面向大尺度区域分布式水文模型的子流域划分方法改进
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摘要
子流域划分是构建流域/区域分布式水文模型的基础工作,关系到流域/区域水文模拟和预报精度的好坏。在针对大尺度区域进行子流域划分时,目前普遍使用基于地表径流漫流模型,通过单一集水面积阈值进行河网提取和子流域划分的方法在准确描述研究区的空间范围、确定流域出水口、提取内流区河网等方面存在一定不足。为此,作者对传统子流域划分方法进行改进,面向大尺度区域分布式水文建模提出一套基于流域出水口自动识别和多阈值虚拟河网融合技术的子流域划分方法,该方法包括4大部分,即流域出水口的识别,大、小集水面积阈值的确定,多阈值虚拟河网融合,子流域划分与编码。应用该方法对全国范围内进行了水系提取和子流域划分,共划分子流域25 174个,子流域平均面积381 km2,最大面积5 512 km2,最小面积4 km2,模拟范围与全国水系实际范围的吻合程度达到99.92%。进一步地,将研究结果与全国实测水系和现行流域区划成果进行对比分析,验证了该方法的适用性。该方法高效快速,在准确刻画大尺度区域范围的同时大幅降低了子流域个数,兼顾了模型模拟效率,较好地解决了传统子流域划分方法在大尺度区域分布式水文建模中面临的难题。相关研究可为大尺度区域分布式水文模型构建提供基础支撑,有助于更好地为大面积区尤其是国家宏观层面的水文水资源管理服务。
Watershed subdivision is an important basic work of distributed hydrological model, which is related to the accuracy of basin hydrological simulation and prediction. In the process of watershed subdivision in large-scale and complicated terrain area, the traditional method has some shortcomings in accurately describing the spatial extent of the study area, determining the outlet of the basin, and extracting the river network of the inflow area, which commonly uses a single catchment area threshold to extract the river network and divide the watersheds based on surface runoff and flow model. Consequently, a watershed subdivision method, using stem-branch topological codification, was proposed based on automatic recognition of the outlets of basin and the fusion of river network with variable catchment area thresholds. The method mainly includes the determination of basin outlets, the determination of the maximum and minimum catchment area thresholds, the multi-threshold virtual river network integration and watershed subdivision and coding. Taking China as an example, 25 174 watersheds were divided, with an average area of 381 km2, a maximum area of 5 512 km2 and a minimum area of 4 km2. The coincidence degree between the simulated area and the actual area reached 99.92%. While using the traditional method, the number of watersheds was 21 768, and the average area was 434 km2, and the coincidence degree was only 98.5%. Moreover, the results were compared with the actual water systems and the current basin of China to verify the applicability of the method. The program is realized through programming that is fast and efficient. It takes into account the computational efficiency of the model and the accuracy of watershed subdivision, which lays a good foundation for developing distributed hydrological model in large scale region and helps to better serve the management of hydrology and water resources in the region, especially at the national macro level.
Watershed subdivision is an important basic work of distributed hydrological model, which is related to the accuracy of basin hydrological simulation and prediction. In the process of watershed subdivision in large-scale and complicated terrain area, the traditional method has some shortcomings in accurately describing the spatial extent of the study area, determining the outlet of the basin, and extracting the river network of the inflow area, which commonly uses a single catchment area threshold to extract the river network and divide the watersheds based on surface runoff and flow model. Consequently, a watershed subdivision method, using stem-branch topological codification, was proposed based on automatic recognition of the outlets of basin and the fusion of river network with variable catchment area thresholds. The method mainly includes the determination of basin outlets, the determination of the maximum and minimum catchment area thresholds, the multi-threshold virtual river network integration and watershed subdivision and coding. Taking China as an example, 25 174 watersheds were divided, with an average area of 381 km2, a maximum area of 5 512 km2 and a minimum area of 4 km2. The coincidence degree between the simulated area and the actual area reached 99.92%. While using the traditional method, the number of watersheds was 21 768, and the average area was 434 km2, and the coincidence degree was only 98.5%. Moreover, the results were compared with the actual water systems and the current basin of China to verify the applicability of the method. The program is realized through programming that is fast and efficient. It takes into account the computational efficiency of the model and the accuracy of watershed subdivision, which lays a good foundation for developing distributed hydrological model in large scale region and helps to better serve the management of hydrology and water resources in the region, especially at the national macro level.
