土壤管理方式对伏旱期柑橘生长及土壤温度和水分的影响
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摘要
【目的】研究伏旱期柑橘园不同土壤管理方式对土壤温度、水分和柑橘Citrus reticulata生长的影响。【方法】试验地点位于重庆北碚,以资阳香橙砧沃柑为材料,2016和2017年高温伏旱期采用清耕(对照)、铲草覆盖、化学杀草覆盖和自然生草4种土壤管理方式,测定地表(0 cm)以及10、20和30 cm土层温度变化,测定0～10、10～20和20～30 cm土层含水量、地表最大开裂宽度、柑橘根系活力和秋梢生长量,统计不同土壤管理成本。【结果】土层越浅土壤温度和水分的波动越大。总体上,不同土壤管理条件下各土层日平均温度、最高温度和温度日较差为清耕>化学杀草覆盖>铲草覆盖>自然生草;在极端高温天气(气温41℃)时,清耕、化学杀草覆盖、铲草覆盖和自然生草的土表最高温度分别为69.6、45.6、37.5和35.0℃。各土层含水量以自然生草和铲草覆盖最高,清耕最低,清耕0～10 cm土层含水量显著低于其他处理。柑橘根系活力和秋梢生长量均为铲草覆盖>化学杀草覆盖>清耕>自然生草。土壤管理成本为清耕>自然生草>铲草覆盖>化学杀草覆盖。【结论】综合效果、成本与简便省力,在高温伏旱期,平地和缓坡橘园宜采用铲草覆盖。
【Objective】To study the influences of different soil management methods on soil temperature, soil moisture and Citrus reticulata growth in citrus orchard during summer drought season.【Method】The experiment was carried out in Beibei, Chongqing using Ziyangxiangcheng(Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka)Zhenwogan(Citrus reticulata cv. Orah) as the material. Four soil management systems, including rotary tillage weeding(CK), mechanical weeding mulch(MWM), chemical weeding mulch(CWM) and weed living mulch(WLM), were used during the summer drought seasons of 2016 and 2017. We measured the temperature at soil layers of 0(surface),10, 20 and 30 cm depth, the moisture at 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm soil layers, the maximum crack width of surface, citrus root activity and autumn shoot growth, and summarized the costs of different soil management systems.【Result】The shallower the soil layer, the greater the fluctuation of soil temperature and water content. In general, the daily average temperature, maximum temperature and daily temperature range of each soil layer under different soil managements were CK > CWM > MWM > WLM.Under extreme high temperature weather(air temperature 41 ℃), the highest soil surface temperatures of CK,CWM, MWM and WLM were 69.6, 45.6, 37.5 and 35.0 ℃, respectively. The water contents of different soil layers were the highest in WLM and MWM, and the lowest in CK. The water content in 0-10 cm soil layer of CK was significantly lower than those of other treatments. For both citrus root activity and autumn shoot growth, the results were MWM > CWM > CK > WLM. The costs of different soil management systems were in order of CK > WLM > MWM > CWM.【Conclusion】Considering the effect, cost and operability, the flat or gentle slope citrus orchard should be practiced with MWM soil management during summer drought season.
【Objective】To study the influences of different soil management methods on soil temperature, soil moisture and Citrus reticulata growth in citrus orchard during summer drought season.【Method】The experiment was carried out in Beibei, Chongqing using Ziyangxiangcheng(Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka)Zhenwogan(Citrus reticulata cv. Orah) as the material. Four soil management systems, including rotary tillage weeding(CK), mechanical weeding mulch(MWM), chemical weeding mulch(CWM) and weed living mulch(WLM), were used during the summer drought seasons of 2016 and 2017. We measured the temperature at soil layers of 0(surface),10, 20 and 30 cm depth, the moisture at 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm soil layers, the maximum crack width of surface, citrus root activity and autumn shoot growth, and summarized the costs of different soil management systems.【Result】The shallower the soil layer, the greater the fluctuation of soil temperature and water content. In general, the daily average temperature, maximum temperature and daily temperature range of each soil layer under different soil managements were CK > CWM > MWM > WLM.Under extreme high temperature weather(air temperature 41 ℃), the highest soil surface temperatures of CK,CWM, MWM and WLM were 69.6, 45.6, 37.5 and 35.0 ℃, respectively. The water contents of different soil layers were the highest in WLM and MWM, and the lowest in CK. The water content in 0-10 cm soil layer of CK was significantly lower than those of other treatments. For both citrus root activity and autumn shoot growth, the results were MWM > CWM > CK > WLM. The costs of different soil management systems were in order of CK > WLM > MWM > CWM.【Conclusion】Considering the effect, cost and operability, the flat or gentle slope citrus orchard should be practiced with MWM soil management during summer drought season.
