夏季渤海网采浮游植物群落和叶绿素a分布特征及其对渔业资源的影响
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摘要
本研究基于2015年夏季(6、8月)渤海网采浮游植物和叶绿素a调查数据,对渤海浮游植物的种类组成、丰度、多样性以及优势类群的分布特征进行分析。通过与历史数据进行对比发现,渤海浮游植物群落具有以下变化趋势:叶绿素a浓度近年来未发生明显变化,但较20世纪80、90年代明显升高,且低值区(<1.0μg/L)较20年前明显缩小;就优势类群而言,6月角毛藻属(Chaetoceros)和圆筛藻属(Coscinodiscus)的优势较往年有所减弱,以往在渤海具有突出优势地位的中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)在2015年夏季6、8月均未检测到,甲藻(6月:夜光藻Noctiluca scientillans;8月:三角角藻Ceratium tripos)、具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata)继续占优,而短柄曲壳藻(Achnanthes brevipes)、尖刺伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)的优势地位较以往明显上升。浮游植物多样性(Shannon多样性、物种丰富度、均匀度)与往年相比处于适中的水平。渤海浮游植物群落结构的变化主要是由渤海营养盐结构改变引起的,这一变化趋势可能会对渤海食物链结构以及对具有浮游植物食性的经济鱼虾[如斑(Konosirus punctatus)、鱼(Liza haematocheila)、毛虾(Acetes chinensis)]的生长繁殖造成影响,进而影响到渤海渔业资源产量以及生态系统结构和功能。
Phytoplankton are the major primary producers in the ocean and play a crucial role in the marine food chain. Understanding the dynamics of the marine phytoplankton community can provide insights into the succession process and current status of marine fishery resources. Based on the net-phytoplankton samples collected from the Bohai Sea in the summer(June and August) of 2015, we studied the phytoplankton community composition, diversity, abundance, and dominant taxa in the Bohai Sea. Compared with historical data, the phytoplankton community structure in the Bohai Sea was changed markedly. The chlorophyll-a concentration had changed slightly during recent years, but was much higher than that in the 1980 s and 1990 s, and the regions with lower values(<1.0 μg/L) were much smaller than those 20 years ago. In terms of the dominant taxa, the dominance of the genera Chaetoceros and Coscinodiscus was found to be slightly decreased, whereas the species Skeletonema costatum, which had been an important dominant species in the Bohai Sea, was not observed in the two months of summer in 2015. In contrast, Paralia sulcata and Pyrrophyta(Noctiluca scientillans in June and Ceratium tripos in August) were still dominant in the Bohai Sea, and the abundance and dominance of Achnanthes brevipes and Pseudo-nitzschia pungens was higher than those in the years before 2015. The diversity indices(Shannon diversity and species richness and evenness) of phytoplankton were at a moderate level. Such a trend was mainly caused by the significant change of the nutrient structure in the Bohai Sea. This may change the structure of the marine food chain and influence the growth and reproduction of commercial fishes and shrimps(e.g., Konosirus punctatus, Liza haematocheila, and Acetes chinensis) that feed on phytoplankton. Consequently, this will have potential impacts on fishery production and the structure and function of the ecosystem in the Bohai Sea.
Phytoplankton are the major primary producers in the ocean and play a crucial role in the marine food chain. Understanding the dynamics of the marine phytoplankton community can provide insights into the succession process and current status of marine fishery resources. Based on the net-phytoplankton samples collected from the Bohai Sea in the summer(June and August) of 2015, we studied the phytoplankton community composition, diversity, abundance, and dominant taxa in the Bohai Sea. Compared with historical data, the phytoplankton community structure in the Bohai Sea was changed markedly. The chlorophyll-a concentration had changed slightly during recent years, but was much higher than that in the 1980 s and 1990 s, and the regions with lower values(<1.0 μg/L) were much smaller than those 20 years ago. In terms of the dominant taxa, the dominance of the genera Chaetoceros and Coscinodiscus was found to be slightly decreased, whereas the species Skeletonema costatum, which had been an important dominant species in the Bohai Sea, was not observed in the two months of summer in 2015. In contrast, Paralia sulcata and Pyrrophyta(Noctiluca scientillans in June and Ceratium tripos in August) were still dominant in the Bohai Sea, and the abundance and dominance of Achnanthes brevipes and Pseudo-nitzschia pungens was higher than those in the years before 2015. The diversity indices(Shannon diversity and species richness and evenness) of phytoplankton were at a moderate level. Such a trend was mainly caused by the significant change of the nutrient structure in the Bohai Sea. This may change the structure of the marine food chain and influence the growth and reproduction of commercial fishes and shrimps(e.g., Konosirus punctatus, Liza haematocheila, and Acetes chinensis) that feed on phytoplankton. Consequently, this will have potential impacts on fishery production and the structure and function of the ecosystem in the Bohai Sea.