引文
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[7]Wang Yuzhuo,Liu Xiuguo,Zhang Wei.Raster river networks extraction based on parallel multiple flow direction algorithms[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2015,40(12):1646-1652.[王玉着,刘修国,张唯.并行化多流向策略的栅格河网提取算法[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2015,40(12):1646-1652.]
[8]Liu J,Zhou Z,Jia Y,et al.A stem-branch topological codification for watershed subdivision and identification to support distributed hydrological modelling at large river basins[J].Hydrological Processes,2014,28(4):2074-2081.
[9]Fürst J,H?rhan T.Coding of watershed and river hierarchy to support GIS-based hydrological analyses at different scales[J].Computers and Geosciences,2009,35(3):688-696.
[10]Luo Xiangyu,Jia Yangwen,Wang Jianhua,et al.Method for delineation and codification of a large basin based on DEMand surveyed river network[J].Advances in Water Science,2006,17(2):259-264.[罗翔宇,贾仰文,王建华,等.基于DEM与实测河网的流域编码方法[J].水科学进展,2006,17(2):259-264.]
[11]Wu M,Shi P,Chen A,et al.Impacts of DEM resolution and area threshold value uncertainty on the drainage network derived using SWAT[J].Water S A,2017,43(3):450-462.
[12]Sousa T M I,Paz A R.How to evaluate the quality of coarse-resolution DEM-derived drainage networks[J].Hydrological Processes,2017,31:3379-3395.
[13]Ren Yan,Zhang Fei,Wang Juan,et al.Comprison of Ebinur Lake basin water system simulation from different DEMdata sources[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2018,43(3):35-44.[任岩,张飞,王娟,等.不同DEM数据源的艾比湖流域仿真水系对比[J].测绘科学,2018,43(3):35-44.]
[14]Reddy G P O,Kumar N,Sahu N,et al.Evaluation of automatic drainage extraction thresholds using ASTER GDEMand Cartosat-1 DEM:A case study from basaltic terrain of Central India[J].The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science,2018,21(1):95-104.
[15]Zhang Jianxun,Tang Lei,Xie Tao,et al.Determination of catchment area threshold for extraction of digital river-network[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2016,47(11):1-4.[张建勋,汤雷,谢桃,等.数字河网提取时集水面积阈值的确定[J].水利水电技术,2016,47(11):1-4.]
[16]Chang Zhiyang,Wang Jian,Bai Shibiao,et al.Determination of accumulation area based on the method of applying mean of change-point analysis[J].Journal of Nanjing Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2014,37(1):147-150.[常直杨,王建,白世彪,等.均值变点分析法在最佳集水面积阈值确定中的应用[J].南京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2014,37(1):147-150.]
[17]Li Tianhao,Wang Kan,Cheng Junrui,et al.Extration study of plain river network in yaojiang river bain of ningbo city based on dem of different contour[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,37(4):166-171.[李天昊,王侃,程军蕊,等.基于轮廓不同的DEM对宁波市姚江流域平原河网的提取研究[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(4):166-171.]
[18]Turcotte R,Fortin J P,Rousseau A N,et al.Determination of the drainage structure of a watershed using a digital elevation model and a digital river and lake network[J].Journal of Hydrology,2001,240(3/4):225-242.
[19]Zuo Junjie,Cai Yongli.An automated watershed delineations approach for plain river network regions:A case study in Shanghai[J].Advances in Water Science,2011,22(3):337 -343.[左俊杰,蔡永立.平原河网地区汇水区的划分方法:以上海市为例[J].水科学进展,2011,22(3):337-343.]
[20]Li Shuo,Lai Zhengqing,Wang Qiao,et al.Distributed simulation for hydrological process in plain river network region using SWAT model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(6):106-112.[李硕,赖正清,王桥,等.基于SWAT模型的平原河网区水文过程分布式模拟[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(6):106-112.]
[21]Liu Jiajia,Zhou Zuhao,Jia Yangwen,et al.A rule for delineation and codification of sub-watersheds based on stembranch topological relationship of DEM digital river network[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2013,41(4):288-293.[刘佳嘉,周祖昊,贾仰文,等.基于DEM河网干支拓扑关系的子流域编码规则[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2013,41(4):288-293.]
