黄土高原沟头侵蚀柔性防护措施研究
|
摘要
黄土高原沟壑纵横,塬面水流在入沟过程中,不断冲刷沟头,导致沟底下切,沟壁坍塌,形成溯源侵蚀。为防止从沟头跌落的水流对沟底冲刷,减缓沟头侵蚀发展,保护塬面,采用柔性防护措施消减水流动能。试验通过覆麦草和土工布模拟柔性防护措施,研究柔性防护措施的消能机理。试验以裸土为对照,测定在高水头冲刷下,不同防护措施的冲刷坑深度、坑径、坑面积及坑容积,定量分析了柔性防护措施的作用效果。结果表明:随着覆麦草量的增加,冲刷坑深度呈线性递减、容积呈指数递减;而加覆土工布,能显著提升防护效果;在4.93 m试验水头冲刷3 min的条件下,覆2 400 g/m~2麦草和1层土工布能够完全保护土面不被冲刷。柔性防护措施具有良好的消减水流动能的作用,对防止沟床下切,有效保护塬面,防治沟头侵蚀效果显著。
The gully is interlaced on Loess Plateau and the water flow in the gully is continuously scouring the gully head, which can cause the bottom of the gully to cut and the gully wall to collapse, causing headward erosion. The flexible protective measures can be used to reduce water flow energy in order to prevent the water flow falling from the gully head from scouring the gully bottom and slowing the development of the gully erosion, and to protect the surface. The wheat straw and geotextile were used to cover the soil surface and examine the energy dissipation mechanism of these protective measures compared with the bare soil through indoor simulation experiment. The depth, diameter, area and volume of the scouring pit which caused by high water head and under different protective measures were measured, and the effect of flexible protective measures were analyzed quantitatively. The results showed that the depth of the scouring pit decreased linearly and the volume decreased exponentially with the increase of the amount of wheat straw, and the addition of geotextile could significantly improve the protective effect; under 4.93 m water head for 3 minutes washing, covering 2 400 g/m~2 of wheat straw and a layer of geotextile could completely protect the soil surface from being washed away. The flexible protective measures have a good effect to reduce the water flow energy, and are effective in preventing the undercut of the gully bed, effectively protecting the plateau surface, preventing the erosion of the gully head.
The gully is interlaced on Loess Plateau and the water flow in the gully is continuously scouring the gully head, which can cause the bottom of the gully to cut and the gully wall to collapse, causing headward erosion. The flexible protective measures can be used to reduce water flow energy in order to prevent the water flow falling from the gully head from scouring the gully bottom and slowing the development of the gully erosion, and to protect the surface. The wheat straw and geotextile were used to cover the soil surface and examine the energy dissipation mechanism of these protective measures compared with the bare soil through indoor simulation experiment. The depth, diameter, area and volume of the scouring pit which caused by high water head and under different protective measures were measured, and the effect of flexible protective measures were analyzed quantitatively. The results showed that the depth of the scouring pit decreased linearly and the volume decreased exponentially with the increase of the amount of wheat straw, and the addition of geotextile could significantly improve the protective effect; under 4.93 m water head for 3 minutes washing, covering 2 400 g/m~2 of wheat straw and a layer of geotextile could completely protect the soil surface from being washed away. The flexible protective measures have a good effect to reduce the water flow energy, and are effective in preventing the undercut of the gully bed, effectively protecting the plateau surface, preventing the erosion of the gully head.
引文
[1]李强,许明祥,赵允格,等.黄土高原坡耕地沟蚀土壤质量评价[J].自然资源学报,2012,27(6):1001-1012.
[2]毕华兴,刘立斌,刘斌.黄土高塬沟壑区水土流失综合治理范式[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(4):27-33.
[3]桑广书,甘枝茂,岳大鹏.元代以来黄土塬区沟谷发育与土壤侵蚀[J].干旱区地理,2003,26(4):355-360.
[4]朱显谟.黄土区土壤侵蚀的分类[J].土壤学报,1956,4(2):99-115.
[5]陈绍宇,许建民,王文龙,等.黄土高塬沟壑区董志塬沟头溯源侵蚀特征及其防治途径[J].水土保持通报,2009,29(4):37-41.
[6]张汉雄.两种沟头防护工程的效益[J].水土保持通报,1985,5(4):17-23.
[7]张汉雄.悬臂喷嘴式跌水:种新型沟头防护工程[J].中国水土保持,1987(1):24-27,65.
[8]Guo C,Zhang L,Liang W,et al.The gully head in the loess plateau and the protection of the gully head for oil and gas pipeline engineering[C]∥International Conference on Pipelines&Trenchless Technology.2013.
[9]孙娟,康玲玲,吕锡芝,等.塬面拦蓄水工程建设要点[J].中国水土保持,2018(4):23-25.
