的雷达图像,具有全天候、高分辨率、宽检测范围等优点,是无人飞行平台的重要载荷之一。然而,受限于无人飞行平台相对较小的空间与负载能力,雷达载荷必须向小型、轻量以及低功耗等方面发展。Ka波段电磁波信号具有波长短、带宽大、关键微波器件的体积小等特点,适合应用于高分辨率微小型雷达载荷。2015年中国科学院电子学研究所面向中小型无人飞行平台,开展了研制的小型高分辨率Ka波段合成孔径雷达工作,并通过试飞验证了雷达性能。本文研究了Ka波段SAR雷达系统各项关键技术,介绍了雷达系统及关键模块设计方案、雷达各工作模式的参数设计和实时成像算法,展示了该雷达在轻型飞行平台上获得的高分辨率飞行图像,并对图像进行了指标分析。试验结果表明:该Ka波段雷达系统成像清晰,图像分辨率优于0.2 m,满足设计指标要求;实测雷达重量低于10 Kg,峰值功耗小于100 W,适用于轻小型无人飞行平台。
Unmanned Aerial Vechicle(UAV) is widely used in military investigation and attack, land and resources survey, disaster monitoring and other fields because of its advantages such as long stay time and easy maintenance. Synthetic aperture radar(SAR) is a kind of two-dimensional imaging radar, which can obtain radar images similar to optical images. It has the advantages of all-weather, high resolution, wide detection range and so on. It is one of the important loads of UAV. However, due to the relatively small space and load capacity of UAV, radar load must be small volume, light weight and low power consumption. Ka-band electromagnetic wave signal has the characteristics of short wavelength, wide bandwidth and small size of key microwave devices. It is suitable for high resolution miniature radar load. In 2015, the Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, developed a kind of high resolution Ka-band synthetic aperture radar for small or medium UAV. The performance of the SAR was verified by flight test. In this paper, the key technologies of Ka-band SAR radar system are studied. The design scheme of radar system and key modules, the parameter of each working mode and real-time imaging algorithm are introduced. The radar weight is less than 10 Kg, and the peak power consumption is less than 100 W. It is suitable for small or light UAV. The high-resolution flight images obtained by the radar on light flight platform are displayed, and the performance of the images are analyzed. The experimental results show that the Ka-band SAR system can generate clear radar image and meets the design requirements. For example, the image resolution is better than 0.2 m and the detection distance is greater than 10 km..The rapid progress of microwave device technology represented by solid-state high power amplifier is the foundation of the success of this project. The project is a new attempt to develop Ka-band SAR and apply it to UAV. It also makes a useful exploration for the further development of Ka-band synthetic aperture radar and has important application value. The development of small Ka-band synthetic aperture radar in the future depends on the maturity of semiconductor technology and the improvement of the performance of Ka-band microwave devices. On the other hand, it also depends on the research of new style SAR which has high duty cycle and pulse agility, which can improve the average power of radar and solve the problem of ambiguity of detection range.
Unmanned Aerial Vechicle(UAV) is widely used in military investigation and attack, land and resources survey, disaster monitoring and other fields because of its advantages such as long stay time and easy maintenance. Synthetic aperture radar(SAR) is a kind of two-dimensional imaging radar, which can obtain radar images similar to optical images. It has the advantages of all-weather, high resolution, wide detection range and so on. It is one of the important loads of UAV. However, due to the relatively small space and load capacity of UAV, radar load must be small volume, light weight and low power consumption. Ka-band electromagnetic wave signal has the characteristics of short wavelength, wide bandwidth and small size of key microwave devices. It is suitable for high resolution miniature radar load. In 2015, the Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, developed a kind of high resolution Ka-band synthetic aperture radar for small or medium UAV. The performance of the SAR was verified by flight test. In this paper, the key technologies of Ka-band SAR radar system are studied. The design scheme of radar system and key modules, the parameter of each working mode and real-time imaging algorithm are introduced. The radar weight is less than 10 Kg, and the peak power consumption is less than 100 W. It is suitable for small or light UAV. The high-resolution flight images obtained by the radar on light flight platform are displayed, and the performance of the images are analyzed. The experimental results show that the Ka-band SAR system can generate clear radar image and meets the design requirements. For example, the image resolution is better than 0.2 m and the detection distance is greater than 10 km..The rapid progress of microwave device technology represented by solid-state high power amplifier is the foundation of the success of this project. The project is a new attempt to develop Ka-band SAR and apply it to UAV. It also makes a useful exploration for the further development of Ka-band synthetic aperture radar and has important application value. The development of small Ka-band synthetic aperture radar in the future depends on the maturity of semiconductor technology and the improvement of the performance of Ka-band microwave devices. On the other hand, it also depends on the research of new style SAR which has high duty cycle and pulse agility, which can improve the average power of radar and solve the problem of ambiguity of detection range.