[22]Jenson S K,Domingue J O.Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic information system analysis[J].Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,1988,54(11):1593-1600.
[23]Liu Yuan,Zhou Maichun,Chen Zhijing,et al.Comparison of drainage network extraction from different dem data sources:A case study of Hanjiang River basin[J].Science Geographica Sinica,2012,32(9):1112-1118.[刘远,周买春,陈芷菁,等.基于不同DEM数据源的数字河网提取-以韩江流域为例[J].地理科学,2012,32(9):1112-1118.]
[24]Wu Bing,Li Changwen.Extraction of drainage network in the Panlonghe River basin based on SRTM DEM[J].Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2013,24(6):157-162.[吴冰,李昌文.基于SRTM DEM的盘龙河流域河网提取研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2013,24(6):157-162.]
[25]Fan Xiaoting.Strategy choice of the preservation and management of Chinese coastline[J].Geological Survey and Research,2008,31(1):28-32.[范晓婷.我国海岸线现状及其保护建议[J].地质调查与研究,2008,31(1):28-32.]
[26]Lei Xiaohui,Zhou Zuhao,Ding Xiangyi,et al.How to process boundary rivers and coastline in watershed subdivision of distributed hydrological model[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2009,29(6):1-5.[雷晓辉,周祖昊,丁相毅,等.分布式水文模型子流域划分中界河、海岸线的处理研究[J].水文,2009,29(6):1-5.]
[2]Lei Xiaohui,Wang Haichao,Tian Yu,et al.Subbasin delineation for the service areas of South-to-North Water Diversion Project[J].South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,2009,7(3):10-13.[雷晓辉,王海潮,田雨,等.南水北调中线受水区分布式水文模型子流域划分研究[J].南水北调与水利科技,2009,7(3):10-13.]
[3]Bao Hongjun,Wang Lili,Li Zhijia,et al.A distributed hydrological model based on Holtan runoff generation theory[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2016,44(4):340-346.[包红军,王莉莉,李致家,等.基于Holtan产流的分布式水文模型[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2016,44(4):340-346.]
[4]Shu Dongcai,Cheng Genwei,Lin Sanyi.Spatial discretization of digital watershed based on DEM for the upper reach of Minjiang River[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2004,36(6):6-11.[舒栋才,程根伟,林三益.基于DEM的岷江上游数字流域的离散化[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2004,36(6):6-11.]
[5]Barnes R,Lehman C,Mulla D.An efficient assignment of drainage direction over flat surfaces in raster digital elevation models[J].Computers and Geosciences,2014,62:128-135.
[6]Zhang H,Yao Z,Yang Q,et al.An integrated algorithm to evaluate flow direction and flow accumulation in flat regions of hydrologically corrected DEMs[J].Catena,2017,151:174-181.
[7]Wang Yuzhuo,Liu Xiuguo,Zhang Wei.Raster river networks extraction based on parallel multiple flow direction algorithms[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2015,40(12):1646-1652.[王玉着,刘修国,张唯.并行化多流向策略的栅格河网提取算法[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2015,40(12):1646-1652.]
[8]Liu J,Zhou Z,Jia Y,et al.A stem-branch topological codification for watershed subdivision and identification to support distributed hydrological modelling at large river basins[J].Hydrological Processes,2014,28(4):2074-2081.
[9]Fürst J,H?rhan T.Coding of watershed and river hierarchy to support GIS-based hydrological analyses at different scales[J].Computers and Geosciences,2009,35(3):688-696.
[10]Luo Xiangyu,Jia Yangwen,Wang Jianhua,et al.Method for delineation and codification of a large basin based on DEMand surveyed river network[J].Advances in Water Science,2006,17(2):259-264.[罗翔宇,贾仰文,王建华,等.基于DEM与实测河网的流域编码方法[J].水科学进展,2006,17(2):259-264.]
[11]Wu M,Shi P,Chen A,et al.Impacts of DEM resolution and area threshold value uncertainty on the drainage network derived using SWAT[J].Water S A,2017,43(3):450-462.
[12]Sousa T M I,Paz A R.How to evaluate the quality of coarse-resolution DEM-derived drainage networks[J].Hydrological Processes,2017,31:3379-3395.
