多重人类干扰下长江流域的水生态系统健康修复
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摘要
首先概述了水生态系统健康的定义,即水体的物理、化学和生物组分的完整性。然后介绍了长江流域的主要人类活动干扰和水生态系统健康现状,主要包括水生生物生境的破碎和丧失、污染物的排放和水质问题,以及水生生物资源的衰减现状。最后在水电开发、航运、化工、采矿、农业、城镇化及渔业过度捕捞等多重人类活动干扰下,提出从以下几个方面修复长江流域的水生态系统健康:①腾让并修复水生态空间;②恢复鱼类等水生生物资源;③调整各项人类活动并开展生态修复;④加强长江生态保护法的立法以确保长效的生态修复机制的形成和维护。
The paper presents definition and components of aquatic ecosystems health,major human disturbances,and current aquatic ecosystems health of the Yangtze River Basin,China. Aquatic ecosystems health here refers to physical,chemical,and biological integrity of water bodies. Current aquatic ecosystem health of the Yangtze River Basin includes reduction of aquatic biological resources,fragmentation and loss of aquatic habitat,pollutants discharge and water quality problems. Aiming at multiple human disturbances (e. g.,hydropower development,navigation,chemical industry,mining,agriculture,urbanization,overfishing),the following strategies are suggested to restore the aquatic ecosystems health of the Yangtze River Basin: ① increasing and restoring aquatic eco-regions; ② restoring fish and other aquatic biological resources; ③ regulating multiple human activities,conducting related ecological restorations; ④ carrying out comprehensive legislation on ecological protection of Yangtze River to ensure formation and maintenance of the long-term ecological restoration system.
The paper presents definition and components of aquatic ecosystems health,major human disturbances,and current aquatic ecosystems health of the Yangtze River Basin,China. Aquatic ecosystems health here refers to physical,chemical,and biological integrity of water bodies. Current aquatic ecosystem health of the Yangtze River Basin includes reduction of aquatic biological resources,fragmentation and loss of aquatic habitat,pollutants discharge and water quality problems. Aiming at multiple human disturbances (e. g.,hydropower development,navigation,chemical industry,mining,agriculture,urbanization,overfishing),the following strategies are suggested to restore the aquatic ecosystems health of the Yangtze River Basin: ① increasing and restoring aquatic eco-regions; ② restoring fish and other aquatic biological resources; ③ regulating multiple human activities,conducting related ecological restorations; ④ carrying out comprehensive legislation on ecological protection of Yangtze River to ensure formation and maintenance of the long-term ecological restoration system.
引文
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[17]杨邦杰,严以新,安雪晖.长江流域“黄金水道”问题分析及对策建议[J].中国发展,2015,15(1):1-7.
[18]邹辉,段学军,赵海霞,等.长三角地区污染密集型产业空间演变及其对污染排放格局的影响[J].中国科学院大学学报,2016,33(5):703-710.
[19]曹杰.长江流域渔政管理与渔业资源保护浅析[J].中国水产,2018(4):26-29.
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[22]Boesch D F,Brinsfield R B,Magnien R.E.Chesapeake Bay eutrophication:scientific understanding,ecosystem restoration,and challenges for agriculture[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2001(30):303-320.
[23]Woolsey S,Capelli F,Gonser T.,et al.A strategy to assess river restoration success[J].Freshwater Biology,2007(52):752-769.
[24]Lake P S,Bond N,Reich P.Linking ecological theory with stream restoration[J].Freshwater Biology,2007(52):597-615.
[25]Mc Clurg S E,Petty J T,Mazik P.M.,et al.Stream ecosystem response to limestone treatment in acid impacted watersheds of the Allegheny Plateau[J].Ecological Applications,2007,17(4):1087-1104.
[26]Jansson R,Nilsson C,Malmqvist B.Restoring freshwater ecosystems in riverine landscapes:the roles of connectivity and recovery processes[J].Freshwater Biology,2007(52):589-596.
[27]Bernhardt E S,Palmer M A,Allan J D,et al.Synthesizing U.S.river restoration efforts[J].Science,2005(308):636-637.
[28]Palmer M A,Bernhardt E S,Allan J D,et al.Standards for ecologically successful river restoration[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2005(42):208-217.
[29]Shrestha S,Farrelly J,Eggleton M,et al.Effects of conservation wetlands on stream habitat,water quality and fish communities in agricultural watersheds of the lower Mississippi River Basin[J].Ecological Engineering,2017(107):99-109.