引文
[1]鲁健彬.Ka波段连续波多普勒雷达总体设计[D].南京:南京信息科技大学,2011.[Lu J B.The overall design of Ka-band continous doppler radar[D].Nanjing:Nanjing university of science and technology,2011.]
[2]谢丰弈.蓬勃发展中的Ka波段宽带卫星通信[J].卫视传媒,2010,25(20):16-17.[Xie F Y.Booming satellite communication based on Ka-band[J].Satellite TV and IP Multimedia,2010,25(20):16-17.]
[3]王志诚,高烽.Ku波段与Ka波段主动雷达导引头之比较[J].制导与引信,2011,32(2):11-12.[Wang Z C,Gao F.The Comparison between Ku band active active radar seeker and Ka-band active radar seeker[J].Guidance and Fuze,2011,32(2):11-12.]
[4]李道京,张麟兮,俞卞章.主动雷达成像导引头几个问题的研究[J].现代雷达,2003,20(5):12-13.[Li D J,Zhang LX,Yu B Z.Research on active radar imaging seeker[J].Modern Radar,2003,20(5):12-15.]
[5]许杰,关福宏,杨明辉,等.用于安检应用的Ka波段毫米波成像平台研究[J].电子测量与仪器学报,2009(S1):150-151.[Xu J,Guan F M,Yang M H,et al.Research on the Ka-band millimeter wave imaging platform for security check application[J].Journal of Electronic Measurement and Information,2009(S1):150-151.]
[6]同武勤,凌永顺,蒋金水,等.军用毫米波雷达的应用及其发展趋势[J].飞航导弹,2004,12(5):48.[Tong W Q,Ling Y S,Jiang J S,et al.Application and development trend of military millimeter wave radar[J].Cruise Missile,2004,12(5):48.]
[7]Cumming I G,Wong F H.Digital processing of synthetic aperture radar data[M].Boston:Artech House,2005
[8]夏宏亮.Ka波段功率放大器研究[D].成都:电子科技大学,2008.[Xia H L.Research on Ka-band power amplifier[D].Chengdu:Master degree thesis of university of electronic science,2008.]
[9]廖小罕,周成虎,苏奋振,等.无人机遥感众创时代[J].地球信息科学学报,2016,18(11):1439-1447.[Liao X H,Zhou C H,Su F Z,et al.2016.The mass innovation era of UAV remote sensing[J].Journal of Geo-information Science,2016,18(11):1439-1447.]
[10]刘志红,武华锋,李兵.Ka波段高效紧凑型功率放大器设计[J].火控雷达技术,2013,42(2):59-60.[Liu Z H,Wu HF,Li B.Design of a Ka-band high efficiency compact power amplifier[J].Fire Control Radar Technology,2013,42(2):59-60.]
[11]刘晓莉,郝金中.Ka多通道发射组件的设计[J].舰船电子对抗,2015,38(3):99-100.[Liu X L,Hao J Z.Design of Ka-band multi-channel transmitting module[J].Shipboard Electronic Countermeasure,2015,38(3):99-100.]
[12]郭桂美,邓磊,唐高弟.Ka波段低噪声放大器的研制[J].信息与电子工程,2008,6(4):245.[Guo G M,Deng L,Tang G D.Design of Ka-band low noise amplifier[J].Information and Electronic Engineering,2008,6(4):245.]
[13]沈天宇.硅基毫米波Ka波段全RF相控阵接收前端芯片的研究与设计[D].上海:华东师范大学,2017:19-21.[Shen T Y Research and design of silicon-based millimeter wave Ka-band full-RF phased-array receiver front-end[D].Shanghai:Master Degree Thesis of East China Normal University,2017:19-21.]
[14]吴小帅,王贵德,马占刚.Ka波段一体化收发信机设计[J].电子科技,2013,26(5):84-86.[Wu X S,Wang G D,Ma Z G.Integration of the Ka-band transceiver[J].Electronic Science and Technology,2013,26(5):84-86.]
[15]薛小乾.Ka波段雷达收发系统电磁兼容性分析与干扰抑制技术[J].火控雷达技术,2002,31(3):10-13.[Xue XQ.Electromagnetic compatibility analysis and interference suppression techniques of Ka-band radar transceiver[J].Fire Control Radar Technology,2002,31(3):10-13.]
[16]夏步刚,张德海,赵鑫,等.基于石英晶片镀膜工艺的Ka波段天线副反射面设计与实现[J].物理学报,2013,63(20):204130-1.[Xia B G,Zhang D H,Zhao X,et al.Design and implementation of sub-reflector for Ka-band antenna based on quartz wafer coating technology[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2013,63(20):204130-1.]
[17]王琦,王毅凡.Ka波段通信卫星发展应用现状[J].卫星与网络,2010,30(8):20.[Wang Qi,Wang Y F.Development and application status of Ka-band Communication Satellite[J].Satellite and Network,2010,30(8):20.]
[18]唐亮,王贵军,孙宝华.Ku~Ka波段地面雷达天线罩应用展望及设计要点[J].纤维复合材料,2008,9(3):11-14.[Tang L,Wang G J,Sun B H.Application perspective and design factor of Ku~Ka band ground radome[J].Fiber Composites,2008,9(3):11-14.]
[19]Cumming Ian G,Wong Frank H.Digital processing of synthetic aperture radar data algorithms and implementation[M].Boston:Artech House,Inc.2005.
[20]胡云.均匀平面电磁波极化的应用研究[J].大学物理,2012,31(12):40.[Hu Y.Study on the application of uniform plane electromagnetic wave polarization[J].College Physics,2012,31(12):40.]
[21]苏宏艳,朱淮城.毫米波精确制导技术及其发展趋势[J].制导与引信,2008,29(2):1-2.[Su H Y,Zhu H C.The technology and development trend of millimeter wave precision guidance[J].Guidance and Fuze,2008,29(2):1-2.]
[22]张国强,王洁.一种Ka波段微带-波导转换的设计[J].火控雷达技术,2014,43(2):82-85.[Zhang G Q,Wang J.Design of a Ka-band microstrip-waveguide converting structure[J].Control Radar Technology,2014,43(2):82-85.]
[23]林华.无人机载太赫兹合成孔径雷达成像分析与仿真[J].信息与电子工程,2010,8(4):374.[Lin H.Analysis and simulation of UAV terahertz wave synthetic aperture radar imaging[J].Information and Electronic Engineering,2010,8(4):374.]
[2]谢丰弈.蓬勃发展中的Ka波段宽带卫星通信[J].卫视传媒,2010,25(20):16-17.[Xie F Y.Booming satellite communication based on Ka-band[J].Satellite TV and IP Multimedia,2010,25(20):16-17.]
[3]王志诚,高烽.Ku波段与Ka波段主动雷达导引头之比较[J].制导与引信,2011,32(2):11-12.[Wang Z C,Gao F.The Comparison between Ku band active active radar seeker and Ka-band active radar seeker[J].Guidance and Fuze,2011,32(2):11-12.]
[4]李道京,张麟兮,俞卞章.主动雷达成像导引头几个问题的研究[J].现代雷达,2003,20(5):12-13.[Li D J,Zhang LX,Yu B Z.Research on active radar imaging seeker[J].Modern Radar,2003,20(5):12-15.]
[5]许杰,关福宏,杨明辉,等.用于安检应用的Ka波段毫米波成像平台研究[J].电子测量与仪器学报,2009(S1):150-151.[Xu J,Guan F M,Yang M H,et al.Research on the Ka-band millimeter wave imaging platform for security check application[J].Journal of Electronic Measurement and Information,2009(S1):150-151.]
[6]同武勤,凌永顺,蒋金水,等.军用毫米波雷达的应用及其发展趋势[J].飞航导弹,2004,12(5):48.[Tong W Q,Ling Y S,Jiang J S,et al.Application and development trend of military millimeter wave radar[J].Cruise Missile,2004,12(5):48.]
[7]Cumming I G,Wong F H.Digital processing of synthetic aperture radar data[M].Boston:Artech House,2005
[8]夏宏亮.Ka波段功率放大器研究[D].成都:电子科技大学,2008.[Xia H L.Research on Ka-band power amplifier[D].Chengdu:Master degree thesis of university of electronic science,2008.]
[9]廖小罕,周成虎,苏奋振,等.无人机遥感众创时代[J].地球信息科学学报,2016,18(11):1439-1447.[Liao X H,Zhou C H,Su F Z,et al.2016.The mass innovation era of UAV remote sensing[J].Journal of Geo-information Science,2016,18(11):1439-1447.]
[10]刘志红,武华锋,李兵.Ka波段高效紧凑型功率放大器设计[J].火控雷达技术,2013,42(2):59-60.[Liu Z H,Wu HF,Li B.Design of a Ka-band high efficiency compact power amplifier[J].Fire Control Radar Technology,2013,42(2):59-60.]
[11]刘晓莉,郝金中.Ka多通道发射组件的设计[J].舰船电子对抗,2015,38(3):99-100.[Liu X L,Hao J Z.Design of Ka-band multi-channel transmitting module[J].Shipboard Electronic Countermeasure,2015,38(3):99-100.]
[12]郭桂美,邓磊,唐高弟.Ka波段低噪声放大器的研制[J].信息与电子工程,2008,6(4):245.[Guo G M,Deng L,Tang G D.Design of Ka-band low noise amplifier[J].Information and Electronic Engineering,2008,6(4):245.]
[13]沈天宇.硅基毫米波Ka波段全RF相控阵接收前端芯片的研究与设计[D].上海:华东师范大学,2017:19-21.[Shen T Y Research and design of silicon-based millimeter wave Ka-band full-RF phased-array receiver front-end[D].Shanghai:Master Degree Thesis of East China Normal University,2017:19-21.]
[14]吴小帅,王贵德,马占刚.Ka波段一体化收发信机设计[J].电子科技,2013,26(5):84-86.[Wu X S,Wang G D,Ma Z G.Integration of the Ka-band transceiver[J].Electronic Science and Technology,2013,26(5):84-86.]
[15]薛小乾.Ka波段雷达收发系统电磁兼容性分析与干扰抑制技术[J].火控雷达技术,2002,31(3):10-13.[Xue XQ.Electromagnetic compatibility analysis and interference suppression techniques of Ka-band radar transceiver[J].Fire Control Radar Technology,2002,31(3):10-13.]
[16]夏步刚,张德海,赵鑫,等.基于石英晶片镀膜工艺的Ka波段天线副反射面设计与实现[J].物理学报,2013,63(20):204130-1.[Xia B G,Zhang D H,Zhao X,et al.Design and implementation of sub-reflector for Ka-band antenna based on quartz wafer coating technology[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2013,63(20):204130-1.]
[17]王琦,王毅凡.Ka波段通信卫星发展应用现状[J].卫星与网络,2010,30(8):20.[Wang Qi,Wang Y F.Development and application status of Ka-band Communication Satellite[J].Satellite and Network,2010,30(8):20.]
[18]唐亮,王贵军,孙宝华.Ku~Ka波段地面雷达天线罩应用展望及设计要点[J].纤维复合材料,2008,9(3):11-14.[Tang L,Wang G J,Sun B H.Application perspective and design factor of Ku~Ka band ground radome[J].Fiber Composites,2008,9(3):11-14.]
[19]Cumming Ian G,Wong Frank H.Digital processing of synthetic aperture radar data algorithms and implementation[M].Boston:Artech House,Inc.2005.
[20]胡云.均匀平面电磁波极化的应用研究[J].大学物理,2012,31(12):40.[Hu Y.Study on the application of uniform plane electromagnetic wave polarization[J].College Physics,2012,31(12):40.]
[21]苏宏艳,朱淮城.毫米波精确制导技术及其发展趋势[J].制导与引信,2008,29(2):1-2.[Su H Y,Zhu H C.The technology and development trend of millimeter wave precision guidance[J].Guidance and Fuze,2008,29(2):1-2.]
[22]张国强,王洁.一种Ka波段微带-波导转换的设计[J].火控雷达技术,2014,43(2):82-85.[Zhang G Q,Wang J.Design of a Ka-band microstrip-waveguide converting structure[J].Control Radar Technology,2014,43(2):82-85.]
[23]林华.无人机载太赫兹合成孔径雷达成像分析与仿真[J].信息与电子工程,2010,8(4):374.[Lin H.Analysis and simulation of UAV terahertz wave synthetic aperture radar imaging[J].Information and Electronic Engineering,2010,8(4):374.]
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