引文
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Guo Q.Features in distributions of nutrients and chlorophyll and eutrophication assessment in the Bohai Sea in summer.Master′s Thesis of Ocean University of China,2005[郭全.渤海夏季营养盐和叶绿素分布特征及富营养化状况分析.中国海洋大学硕士研究生学位论文,2005]
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Kang YD.Distribution and seasonal variation of phytoplankton in the Bohai Sea.Marine Fisheries Research,1991(12):31-54[康元德.渤海浮游植物的数量分布和季节变化.海洋水产研究,1991(12):31-54]
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Lv MX.Study on the diet composition of juvenile of Liza haematocheila and Konosirus punctatus and its relationship with ambient phytoplankton.Master’s Thesis of Shanghai Ocean University,2016[吕末晓.、斑幼鱼食物组成及其与环境浮游植物的关系研究.上海海洋大学硕士研究生学位论文,2016]
Lv PD,Fei ZL,Mao XH,et al.Distribution of chlorophyll-a and estimation of primary production in the Bohai Sea.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,1984,6(1):90-98[吕培顶,费尊乐,毛兴华,等.渤海水域叶绿素a的分布及初级生产力的估算.海洋学报,1984,6(1):90-98]
Ma Y.Preliminary study about the effect on the ecological environment of Estuary of Yellow River and its adjacent area caused by the change of Yellow River runoff.Master′s Thesis of Ocean University of China,2006[马媛.黄河入海径流量变化对河口及邻近海域生态环境影响研究.中国海洋大学硕士研究生学位论文,2006]
Margalef R.Information theory in ecology.General Systems,1958,3:36-71
Pielou EC.The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections.Journal of Theoretical Biology,1966,13(1):131-144
Shannon CE,Weaver W.The mathematical theory of communication.Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1949,1-114
Su JL,Tang QS.ⅡProcesses of the Bohai sea ecosystem dynamic.In:Study on ecosystem dynamics in coastal ocean.Beijing:Science Press,2002[苏纪兰,唐启升.中国海洋生态系统动力学研究Ⅱ渤海生态系统动力学过程.北京:科学出版社,2002]
Sun J,Liu DY,Yang SM,et al.The preliminary study on phytoplankton community structure in the central Bohai Sea and the Bohai Strait and its adjacent area.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2002,33(5):461-471[孙军,刘东艳,杨世民,等.渤海中部和渤海海峡及邻近海域浮游植物群落结构的初步研究.海洋与湖沼,2002,33(5):461-471]
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Sun J,Liu DY,Xu J,et al.The netz-phyoplankton community of the central Bohai Sea and its adjacent waters in spring 1999.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(9):2003-2016[孙军,刘东艳,徐俊,等.1999年春季渤海中部及其邻近海域的网采浮游植物群落.生态学报,2004,24(9):2003-2016]
Sun J,Liu DY.Net-phytoplankton community of the Bohai Sea in the autumn of 2000.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2005,27(3):124-132[孙军,刘东艳.2000年秋季渤海的网采浮游植物群落.海洋学报,2005,27(3):124-132]
Sun P,Li RX,Li Y,et al.The net-phytoplankton community structure of the Bohai Sea in late summer,2005.Advances in Marine Science,2008,26(3):354-363[孙萍,李瑞香,李艳,等.2005年夏末渤海网采浮游植物群落结构.海洋科学进展,2008,26(3):354-363]
Sun S.Regional oceanography of China seas-Biological oceanography.Beijing:China Ocean Press,2012[孙松.中国区域海洋学--生物海洋学.北京:海洋出版社,2012]
Sun XM,Xu DH,Xia B,et al.Species composition and seasonal variation of netz-phytoplankton in the central Bohai Sea.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2016,37(4):19-27[孙雪梅,徐东会,夏斌,等.渤海中部网采浮游植物种类组成和季节变化.渔业科学进展,2016,37(4):19-27]
Wang J,Kang YD.Study on population dynamics of phytoplankton in the Bohai Sea.Marine Fisheries Research,1998,19(1):43-52[王俊,康元德.渤海浮游植物种群动态的研究.海洋水产研究,1998,19(1):43-52]
Xu SG,Fu YZ,Kang PP.Seasonal and interannual variations of Chlorophyll a in Bohai Sea.Marine Environmental Science,2015,34(6):898-903,924[许士国,富砚昭,康萍萍.渤海表层叶绿素a时空分布及演变特征.海洋环境科学,2015,34(6):898-903,924]
