东北湖区典型流域生态安全评估
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摘要
为评估东北湖区湖泊生态安全,在山口湖流域水质特征分析的基础上,分别采用模糊综合评价法、层次分析法和DPSIR(驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应)模型对山口湖流域水环境质量、陆域生态系统健康状况和流域生态安全进行综合评估.结果表明:①2014年山口湖水体氮、磷、有机物质量浓度较低,各月营养水平存在较大波动:3月冰封期ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)和ρ(COD_(Mn))最低,分别为0. 681、0. 022、6. 31 mg/L; 5月冰层溶解时ρ(TN)和ρ(COD_(Mn))最高,分别为1. 771、8. 27 mg/L.在3条入湖河流中,长水河受生活源和农业面源污染较重,ρ(TN)年均值为2. 244 mg/L,超出GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类标准限值;南水河污染较轻,ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)平均值分别为1. 061、0. 059 mg/L;土鲁木河受人类活动影响较小,污染最轻.②模糊综合评价结果显示,除5月外,2014年山口湖水体总体上处于GB 3838—2002Ⅲ类水质.③1988—2014年山口湖陆域生态系统处于优秀状态,但健康指数由1988年的90. 06降至2014年的87. 63,森林覆盖率下降、农田比例增加是陆域生态系统健康状态下降的主要原因.④2014年山口湖流域生态安全指数值为72. 61,处于较安全状态,经济发展水平落后、入湖污染物未有效控制、透明度低、水产品供给指标功能较差、污染物处理能力差是影响山口湖生态安全的主要因素.研究显示,需减少农田化肥施用量,加强农村和农业面源污染防治等措施,控制污染物入湖量,加强环境监管能力建设和科技支撑,提高山口湖流域生态安全状态.
In order to estimate the lake ecological security in northeast region,based on the analysis of water quality characteristics,the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method,analytic hierarchy process,and driving-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) model were used to assess the water environment quality,terrestrial ecosystem health,and watershed ecological security in Lake Shankou Basin,respectively. The results indicated that the mass concentrations of nitrogen,phosphorus,and organic matters were low in 2014,and there were significant differences in nutrient levels among different months. The TN,TP and COD_(Mn) concentrations (0. 681,0. 022 and 6. 31 mg/L,respectively) were the lowest in the icebound season of March 2014,and the maximum TN and COD_(Mn) mass concentrations (1. 771 and 8. 27 mg/L,respectively) were obtained in the ice melting period of May 2014. For the three rivers into lake,the Changshuihe River was seriously polluted by life source and agricultural non-point source and the average TN content was 2. 244 mg/L,which was higher than the standard limit of Class Ⅴ in the Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards (GB 3838-2002). The pollution of the North and South River is light,and the average values of ρ (TN) and ρ (TP) are 1. 061、0. 059 mg/L,respectively. The tulumu river was lightly polluted due to low human activity effect. The results of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method manifested that the water quality of Lake Shankou was in Class Ⅲ of GB 3838-2002 in 2014 except May. From 1988 to 2014,the terrestrial ecosystem of Lake Shankou was in excellent health,the health index value decreased from 90. 06 in 1988 to 87. 63 in 2014. And the decrease in vegetation coverage and the increase in percentage of farmland were the main reason for the decrease of terrestrial ecosystem health index value. In 2014,the ecological security condition of Lake Shankou was normally safe with its ecological security index value of 72. 61. Poor development level of economic,ineffective control of inflowing pollutant,low value of transparency,short aquatic product supply,and low pollutant treatment ability were the main factors influencing ecological security of Lake Shankou. Therefore,some strategies should be adopted to increase the ecological security state of Lake Shankou,such as reducing fertilizer use,preventing rural and agricultural non-point pollution,controlling inflowing pollutant load,and improving environment supervision ability and scientific support.
In order to estimate the lake ecological security in northeast region,based on the analysis of water quality characteristics,the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method,analytic hierarchy process,and driving-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) model were used to assess the water environment quality,terrestrial ecosystem health,and watershed ecological security in Lake Shankou Basin,respectively. The results indicated that the mass concentrations of nitrogen,phosphorus,and organic matters were low in 2014,and there were significant differences in nutrient levels among different months. The TN,TP and COD_(Mn) concentrations (0. 681,0. 022 and 6. 31 mg/L,respectively) were the lowest in the icebound season of March 2014,and the maximum TN and COD_(Mn) mass concentrations (1. 771 and 8. 27 mg/L,respectively) were obtained in the ice melting period of May 2014. For the three rivers into lake,the Changshuihe River was seriously polluted by life source and agricultural non-point source and the average TN content was 2. 244 mg/L,which was higher than the standard limit of Class Ⅴ in the Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards (GB 3838-2002). The pollution of the North and South River is light,and the average values of ρ (TN) and ρ (TP) are 1. 061、0. 059 mg/L,respectively. The tulumu river was lightly polluted due to low human activity effect. The results of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method manifested that the water quality of Lake Shankou was in Class Ⅲ of GB 3838-2002 in 2014 except May. From 1988 to 2014,the terrestrial ecosystem of Lake Shankou was in excellent health,the health index value decreased from 90. 06 in 1988 to 87. 63 in 2014. And the decrease in vegetation coverage and the increase in percentage of farmland were the main reason for the decrease of terrestrial ecosystem health index value. In 2014,the ecological security condition of Lake Shankou was normally safe with its ecological security index value of 72. 61. Poor development level of economic,ineffective control of inflowing pollutant,low value of transparency,short aquatic product supply,and low pollutant treatment ability were the main factors influencing ecological security of Lake Shankou. Therefore,some strategies should be adopted to increase the ecological security state of Lake Shankou,such as reducing fertilizer use,preventing rural and agricultural non-point pollution,controlling inflowing pollutant load,and improving environment supervision ability and scientific support.
引文
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[24]CHEN X F,CHUAI X M,YANG L Y,et al.Climatic warming and overgrazing induced the high concentration of organic matter in Lake Hulun,a large shallow eutrophic steppe lake in northern China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,431:332-338.
[25]张岩,李畅游,张生,等.呼伦湖冰封期污染特征分析及对水处理的意义[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(89):1289-1294.ZHANG Yan,LI Changyou,ZHANG Sheng,et al.Analysis on polluting characteristics in Hulun Lake during ice-on period and its application in field of water treatment[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2011,20(89):1289-1294.
[26]SU M Z,ZHANG J T,HUO S L,et al.Microbial bioavailability of dissolved organic nitrogen(DON)in the sediments of Lake Shankou,northeastern China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,42:79-88.
[27]华飞,赵广超,张靖天,等.山口湖沉积物中溶解性有机氮的分布特征[J].环境工程技术学报,2015,5(2):129-135.HUA Fei,ZHAO Guangchao,ZHANG Jingtian,et al.A study on distribution characteristics of dissolved organic nitrogen(DON)in the sediments of Lake Shankou[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2015,5(2):129-135.
[28]XIE Q J,NI J Q,SU Z B.Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of multiple environmental factors for swine building assessment and control[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017,340:463-471.
[29]LIU L,ZHOU J,AN X,et al.Using fuzzy theory and information entropy for water quality assessment in Three Gorges Region,China[J].Expert Systems with Applications,2010,37:2517-2521.
[30]林佳宁,高欣,贾晓波,等.基于PSFR评估框架的太子河流域水生态安全评估[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(10):1440-1450.LIN Jianning,GAO Xin,JIA Xiaobo,et al.Assessment of riverine ecological security for Taizi River Basin on PSFR evaluation framework[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(10):1440-1450.
[31]SHI Y S,LI J Q,XIE M Q.Evaluation of the ecological sensitivity and security of tidal flats in Shanghai[J].Ecological Indicators,2018,85:729-741.
[32]BAI X R,TANG J C.Ecological security assessment of Tianjin by PSR model[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2010,2:881-887.
[33]汪太明,王业耀,香宝,等.交替冻融对东北典型土壤腐殖质的影响[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(12):2870-2874.WANG Taiming,WANG Yeyao,XIANG Bao,et al.Freeze-thaw cycles effects on humic substances in typical soils in northeast China[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(12):2870-2874.
[2]GERECKE A C,HARTMANN P C,HEEB N V,et al.Anaerobic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(4):1078-1083.
[3]LI Y B,XU E G,LIU W,et al.Spatial and temporal ecological risk assessment of unionized ammonia nitrogen in Tai Lake,China(2004-2015)[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2017,140:249-255.
[4]WANG S R,MENG W,JIN X C,et al.Ecological security problems of the major key lakes in China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74:3825-3837.
[5]霍守亮,陈奇,席北斗,等.湖泊营养物基准的制定方法研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2009,18(2):743-748.HUO Shouliang,CHEN Qi,XI Beidou,et al.A literature review for lake nutrient criteria development[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2009,18(2):743-748.
[6]霍守亮,马春子,席北斗,等.湖泊营养物基准研究进展[J].环境工程技术学报,2017,7(2):125-133.HUO Shouliang,MA Chunzi,XI Beidou,et al.Progress in research on lake nutrient criteria[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2017,7(2):125-133.
[7]刘鸿亮.湖泊富营养化控制[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2011:9-10.
[8]HUANG J G,LI S,WANG Y,et al.Distribution characteristics of nutrients and chlorophyll-a in a lake during the icebound season:a case study of a landscape lake in Changchun,China[J].APCBEEProcedia,2012,1:8-15.
[9]刘晓旭,李畅游,李文宝,等.冰封期达里诺尔同位素与营养盐分布特征及关系的定量分析[J].湖泊科学,2015,27(6):1159-1167.LIU Xiaoxu,LI Changyou,LI Wenbao,et al.The distribution and relationship of isotope and nutrient during freeze-up period in the Lake Dalinuoer:a quantitative approach[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2015,27(6):1159-1167.
[10]毛锋,李晓阳,张安地,等.湖库生态安全综合评估的方法探析[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2009,45(2):327-332.MAO Feng,LI Xiaoyang,ZHANG Andi,et al.Research on comprehensive assessment methods for ecological security of lakes and reservoirs[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2009,45(2):327-332.
[11]田炯,王振祥,王翠然.巢湖流域生态安全评价研究[J].生态科学,2011,30(6):650-658.TIAN Jiong,WANG Zhenxiang,WANG Cuiran.Study on ecological security evaluation of the Chaohu Lake Basin[J].Ecological Science,2011,30(6):650-658.
[12]钟振宇,柴立元,刘益贵,等.基于层次分析法的洞庭湖生态安全评估[J].中国环境科学,2010,30:41-45.ZHONG Zhenyu,CHAI Liyuan,LIU Yigui,et al.Ecological security evaluation based on AHP of Lake Dongting[J].China Environmental Science,2010,30:41-45.
[13]席文娟,金婧,钱会.改进模糊综合评价法在水质评价中的应用[J].水资源与水工程学报,2012,23(3):25-29.XI Wenjuan,JIN Jing,QIAN Hui.Application of improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to water quality[J].Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2012,23(3):25-29.
[14]ZHOU Z Y,ZHANG X J,DONG W Y,et al.Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation for safety guarantee system of reclaimed water quality[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2013,18:227-235.
[15]WANG X J,ZHOU Z H,ZHOU H.Water quality evaluation of Haihe River with fuzzy similarity measure methods[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2013,25(10):2041-2046.
[16]ZHANG Z,LU W X,ZHAO W,et al.Development tendency analysis and evaluation of the water ecological carrying capacity in the Siping area of Jilin Province in China based on system dynamics and analytic hierarchy process[J].Ecological Modelling,2014,275:9-21.
[17]YANG T,LIU J L,CHEN Q Y,et al.Assessment of plain river ecosystem function based on improved gray system model and analytic hierarchy process for the Fuyang River,Haihe River Basin,China[J].Ecological Modelling,2013,268:37-47.
[18]MA C Z,HUO S L,SUN W C,et al.Establishment of physicochemical variables and Chl-a criteria based on land-use patterns and terrestrial ecosystem health[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,97:355-362.
[19]张玉珍,黄文丹,王智苑,等.福建敖江流域水域生态系统健康评估[J].湖泊科学,2015,27(6):1079-1086.ZHANG Yuzhen,HUANG Wendan,WANG Zhiyuan,et al.Evaluation of aquatic ecosystem health in Aojiang Basin,Fujian Province[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2015,27(6):1079-1086.
[20]张松,郭怀成,盛虎,等.河流流域生态安全综合评估方法[J].环境科学研究,2012,25(7):826-832.ZHANG Song,GUO Huaicheng,SHENG Hu,et al.Methodological framework for integrated ecological security assessment of river basins[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2012,25(7):826-832.
[21]SOLOVJOVA N V.Synthesis of ecosystemic and ecoscreening modelling in solving problems of ecological safety[J].Ecological Modelling,1999,124:1-10.
[22]SUN X,XIONG S,ZHU X J,et al.A new indices system for evaluating ecological-economic-social performances of wetland restorations and its application to Taihu Lake Basin,China[J].Ecological Modelling,2015,295:216-226.
[23]MALEKMOHAMMADI B,JAHANISHAKIB F.Vulnerability assessment of wetland landscape ecosystem services using driverpressure-state-impact-response(DPSIR)model[J].Ecological Indicators,2017,82:293-303.
[24]CHEN X F,CHUAI X M,YANG L Y,et al.Climatic warming and overgrazing induced the high concentration of organic matter in Lake Hulun,a large shallow eutrophic steppe lake in northern China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,431:332-338.
[25]张岩,李畅游,张生,等.呼伦湖冰封期污染特征分析及对水处理的意义[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(89):1289-1294.ZHANG Yan,LI Changyou,ZHANG Sheng,et al.Analysis on polluting characteristics in Hulun Lake during ice-on period and its application in field of water treatment[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2011,20(89):1289-1294.
[26]SU M Z,ZHANG J T,HUO S L,et al.Microbial bioavailability of dissolved organic nitrogen(DON)in the sediments of Lake Shankou,northeastern China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,42:79-88.
[27]华飞,赵广超,张靖天,等.山口湖沉积物中溶解性有机氮的分布特征[J].环境工程技术学报,2015,5(2):129-135.HUA Fei,ZHAO Guangchao,ZHANG Jingtian,et al.A study on distribution characteristics of dissolved organic nitrogen(DON)in the sediments of Lake Shankou[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2015,5(2):129-135.
[28]XIE Q J,NI J Q,SU Z B.Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of multiple environmental factors for swine building assessment and control[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017,340:463-471.
[29]LIU L,ZHOU J,AN X,et al.Using fuzzy theory and information entropy for water quality assessment in Three Gorges Region,China[J].Expert Systems with Applications,2010,37:2517-2521.
[30]林佳宁,高欣,贾晓波,等.基于PSFR评估框架的太子河流域水生态安全评估[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(10):1440-1450.LIN Jianning,GAO Xin,JIA Xiaobo,et al.Assessment of riverine ecological security for Taizi River Basin on PSFR evaluation framework[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(10):1440-1450.
[31]SHI Y S,LI J Q,XIE M Q.Evaluation of the ecological sensitivity and security of tidal flats in Shanghai[J].Ecological Indicators,2018,85:729-741.
[32]BAI X R,TANG J C.Ecological security assessment of Tianjin by PSR model[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2010,2:881-887.
[33]汪太明,王业耀,香宝,等.交替冻融对东北典型土壤腐殖质的影响[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(12):2870-2874.WANG Taiming,WANG Yeyao,XIANG Bao,et al.Freeze-thaw cycles effects on humic substances in typical soils in northeast China[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(12):2870-2874.