高等教育和毕业生就业：变化的条件与挑战
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摘要
高等教育与工作世界之间关系以及塑造这些关系的政策和战略在经济发达国家存在很大差异,本文聚焦于经济发达国家近五十年有关这一主题领域主要特征的讨论,借助作者多年来参与的高等教育国际比较研究,分析了毕业生调查面临的挑战和机遇,关注高等教育与工作世界之间关系的复杂性。作者指出,高等教育机构及其负责人应该意识到高等教育功能的复杂性,注意到高等教育与工作世界之间的各种联系,而且高等教育必须重新思考其信念。基于毕业生就业的坚实信息有助于高等教育战略更加合理和有针对性,但这一信息基础并不要求高等教育任务和功能的单一哲学,而是要认识各高等院校和学习项目多样性的选择。
The relationships between higher education and the world of work as well as the policies and strategies to shape these relationships differ substantially among economically advanced countries.This paper addresses major features of this thematic area discussed in economically advanced countries over more than the past five decades.It analyses the challenges as well as the opportunities of graduate surveys to contribute to a better understanding of the complexity of the relationships between higher education and the world of work.People who are responsible within higher education institutions should be aware of the functional complexity of higher education and take note of the variety of links between higher education and the world of work which can be found in different sectors of higher education and the world in both a single country and various countries.Higher education has to rethinks its beliefs regarding what it does and what it can do regarding graduate employment and work.People should be aware of a trend contrasting the claims of most campaigns,i.e.a trend towards an increasing variety of the profiles of the individual institution of higher education.A solid information base on graduate employment in work helps make strategies in higher education more rational and targeted,but this information base does not call for single philosophies of the tasks and functions of higher education,but rather it makes aware of the variety of options,such as the individual institutions and programs can choose.
The relationships between higher education and the world of work as well as the policies and strategies to shape these relationships differ substantially among economically advanced countries.This paper addresses major features of this thematic area discussed in economically advanced countries over more than the past five decades.It analyses the challenges as well as the opportunities of graduate surveys to contribute to a better understanding of the complexity of the relationships between higher education and the world of work.People who are responsible within higher education institutions should be aware of the functional complexity of higher education and take note of the variety of links between higher education and the world of work which can be found in different sectors of higher education and the world in both a single country and various countries.Higher education has to rethinks its beliefs regarding what it does and what it can do regarding graduate employment and work.People should be aware of a trend contrasting the claims of most campaigns,i.e.a trend towards an increasing variety of the profiles of the individual institution of higher education.A solid information base on graduate employment in work helps make strategies in higher education more rational and targeted,but this information base does not call for single philosophies of the tasks and functions of higher education,but rather it makes aware of the variety of options,such as the individual institutions and programs can choose.
引文
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(1)参见泰西勒关于学生流动性的概述。Teichler,Ulrich.(2017b).Internationalisation Trends in Higher Education and the Role of International Student Mobility.Journal of International Mobility,5,177-216。
(1)参见Jung&Lee(2016）的概述。
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[21] Grotkowska,Gabriela, Leszek Wincenciak,&Tomasz Gajderowicz.(2012).Determinants of Graduates'Labour Market Success across Domains:A Comparative Analysis.In Employability of Graduates and Higher Education Management Systems:Final Report of the DEHEMS Project,edited by Mateja Melink,&Samo Pavlin,pp.65—87.Ljubljana:University of Ljubljana,Faculty of Social Sciences.
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[23] Haryey,Lee.(2000).New Realities:The Relationships between Higher Education and Employment.Tertiary Education and Management,6(1),3—17.
[24] Hausschildt,Kristina,Christoph Gwosc,Nikoiai Netz,&Shweta Mishra.(2015).Social and Economic Conditions of Student Life in Europe. Bielefeld:W.Bertelsmann.
[25] Huisman,Jeroen.(1998).Differentiation and Diversity in Higher Education:A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis.In Higher Education:Handbook of Theory and Research.Vol.XIII,edited by John C.Smart,pp.75—110.New York:Agathon Press.
[26] Jablonska-Skinder,Hanna,&Ulrich Teichler.(1992). Handbook of Higher Education Diplomas in Europe.Munich:Saur.