[2]Chen Y S,Guo S,Ye F,et al.Construction:limit China’s sand mining[J].Nature,2017(550):457.
[3]陈宇顺.长江流域的主要人类活动干扰、水生态系统健康与水生态保护[J].三峡生态环境监测,2018,3(3):66-73.
[4]Karr J R.Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities[J].Fisheries,1981(6):21-27.
[5]Karr J R.Defining and measuring river health[J].Freshwater Biology,1999(41):221-234.
[6]Schaeffer D J,Henricks E E,Kerster H W.Ecosystem health:I.measuring ecosystem health[J].Environmental Management,1988,12(4):445-455.
[7]Rapport D J,Costanza R,Mc Michael A J.Assessing ecosystem health[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,1998,13(10):397-402.
[8]Boulton A J.An overview of river health assessment:philosophies,practice,problems and prognosis[J].Freshwater Biology,1999(41):469-479.
[9]Norris R H,Thoms M C.What is river health?[J].Freshwater Biology,1999(41):197-209.
[10]O’Brien A,Townsend K,Hale R,et al.How is ecosystem health defined and measured?A critical review of freshwater and estuarine studies[J].Ecological Indicators,2016(69):722-729.
[11]Karr J R.Biological integrity:a long-neglected aspect of water resource management[J].Ecological Applications,1991(1):66-84.
[12]Wiegand J,Raffaelli D,Smart J C R,et al.Assessment of temporal trends in ecosystem health using a holistic indicator[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2010(91):1446-1455.
[13]Flint N,Rolfe J,Jones C E,et al.An ecosystem health index for a large and variable river basin:methodology,challenges and continuous improvement in Queensland’s Fitzroy Basin[J].Ecological Indicators,2017(73):626-636.
[14]Vollmer D,Shaad K,Souter N J,et al.Integrating the social,hydrological and ecological dimensions of freshwater health:the freshwater health index[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018(627):304-313.
[15]Chen Y S,Chapman D C,Jackson J R,et al.Fisheries resources,environment,and conservation in the Mississippi and Yangtze(Changjiang)River basins[C]∥American Fisheries Society,Symposium 84,Bethesda,Maryland,USA.
[16]陈进.长江流域水资源调控与水库群调度[J].水利学报,2018,49(1):2-8.
[17]杨邦杰,严以新,安雪晖.长江流域“黄金水道”问题分析及对策建议[J].中国发展,2015,15(1):1-7.
[18]邹辉,段学军,赵海霞,等.长三角地区污染密集型产业空间演变及其对污染排放格局的影响[J].中国科学院大学学报,2016,33(5):703-710.
[19]曹杰.长江流域渔政管理与渔业资源保护浅析[J].中国水产,2018(4):26-29.
[20]Bohn B A,Kershner J L.Establishing aquatic restoration priorities using a watershed approach[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2002(64):355-363.
[21]Petty J T,Thorne D.An ecologically based approach to identifying restoration priorities in an acid-impacted watershed[J].Restoration Ecology,2005,13(2):348-357.
[22]Boesch D F,Brinsfield R B,Magnien R.E.Chesapeake Bay eutrophication:scientific understanding,ecosystem restoration,and challenges for agriculture[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2001(30):303-320.
[23]Woolsey S,Capelli F,Gonser T.,et al.A strategy to assess river restoration success[J].Freshwater Biology,2007(52):752-769.
[24]Lake P S,Bond N,Reich P.Linking ecological theory with stream restoration[J].Freshwater Biology,2007(52):597-615.
[25]Mc Clurg S E,Petty J T,Mazik P.M.,et al.Stream ecosystem response to limestone treatment in acid impacted watersheds of the Allegheny Plateau[J].Ecological Applications,2007,17(4):1087-1104.
[26]Jansson R,Nilsson C,Malmqvist B.Restoring freshwater ecosystems in riverine landscapes:the roles of connectivity and recovery processes[J].Freshwater Biology,2007(52):589-596.
[27]Bernhardt E S,Palmer M A,Allan J D,et al.Synthesizing U.S.river restoration efforts[J].Science,2005(308):636-637.
[28]Palmer M A,Bernhardt E S,Allan J D,et al.Standards for ecologically successful river restoration[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2005(42):208-217.
[29]Shrestha S,Farrelly J,Eggleton M,et al.Effects of conservation wetlands on stream habitat,water quality and fish communities in agricultural watersheds of the lower Mississippi River Basin[J].Ecological Engineering,2017(107):99-109.