分布式水文模型对水质监测数据的补充及污染源分析
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摘要
水质现状监测对水环境影响评价、水环境治理具有重要作用。目前,水质现状监测数据存在监测频率低、监测难度大、影响因素复杂及信息化程度低等问题。为此,采用了分布式水文模型对水质监测数据进行补足,并追根溯源分析污染物来源。以都匀市剑江河流域为例,基于水文气象、下垫面数据及仅有的2010-2014年的四个断面不同步的水质数据,建立SWAT分布式水文模型模拟总磷污染物。结果表明,使用分布式水文模型不仅可以补足剑江河流域四个监测断面同期的总磷数据,还可以追根溯源得出该流域总磷污染主要来源于面源污染,同时可以分析出面源污染的空间分布情况以及不同污染类别的占比,该流域中肥料流失为主要污染源,尤其是丰水年的污染占比高达近66%。
Water quality monitoring plays a significant role in water environment impact assessment and water environment management.The current water quality monitoring data have the following problems:low monitoring frequency,difficulties in monitoring,complexity of influencing factors,and low level of informatization.To make up for the above disadvantages,we used the distributed hydrological model to supplement the water quality monitoring data and trace the source of pollutants.A case study was conducted in the Jianjiang River basin.We established a SWAT model to simulate the total phosphorus pollutants based on the hydrometeorology,the underlying surface data,and the water quality data of four sections from 2010 to 2014.Results indicated that the distributed hydrological model can not only complement the total phosphorus data of the four monitoring sections in the same period,but also trace the source of total phosphorus pollution in this basin to non-point source pollution,and reveal the spatial distribution of the non-point source pollution and the proportions of different pollution categories.Fertilizer loss is the main pollution source in this basin,particularly in wet years,in which it accounted for up to 66% of pollution.
Water quality monitoring plays a significant role in water environment impact assessment and water environment management.The current water quality monitoring data have the following problems:low monitoring frequency,difficulties in monitoring,complexity of influencing factors,and low level of informatization.To make up for the above disadvantages,we used the distributed hydrological model to supplement the water quality monitoring data and trace the source of pollutants.A case study was conducted in the Jianjiang River basin.We established a SWAT model to simulate the total phosphorus pollutants based on the hydrometeorology,the underlying surface data,and the water quality data of four sections from 2010 to 2014.Results indicated that the distributed hydrological model can not only complement the total phosphorus data of the four monitoring sections in the same period,but also trace the source of total phosphorus pollution in this basin to non-point source pollution,and reveal the spatial distribution of the non-point source pollution and the proportions of different pollution categories.Fertilizer loss is the main pollution source in this basin,particularly in wet years,in which it accounted for up to 66% of pollution.
引文
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[16] NASH J E,SUTCLIFFE J V.River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I-A discussion of principles[J].Journal of Hydrology,1970,10(3):282-290.
[2]李红军,刘锐,张建元,等.资料缺乏地区水功能区纳污能力计算——以都匀市清水江为例[J].节水灌溉,2015,(5):49-51.(LI H J,LIU R,ZHANG J Y,et al.Calculation of water environmental carrying capacity in ungauged region——a case study in Qingshui River of Duyuan city,Guizhou Province[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2015,(5):49-51.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-4929.2015.05.014.
[3]刘柏君,管仪庆,刘光裕,等.资料插补对河流水质变化趋势影响分析—以台州市区河流为例[J].中国农村水利水电,2014,(12):35-39.(LIU B J,GUAN Y Q,LIU G Y,et al.An analysis of data interpolation’s effect on rivers’water quality change trend:Taking rivers in Taizhou for example[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2014,(12):35-39.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2284.2014.12.010.
[4]冷辉.无资料地区水量水质模拟研究一以江宁区牛首山河流域为例[D].南京:南京大学,2013.(LENG H.Research on simulation of water quantity and water quality in no-data area-a case study of niushoushan River basin in Tiangning District[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2013.(in Chinese))
[5] ARNOLD J G,MORIASI D N,GASSMAN P W,et al.SWAT:model use,calibration,and validation[J].Transactions of the Asabe,2012,55(4):1345-1352.
[6] ARNOLD J G,ALLEN P M,MUTTIAH R,et al.Automated base flow separation and recession analysis techniques[J].Groundwater,2010,33(6):1010-1018.
[7]葛怀凤,秦大庸,周祖昊,等.基于污染迁移转化过程的海河干流天津段污染关键源区及污染类别分析[J].水利学报,2011,42(1):61-67.(GE H F,QIN D Y,ZHOU Z H,et al.Analysis of key source areas and pollution type in the lower Haihe River based on pollution loading movement and transformation[J].2011,42(1):61-67.(in Chinese))DOI:10.13243/j.cnki.slxb.2011.01.002.
[8]张楠,张占庞,周祖昊,等.基于SWAT的天津市非点源污染分布特性分析[J].人民黄河,2008,30(4):60-61.(ZHANG N,ZHANG Z P,ZHOU Z H.Analysis of distribution characteristics of non-point source pollution in Tianjin based on SWAT[J].Yellow River.2008,30(4):60-61(in Chinese))DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1379.2008.04.028.
[9]李丹,薛联青,郝振纯.基于SWAT模型的流域面源污染模拟影响分析[J].环境污染与防治,2008,30(3):4-7.(LI D,XUE L Q,HAO Z C.SWAT simulation of effect of stream water quality on non-point source pollution[J].Environmental Pollution and Control.2008,30(3):4-7.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-3865.2008.03.003.
[10] NEITSCH S L,ARNOLD J G,KINIRY J R,et al.Soil and water assessment tool:Theoretical documentation,version 2000[R].Texas:Texas Water Resources Institute,2002.
[11] WILLIAMS J R.Sediment routing for agriculture watersheds[J].Water Resource,2010,11(5):965-974.
[12] NEITSCH S L,ARNOLD J G,KINIRY J R,et al.Soil and Water Assessment Tool User’s Manual Version 2000[D].Agriculture Research Service and Blackland Research Center,2001.
[13]武淑霞.我国农村畜禽养殖业氮磷排放变化特征及其对农业面源污染的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2005.(WU S X.Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from livestock and poultry farming in China′s rural areas and their effects on agricultural non-point source pollution[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.2005.(in Chinese))DOI:10.7666/d.Y756604.
[14] JASMEET,LAMBA,ANITA,et al.Effect of best management practice implementation on sediment and phosphorus load reductions at subwatershed and watershed scale using SWAT model[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2016,31(4):386-394.
[15] DAVID R.LEGATES,GREGORY J.MCCABE JR.Evaluating the use of“goodness-of-fit”Measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation[J].Water Resources Research,1999,35(1):233-241.
[16] NASH J E,SUTCLIFFE J V.River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I-A discussion of principles[J].Journal of Hydrology,1970,10(3):282-290.
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