[27] Janson, Kerstin.(2014). Absolventenstudien:Ihre Bedeutung für die Hochschulentwicklung(Graduate Surveys:Their Relevance for the Development of Higher Education).Münster:Waxmann.
[28] Janson,Kerstin,Harald Schomburg,&Ulrich Teichler.(2009).The Professional Value of ERASMUS Mobility.Bonn:Lemmens.
[29] Jung,Jisun,&Soo Jeung Lee.(2016).Impact of Internship on Job Performance among University Graduates in South Korea.International Journal of Chinese Education,5(2),250—284.
[30] Kariya,Takehiko.(2011).Credential Inflation and Employment in Universal Higher Education:Enrolment,Expansion and(In)equity via Privatisation in Japan.Journal of Education and Work,24(1—2),69—94.
[31] Kehm,Barbara M.,&Ulrich Teichler(2016).Doctoral Education and Labor Market:Policy Questions and Data Needs.In The Science and Technology Labor Force,edited by Leonid Gokberg,Natalia Shmatko,&Laudeline Auriol,pp.11—29.Cham:Springer.
[32] Kelo,Maria,Ulrich Teichler,&Bernd Wchter,eds.(2006).EURODATA:Student Mobility in European Higher Education.Bonn:Lemmens.
[33] Kivinen,Osmo,&Jouni Nurmi(2007).Job Requirements and Competences:Do Qualifications Matter?In Careers of University Graduates,edited by Ulrich Teichler,pp.131—142.Dordrecht:Springer.
[34] Kivinen,Osmo,&Jouni Nurmi.(2014).Labour Market Relevance of European University Education:From Enrolment to Professional Employment in 12Countries.European Journal of Education,49(4),558—574.
[35] Muehleck,Kai.(2012).On the Tracks of Students and Graduates:Methods and Uses of Tracking Procedures in the European Higher Education Area.In Higher Education at the Crossroads:Between the Bologna Process and National Reforms,edited by Adrian Curaj,Peter Scott,Lazr Vlasceanu,&Lesley Wilson,pp.223—243.Dordrecht:Springer.
[36] Müller, Walter,&Shavit,Yossi,eds.(1998).From School to Work:A Comparative Study of Educational Qualifications and Occupational Destinations.Oxford:Claredon Press.
[37] Neave,Guy.(1979).Academic Drift:Some Views from Europe.Studies in Higher Education,4(2),143—159.
[38] Neave,Guy.(2011).Patterns.In A History of the University in Europe.Volume IV:Universities Since 1945,edited by Walter Rüegg,pp.31—69.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
[39] OECD,ed.(1992).From Higher Education to Employment.4volumes.Paris:OECD.
[40] OECD.(1993).Transition from Higher Education to Employment:Synthesis Report.Paris:OECD.
[41] OECD.(1998).Redefining Tertiary Education,Paris:OECD.
[42] OECD.(2017).Education at a Glance 2017:OECD Indicators.Paris:OECD.
[43] Papadopoulos,George S.(1994).Education 1960—1990:The OECD Perspective.Paris:OECD.
[44] Pascarella,Ernest T.,&Patrick T.Terenzini.(2005).How College Affects Students:A Third Decade of Research.San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass.
[45] Paul,Jean-Jacques,Ulrich Teichler,&Rolf van der Velden,eds.(2000).2000Higher Education and Graduate Employment.European Journal of Education,35(2),special issue.
[46] Peisert,Hansgert,&Gerhild Framhein.(1994).The Higher Education System in the Federal Republic of Germany. Bonn:Bundesministerium für Bildung,Wissenschaft,Forschung und Technologie.
[47] Perkin, Harold.(1991). History of Universities.In International Higher Education:An Encyclopedia,edited by Philip G.Altbach,pp.169—204.New York&London:Garland Publishing.
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(1)参见泰西勒关于学生流动性的概述。Teichler,Ulrich.(2017b).Internationalisation Trends in Higher Education and the Role of International Student Mobility.Journal of International Mobility,5,177-216。
(1)参见Jung&Lee(2016）的概述。
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