Xu SS.Decline mechanisms of fishery resources in the Bohai Sea under anthropogenic activities.Doctoral Dissertation of Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Science,2011[许思思.人为影响下渤海渔业资源的衰退机制.中国科学院研究生院(海洋研究所)博士研究生学位论文,2011]
Yang Y,Sun J,Guan XY,et al.Seasonal variation of netzphytoplankton community in Bohai Sea.Marine Science Bulletin,2016,35(2):121-131[杨阳,孙军,关翔宇,等.渤海网采浮游植物群集的季节变化.海洋通报,2016,35(2):121-131]
Zhang B,Li ZY,Jin XS.Functional groups of fish assemblages and their major species in the Bohai Sea.Journal of Fisheries of China,2012,36(1):64-72[张波,李忠义,金显仕.渤海鱼类群落功能群及其主要种类.水产学报,2012,36(1):64-72]
Zhang JF,Gao XL,Zhuang W,et al.Analysis of long-term changes in fishery resources and environment in the Laizhou Bay.Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,2014(3):82-90[张锦峰,高学鲁,庄文,等.莱州湾渔业资源与环境变化趋势分析.海洋湖沼通报,2014(3):82-90]
Zhang Y,Wang YJ,Wang YQ,et al.Spatial distribution and correlation of environmental factors and chlorophyll-a concentrations in the Bohai Sea during the summer of 2013.Marine Science Bulletin,2016,35(5):571-578[张莹,王玉珏,王跃启,等.2013年夏季渤海环境因子与叶绿素a的空间分布特征及相关性分析.海洋通报,2016,35(5):571-578]
Zhong CJ,Zeng XQ,Ren YP,et al.Study on the fishery biology of the Acetes chinensis Hansen caught in coastal waters of Laizhou Bay and Huanghe Estuary.Transaction of Oceanology and Limnology,2001(1):31-36[仲崇峻,曾晓起,任一平,等.莱州湾、黄河口水域毛虾渔业生物学特征的研究.海洋湖沼通报,2001(1):31-36]
Zhou YL,Zhang CS,Shi XY,et al.Distribution characteristics of chlorophyll a and its influencing environmental factors in Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea.China Environmental Science,2017,37(11):4259-4265[周艳蕾,张传松,石晓勇,等.黄渤海海水中叶绿素a的分布特征及其环境影响因素.中国环境科学,2017,37(11):4259-4265]
Fei ZL,Mao XH,Zhu MY,et al.The study of productivity in the Bohai Sea.Distribution and seasonal variation of chlorophyll-a.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,1988,10(1):99-106[费尊乐,毛兴华,朱明远,等.渤海生产力研究Ⅰ.叶绿素a的分布特征与季节变化.海洋学报,1988,10(1):99-106]
Gao YJ.Studies on community structure of ichthyoplankton in Laizhou Bay.Master′s Thesis of Shanghai Ocean University,2016[高彦洁.莱州湾海域鱼卵仔稚鱼群落结构初步研究.上海海洋大学硕士研究生学位论文,2016]
Guo Q.Features in distributions of nutrients and chlorophyll and eutrophication assessment in the Bohai Sea in summer.Master′s Thesis of Ocean University of China,2005[郭全.渤海夏季营养盐和叶绿素分布特征及富营养化状况分析.中国海洋大学硕士研究生学位论文,2005]
Jiang H,Cui Y,Chen BJ,et al.The variation trend of nutrient salts in the Bohai Sea.Marine Fisheries Research,2005,26(6):61-67[蒋红,崔毅,陈碧鹃,等.渤海近20年来营养盐变化趋势研究.海洋水产研究,2005,26(6):61-67]
Kang YD.Distribution and seasonal variation of phytoplankton in the Bohai Sea.Marine Fisheries Research,1991(12):31-54[康元德.渤海浮游植物的数量分布和季节变化.海洋水产研究,1991(12):31-54]
Leng XY.The distribution of nutrients and phytoplankton biomass in north China Sea.Master′s Thesis of Tianjin University of Science&Technology,2016[冷晓云.中国北方近海营养盐分布与浮游植物生物量.天津科技大学硕士研究生学位论文,2016]
Leng Y,Zhao S,Liu S,et al.Distribution characteristics of phytoplankton in the estuary of Yellow River during summer.Journal of Hydroecology,2013,34(6):41-46[冷宇,赵升,刘霜,等.黄河口海域夏季浮游植物的分布特征.水生态学杂志,2013,34(6):41-46]
Lv MX.Study on the diet composition of juvenile of Liza haematocheila and Konosirus punctatus and its relationship with ambient phytoplankton.Master’s Thesis of Shanghai Ocean University,2016[吕末晓.、斑幼鱼食物组成及其与环境浮游植物的关系研究.上海海洋大学硕士研究生学位论文,2016]
Lv PD,Fei ZL,Mao XH,et al.Distribution of chlorophyll-a and estimation of primary production in the Bohai Sea.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,1984,6(1):90-98[吕培顶,费尊乐,毛兴华,等.渤海水域叶绿素a的分布及初级生产力的估算.海洋学报,1984,6(1):90-98]