引文
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[15]张雯娟,张正桂,刘永忠,等.3种常见草种对橘园杂草控制能力及对柑橘根系分布的影响[J].中国南方果树,2018,47(1):22-29.
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[20]张义,谢永生,郝明德,等.不同地表覆盖方式对苹果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(2):279-286.
[21]WU J,CHEN M,DONG C,et al.Effects of land cover on soil temperature,humidity and moisture in phoebe bournei forest[J].Agr Sci Tech,2015,16(12):2725-2729.
[22]周静.红壤水分条件对柑橘生理生态要素影响及其作用机理研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2008.
[23]邓丰产,安贵阳,郁俊谊,等.渭北旱塬苹果园的生草效应[J].果树学报,2003,20(6):506-508.
[24]史进,李文胜,张俊苗.生草栽培对果园生态环境和果实品质的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2016,53(4):647-654.
[25]何天富.柑橘学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999:62-72,308-313.
[26]孙霞,柴仲平,蒋平安,等.土壤管理方式对苹果园土壤理化性状的影响[J].草业科学,2011,28(2):189-193.
[27]PALESE A M,VIGNOZZI N,CELANO G,et al.Influence of soil management on soil physical characteristics and water storage in a mature rainfed olive orchard[J].Soil Till Res,2014,144:96-109.
[28]赵政阳,李会科.黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤水分的影响[J].园艺学报,2006,33(3):481-484.
[29]邹亚丽,呼丽萍,施海燕.果草系统土壤理化特征[J].草业科学,2013,30(4):541-545.
[30]柴华,何念鹏.中国土壤容重特征及其对区域碳贮量估算的意义[J].生态学报,2016,36(13):3903-3910.
[31]LAURENT A S,MERWIN I A,THIES J E.Long-term orchard groundcover management systems affect soil microbial communities and apple replant disease severity[J].Plant Soil,2008,304(1/2):209-225.
[32]李发林,林晓兰,黄炎和,等.果园种植牧草对果树树体生长及其根系活力的影响[J].热带农业科学,2009,29(7):20-24.
[33]熊忠华,黎鑫林,刘勇,等.不同生草间作对柑橘根系活力及枝梢生长的影响[J].生物灾害科学,2017,40(1):14-18.
[34]焦润安,张舒涵,李毅,等.生草影响果树生长发育及果园环境的研究进展[J].果树学报,2017,34(12):1610-1623.
[2]WANG P,LIU J H,XIA R X,et al.Arbuscular mycorrhizal development,glomalin-related soil protein(GRSP)content,and rhizospheric phosphatase activitiy in citrus orchards under different types of soil management[J].J Plant Nutr Soil Sci,2011,174(1):65-72.
[3]SHUI J G,WANG Q Z,LIAO G Q,et al.Ecological and economic benefits of vegetation management measures in citrus orchards on red soils[J].Pedosphere,2008,18(2):214-221.
[4]FIDALSKI J,AULER P A M,BERALDO J M G,et al.Availability of soil water under tillage systems,mulch management and citrus rootstocks[J].Rev Bras Cienc Solo,2010,34(3):917-924.
[5]MCCLOSKEY W B,WRIGHT G C.Managing orchard floor vegetation in flood-irrigated citrus groves[J].Horttechnology,2003,13(4):668-677.
[6]CARY P R.The residual effects of nitrogen,calcium and soil management treatments on yield,fruit size and composition of citrus[J].J Hortic Sci Biotech,1972,47(4):479-491.
[7]HOROWITZ M.Competitive effects of three perennial weeds,Cynodon dactylon(L.)Pers.Cyperns rotundus L.and Sorghum halepense(L.)Pers.on young citrus[J].JHortic Sci,1973,48(2):135-147.
[8]LINARES J,SCHOLBERG J,GRAETZ D,et al.Effects of perennial peanut and common bermudagrass on nitrogen and water uptake of young citrus trees[J].J Plant Nutr,2010,33(2):200-218.
[9]江才伦,彭良志,付行政,等.三峡库区柑橘园不同土壤管理方式对土壤温度的影响[J].果树学报,2014,31(3):401-409.
[10]韩世刚.重庆市高温伏旱气候特征及其预报方案研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2010.
[11]符学三,全汝君.免耕对柑橘园主要害虫、天敌及植株结果的影响[J].中国南方果树,1994,23(2):24-25.
[12]刘毅,陶勇,万开元,等.丹江口库区坡耕地柑橘园不同覆盖方式下地表径流氮磷流失特征[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(11):1340-1344.
[13]黄晶,高菊生,刘淑军,等.湘南红壤坡地幼龄橘园套种不同作物的生态环境效应[J].湖南农业科学,2011(19):108-111.
[14]韩文斌,谢树果,杜春梅,等.四川丘陵区橘园间作豆科绿肥的效应[J].中国南方果树,2014,43(5):62-63.
[15]张雯娟,张正桂,刘永忠,等.3种常见草种对橘园杂草控制能力及对柑橘根系分布的影响[J].中国南方果树,2018,47(1):22-29.
[16]李青,袁韬.柑橘园不同土壤管理方法比较试验[J].中国南方果树,2002,31(1):11-13.
[17]钟东洋,周玲,毛小福,等.林业化学除草剂在不同植被类型的应用[J].南方林业科学,2010(2):41-43.
[18]白宝璋,金锦子,白崧,等.玉米根系活力TTC测定法的改良[J].玉米科学,1994,2(4):44-47.
[19]邓鹏飞,石进婧,游纯城.临川区近10年气象条件变化对柑橘产量的影响[J].气象与减灾研究,2014,37(3):68-72.
[20]张义,谢永生,郝明德,等.不同地表覆盖方式对苹果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(2):279-286.
[21]WU J,CHEN M,DONG C,et al.Effects of land cover on soil temperature,humidity and moisture in phoebe bournei forest[J].Agr Sci Tech,2015,16(12):2725-2729.
[22]周静.红壤水分条件对柑橘生理生态要素影响及其作用机理研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2008.
[23]邓丰产,安贵阳,郁俊谊,等.渭北旱塬苹果园的生草效应[J].果树学报,2003,20(6):506-508.
[24]史进,李文胜,张俊苗.生草栽培对果园生态环境和果实品质的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2016,53(4):647-654.
[25]何天富.柑橘学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999:62-72,308-313.
[26]孙霞,柴仲平,蒋平安,等.土壤管理方式对苹果园土壤理化性状的影响[J].草业科学,2011,28(2):189-193.
[27]PALESE A M,VIGNOZZI N,CELANO G,et al.Influence of soil management on soil physical characteristics and water storage in a mature rainfed olive orchard[J].Soil Till Res,2014,144:96-109.
[28]赵政阳,李会科.黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤水分的影响[J].园艺学报,2006,33(3):481-484.
[29]邹亚丽,呼丽萍,施海燕.果草系统土壤理化特征[J].草业科学,2013,30(4):541-545.
[30]柴华,何念鹏.中国土壤容重特征及其对区域碳贮量估算的意义[J].生态学报,2016,36(13):3903-3910.
[31]LAURENT A S,MERWIN I A,THIES J E.Long-term orchard groundcover management systems affect soil microbial communities and apple replant disease severity[J].Plant Soil,2008,304(1/2):209-225.
[32]李发林,林晓兰,黄炎和,等.果园种植牧草对果树树体生长及其根系活力的影响[J].热带农业科学,2009,29(7):20-24.
[33]熊忠华,黎鑫林,刘勇,等.不同生草间作对柑橘根系活力及枝梢生长的影响[J].生物灾害科学,2017,40(1):14-18.
[34]焦润安,张舒涵,李毅,等.生草影响果树生长发育及果园环境的研究进展[J].果树学报,2017,34(12):1610-1623.