[13]Ren Yan,Zhang Fei,Wang Juan,et al.Comprison of Ebinur Lake basin water system simulation from different DEMdata sources[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2018,43(3):35-44.[任岩,张飞,王娟,等.不同DEM数据源的艾比湖流域仿真水系对比[J].测绘科学,2018,43(3):35-44.]
[14]Reddy G P O,Kumar N,Sahu N,et al.Evaluation of automatic drainage extraction thresholds using ASTER GDEMand Cartosat-1 DEM:A case study from basaltic terrain of Central India[J].The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science,2018,21(1):95-104.
[15]Zhang Jianxun,Tang Lei,Xie Tao,et al.Determination of catchment area threshold for extraction of digital river-network[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2016,47(11):1-4.[张建勋,汤雷,谢桃,等.数字河网提取时集水面积阈值的确定[J].水利水电技术,2016,47(11):1-4.]
[16]Chang Zhiyang,Wang Jian,Bai Shibiao,et al.Determination of accumulation area based on the method of applying mean of change-point analysis[J].Journal of Nanjing Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2014,37(1):147-150.[常直杨,王建,白世彪,等.均值变点分析法在最佳集水面积阈值确定中的应用[J].南京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2014,37(1):147-150.]
[17]Li Tianhao,Wang Kan,Cheng Junrui,et al.Extration study of plain river network in yaojiang river bain of ningbo city based on dem of different contour[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,37(4):166-171.[李天昊,王侃,程军蕊,等.基于轮廓不同的DEM对宁波市姚江流域平原河网的提取研究[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(4):166-171.]
[18]Turcotte R,Fortin J P,Rousseau A N,et al.Determination of the drainage structure of a watershed using a digital elevation model and a digital river and lake network[J].Journal of Hydrology,2001,240(3/4):225-242.
[19]Zuo Junjie,Cai Yongli.An automated watershed delineations approach for plain river network regions:A case study in Shanghai[J].Advances in Water Science,2011,22(3):337 -343.[左俊杰,蔡永立.平原河网地区汇水区的划分方法:以上海市为例[J].水科学进展,2011,22(3):337-343.]
[20]Li Shuo,Lai Zhengqing,Wang Qiao,et al.Distributed simulation for hydrological process in plain river network region using SWAT model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(6):106-112.[李硕,赖正清,王桥,等.基于SWAT模型的平原河网区水文过程分布式模拟[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(6):106-112.]
[21]Liu Jiajia,Zhou Zuhao,Jia Yangwen,et al.A rule for delineation and codification of sub-watersheds based on stembranch topological relationship of DEM digital river network[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2013,41(4):288-293.[刘佳嘉,周祖昊,贾仰文,等.基于DEM河网干支拓扑关系的子流域编码规则[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2013,41(4):288-293.]
[22]Jenson S K,Domingue J O.Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic information system analysis[J].Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,1988,54(11):1593-1600.
[23]Liu Yuan,Zhou Maichun,Chen Zhijing,et al.Comparison of drainage network extraction from different dem data sources:A case study of Hanjiang River basin[J].Science Geographica Sinica,2012,32(9):1112-1118.[刘远,周买春,陈芷菁,等.基于不同DEM数据源的数字河网提取-以韩江流域为例[J].地理科学,2012,32(9):1112-1118.]
[24]Wu Bing,Li Changwen.Extraction of drainage network in the Panlonghe River basin based on SRTM DEM[J].Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2013,24(6):157-162.[吴冰,李昌文.基于SRTM DEM的盘龙河流域河网提取研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2013,24(6):157-162.]
[25]Fan Xiaoting.Strategy choice of the preservation and management of Chinese coastline[J].Geological Survey and Research,2008,31(1):28-32.[范晓婷.我国海岸线现状及其保护建议[J].地质调查与研究,2008,31(1):28-32.]
[26]Lei Xiaohui,Zhou Zuhao,Ding Xiangyi,et al.How to process boundary rivers and coastline in watershed subdivision of distributed hydrological model[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2009,29(6):1-5.[雷晓辉,周祖昊,丁相毅,等.分布式水文模型子流域划分中界河、海岸线的处理研究[J].水文,2009,29(6):1-5.]
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