Ma Y.Preliminary study about the effect on the ecological environment of Estuary of Yellow River and its adjacent area caused by the change of Yellow River runoff.Master′s Thesis of Ocean University of China,2006[马媛.黄河入海径流量变化对河口及邻近海域生态环境影响研究.中国海洋大学硕士研究生学位论文,2006]
Margalef R.Information theory in ecology.General Systems,1958,3:36-71
Pielou EC.The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections.Journal of Theoretical Biology,1966,13(1):131-144
Shannon CE,Weaver W.The mathematical theory of communication.Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1949,1-114
Su JL,Tang QS.ⅡProcesses of the Bohai sea ecosystem dynamic.In:Study on ecosystem dynamics in coastal ocean.Beijing:Science Press,2002[苏纪兰,唐启升.中国海洋生态系统动力学研究Ⅱ渤海生态系统动力学过程.北京:科学出版社,2002]
Sun J,Liu DY,Yang SM,et al.The preliminary study on phytoplankton community structure in the central Bohai Sea and the Bohai Strait and its adjacent area.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2002,33(5):461-471[孙军,刘东艳,杨世民,等.渤海中部和渤海海峡及邻近海域浮游植物群落结构的初步研究.海洋与湖沼,2002,33(5):461-471]
Sun J,Liu DY,Chai XY,et al.The chlorophyll a concentration and estimating of primary productivity in the Bohai Sea in1998~1999.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(3):517-526[孙军,刘东艳,柴心玉,等.1998~1999年春秋季渤海中部及其邻近海域叶绿素a浓度及初级生产力估算.生态学报,2003,23(3):517-526]
Sun J,Liu DY,Xu J,et al.The netz-phyoplankton community of the central Bohai Sea and its adjacent waters in spring 1999.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(9):2003-2016[孙军,刘东艳,徐俊,等.1999年春季渤海中部及其邻近海域的网采浮游植物群落.生态学报,2004,24(9):2003-2016]
Sun J,Liu DY.Net-phytoplankton community of the Bohai Sea in the autumn of 2000.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2005,27(3):124-132[孙军,刘东艳.2000年秋季渤海的网采浮游植物群落.海洋学报,2005,27(3):124-132]
Sun P,Li RX,Li Y,et al.The net-phytoplankton community structure of the Bohai Sea in late summer,2005.Advances in Marine Science,2008,26(3):354-363[孙萍,李瑞香,李艳,等.2005年夏末渤海网采浮游植物群落结构.海洋科学进展,2008,26(3):354-363]
Sun S.Regional oceanography of China seas-Biological oceanography.Beijing:China Ocean Press,2012[孙松.中国区域海洋学--生物海洋学.北京:海洋出版社,2012]
Sun XM,Xu DH,Xia B,et al.Species composition and seasonal variation of netz-phytoplankton in the central Bohai Sea.Progress in Fishery Sciences,2016,37(4):19-27[孙雪梅,徐东会,夏斌,等.渤海中部网采浮游植物种类组成和季节变化.渔业科学进展,2016,37(4):19-27]
Wang J,Kang YD.Study on population dynamics of phytoplankton in the Bohai Sea.Marine Fisheries Research,1998,19(1):43-52[王俊,康元德.渤海浮游植物种群动态的研究.海洋水产研究,1998,19(1):43-52]
Xu SG,Fu YZ,Kang PP.Seasonal and interannual variations of Chlorophyll a in Bohai Sea.Marine Environmental Science,2015,34(6):898-903,924[许士国,富砚昭,康萍萍.渤海表层叶绿素a时空分布及演变特征.海洋环境科学,2015,34(6):898-903,924]
Xu SS.Decline mechanisms of fishery resources in the Bohai Sea under anthropogenic activities.Doctoral Dissertation of Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Science,2011[许思思.人为影响下渤海渔业资源的衰退机制.中国科学院研究生院(海洋研究所)博士研究生学位论文,2011]
Yang Y,Sun J,Guan XY,et al.Seasonal variation of netzphytoplankton community in Bohai Sea.Marine Science Bulletin,2016,35(2):121-131[杨阳,孙军,关翔宇,等.渤海网采浮游植物群集的季节变化.海洋通报,2016,35(2):121-131]
Zhang B,Li ZY,Jin XS.Functional groups of fish assemblages and their major species in the Bohai Sea.Journal of Fisheries of China,2012,36(1):64-72[张波,李忠义,金显仕.渤海鱼类群落功能群及其主要种类.水产学报,2012,36(1):64-72]
Zhang JF,Gao XL,Zhuang W,et al.Analysis of long-term changes in fishery resources and environment in the Laizhou Bay.Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,2014(3):82-90[张锦峰,高学鲁,庄文,等.莱州湾渔业资源与环境变化趋势分析.海洋湖沼通报,2014(3):82-90]
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