[10]王晓燕,高焕文,李洪文,等.保护性耕作对农田地表径流与土壤水蚀影响的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2000,16(3):66-69.
[11]高焕文,李问盈,李洪文.中国特色保护性耕作技术[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(3):1-4.
[12]覃超,郑粉莉,徐锡蒙,等.玉米秸秆缓冲带防治黄土坡面细沟侵蚀的效果[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(1):35-42.
[13]温磊磊,郑粉莉,沈海鸥,等.沟头秸秆覆盖对东北黑土区坡耕地沟蚀发育影响的试验研究[J].泥沙研究,2014(6):73-80.
[14]徐锡蒙,郑粉莉,覃超,等.沟蚀发育的黄土坡面上秸秆覆盖防蚀效果研究[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(8):130-137.
[15]Mclaughlin D A.Erosion control effectiveness of straw,hydromulch,and polyacrylamide in a rainfall simulator[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,68(3):221-227.
[16]Gholami L,Sadeghi S H,Mehdi H.Straw mulching effect on splash erosion,runoff,and sediment yield from eroded plots[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2013,77(1):268-278.
[17]王安,郝明德,臧逸飞,等.秸秆覆盖和留茬的田间水土保持效应[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(1):47-51.
[18]Flores-Cervantes J H,Istanbulluoglu E,Bras R L.Development of gullies on the landscape:A model of headcut retreat resulting from plunge pool erosion[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface,2006,111(F1):2156-2202.
[19]张宝军,熊东红,杨丹,等.跌水高度对元谋干热河谷冲沟沟头侵蚀产沙特征的影响初探[J].土壤学报,2017,54(1):48-59.
[20]郑粉莉.细沟侵蚀量测算方法的探讨[J].水土保持通报,1989,9(4):41-45,49.
[2]毕华兴,刘立斌,刘斌.黄土高塬沟壑区水土流失综合治理范式[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(4):27-33.
[3]桑广书,甘枝茂,岳大鹏.元代以来黄土塬区沟谷发育与土壤侵蚀[J].干旱区地理,2003,26(4):355-360.
[4]朱显谟.黄土区土壤侵蚀的分类[J].土壤学报,1956,4(2):99-115.
[5]陈绍宇,许建民,王文龙,等.黄土高塬沟壑区董志塬沟头溯源侵蚀特征及其防治途径[J].水土保持通报,2009,29(4):37-41.
[6]张汉雄.两种沟头防护工程的效益[J].水土保持通报,1985,5(4):17-23.
[7]张汉雄.悬臂喷嘴式跌水:种新型沟头防护工程[J].中国水土保持,1987(1):24-27,65.
[8]Guo C,Zhang L,Liang W,et al.The gully head in the loess plateau and the protection of the gully head for oil and gas pipeline engineering[C]∥International Conference on Pipelines&Trenchless Technology.2013.
[9]孙娟,康玲玲,吕锡芝,等.塬面拦蓄水工程建设要点[J].中国水土保持,2018(4):23-25.
[10]王晓燕,高焕文,李洪文,等.保护性耕作对农田地表径流与土壤水蚀影响的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2000,16(3):66-69.
[11]高焕文,李问盈,李洪文.中国特色保护性耕作技术[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(3):1-4.
[12]覃超,郑粉莉,徐锡蒙,等.玉米秸秆缓冲带防治黄土坡面细沟侵蚀的效果[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(1):35-42.
[13]温磊磊,郑粉莉,沈海鸥,等.沟头秸秆覆盖对东北黑土区坡耕地沟蚀发育影响的试验研究[J].泥沙研究,2014(6):73-80.
[14]徐锡蒙,郑粉莉,覃超,等.沟蚀发育的黄土坡面上秸秆覆盖防蚀效果研究[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(8):130-137.
[15]Mclaughlin D A.Erosion control effectiveness of straw,hydromulch,and polyacrylamide in a rainfall simulator[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,68(3):221-227.
[16]Gholami L,Sadeghi S H,Mehdi H.Straw mulching effect on splash erosion,runoff,and sediment yield from eroded plots[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2013,77(1):268-278.
[17]王安,郝明德,臧逸飞,等.秸秆覆盖和留茬的田间水土保持效应[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(1):47-51.
[18]Flores-Cervantes J H,Istanbulluoglu E,Bras R L.Development of gullies on the landscape:A model of headcut retreat resulting from plunge pool erosion[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface,2006,111(F1):2156-2202.
[19]张宝军,熊东红,杨丹,等.跌水高度对元谋干热河谷冲沟沟头侵蚀产沙特征的影响初探[J].土壤学报,2017,54(1):48-59.
[20]郑粉莉.细沟侵蚀量测算方法的探讨[J].水土保持通报,1989,9(4):41-45,49.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |