湘江水系沉积物重金属元素分布特征及风险评价
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摘要
对湘江流域水系沉积物中9种重金属(As?Cd?Cr?Cu?Hg?Ni?Pb?Sb?Zn)含量进行统计分析,以地累积指数(Igeo)为参数分析了1982年以来湘江流域重金属污染程度的变化趋势,采用富集因子法和对数回归模型评价了重金属污染程度和潜在水生生物风险,并采用主成分分析法判别了重金属的可能污染来源.结果表明:湘江流域水系沉积物中重金属的空间分布极不均匀,近30a以来重金属元素的Igeo大体呈缓慢上升的趋势,长株潭地区和衡阳地区大部分重金属元素的Igeo逐渐降低.湘江流域污染程度最高的重金属元素为Cd,其次为As和Hg,郴州地区呈现出以Cd为主,多种重金属复合污染特征,具有很强的潜在水生生物危害性,是湘江流域污染最严重的地区.水系沉积物中重金属可能的2个主要污染来源为采选?冶炼废水的排放和尾矿库的泄漏,岩石的化学风化和河流的搬运作用.
The total contents of nine heavy metals(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Sb、Zn)in sediments from Xiang River were analyzed. Geoaccumulation index(Igeo) was used to analyze the trend of pollution since 1982. The degrees of heavy metals pollution and potential aquatic organism risk were evaluated by using enrichment factor(EF) and logarithm regression models, respectively.Possible pollution source of heavy metals were deduced according to the results of principal component analysis(PCA). The results showed that the spatial distribution of these heavy metals in sediments in Xiang River were highly heterogeneous. In general, the Igeo of most heavy metals from whole Xiang River had increased slowly in the past 30 years with the exception that it decreased in the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan section and Hengyang section. In Xiang River, the most polluted heavy metal was Cd, followed by As and Hg. ChenZhou was the most polluted area and its pollution could be characterized as the combined pollution dominated by Cd.There were two possible pollution sources of heavy metals in sediments. One source was the discharge of industrial wastewater including selecting and smelting wastewater, as well as the leakage of tailings ponds. The other source was the chemical weathering of rocks and river transportation.
The total contents of nine heavy metals(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Sb、Zn)in sediments from Xiang River were analyzed. Geoaccumulation index(Igeo) was used to analyze the trend of pollution since 1982. The degrees of heavy metals pollution and potential aquatic organism risk were evaluated by using enrichment factor(EF) and logarithm regression models, respectively.Possible pollution source of heavy metals were deduced according to the results of principal component analysis(PCA). The results showed that the spatial distribution of these heavy metals in sediments in Xiang River were highly heterogeneous. In general, the Igeo of most heavy metals from whole Xiang River had increased slowly in the past 30 years with the exception that it decreased in the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan section and Hengyang section. In Xiang River, the most polluted heavy metal was Cd, followed by As and Hg. ChenZhou was the most polluted area and its pollution could be characterized as the combined pollution dominated by Cd.There were two possible pollution sources of heavy metals in sediments. One source was the discharge of industrial wastewater including selecting and smelting wastewater, as well as the leakage of tailings ponds. The other source was the chemical weathering of rocks and river transportation.
引文
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[17]唐文清,曾荣英,冯泳兰,等.湘江(衡阳段)河流沉积物中重金属潜在生态风险评价[J].环境监测管理与技术,2008,20(5):25-27.Tang W Q, Zeng R Y, Feng B L, et al. Potentail ecological risk assessment of heavy metal in the fluvial sediment of the Xiang River(Hengyang section)[J]. The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring, 2008,20(5):25-27.
[18] Wen B, Zhou J, Zhou A, et al. A review of antimony(Sb)isotopes analytical methods and application in environmental systems[J].International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation, 2017.
[19] Crommentuijn T, Sijm D, Bruijn J D, et al. Maximum permissible and negligible concentrations for metals and metalloids in the Netherlands,taking into account background concentrations[J]. Journal ofEnvironmental Management, 2000,60(2):121-143.
[20] Zoller W H, Gladney E S, Duce R A. Atmospheric concentrations and sources of trace metals at the South pole[J]. Science, 1974,183(4121):198-200.
[21]张秀芝,鲍征宇,唐俊红.富集因子在环境地球化学重金属污染评价中的应用[J].地质科技情报,2006,25(1):65-72.Zhang X Z, Bao Z Y, Tang J H. Application of the enrichment factor in evaluating of heavy metals contamination in the environmental geochemistry[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information,2006,25(1):65-72.
[22]王岚,王亚平,许春雪,等.长江水系表层沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险性评价[J].环境科学,2012,33(8):2599-2606.Wang L, Wang Y P, Xu C X, et al. Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the Yangtze River[J]. Environmental Science, 2012,33(8):2599-2606.
[23] Sutherland R A. Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream,Oahu, Hawaii[J]. Environmental Geology, 2000,39(6):611-627.
[24] Field L J, MacDonald D D, Norton S B, et al. Evaluating sediment chemistry and toxicity data using logistic regression modeling[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1999,18(6):1311-1322.
[25] Field L J, Macdonald D D, Norton S B, et al. Predicting amphipod toxicity from sediment chemistry using logistic regression models[J].Environmental Toxicology&Chemistry, 2002,21(9):1993-2005.
[26]刘俊,朱允华,胡劲松,等.湘江中游江段沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险评价[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(2):135-141.Liu J, Zhu Y H, Hu J S, et al. Characteristics and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in the sediments of middle reaches of Xiangjiang River[J]. Journal of ecology and Rural Environment, 33(2):135-141.
[27]刘淑珍,毛学祥.浅谈郴州重金属污染治理对策[J].科技资讯,2012,(31):127-127.Liu S Z, Mao X X. Talking about the countermeasures of heavy metal pollution in Chenzhou[J]. Science&Technology Information,2012,(31):127-127.
[28]霄鸣,曾敏,郑袁明,等.湖南采矿区和冶炼区水稻土重金属污染及其潜在风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2008,28(6):1212-1220.Lei M, Zeng M, Zheng Y M, et al. Heavy metals pollution and potential ecological risk in paddy soils around mine areas and smelting areas in Hunan Province[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2008,28(6):1212-1220.
[29]付胜云,马慧英,邓蕾.湖南省锑矿控矿因素及成因类型[J].地质科技情报,2017,36(3):197-204.Fu S Y, Ma H Y, Deng L. Ore controlling factors and genetic types of antimony in Hunan Province[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2017,36(3):197-204.
[30]何卫平,梅金华,李剑.湘南柿竹园矿区尾矿库尾矿重金属含量特征及环境影响浅析[J].国土资源导刊,2016,13(3):22-26.He W P, Mei J H, Li J. The property of heavy-metals'content in the tailings pond and the simple analysis of environmental impact at Shizhuyuan Mine in Southern Hunan[J]. Land&Resources Herald,2016,13(3):22-26.
[31] Vital H, Stattegger K. Major and trace elements of stream sediments from the lowermost Amazon River[J]. Chemical Geology, 2000,168(1):151-168.
[2]湖南省统计局.湖南统计年鉴2016总第34期[M].中国统计出版社,2016:49-51.Hunan Provincial Bureau of Statistic. Hunan statistical yearbook No.34.[M]. China Statistics Press, 2016:49-51.
[3]许友泽,刘锦军,成应向,等.湘江底泥重金属污染特征与生态风险评价[J].环境化学,2016,35(1):189-198.Xu Y Z, Liu J J, Cheng Y X, et al. Characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in sediments of the Xiangjiang River[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2016,35(1):189-198.
[4]朱青青,王中良.中国主要水系沉积物中重金属分布特征及来源分析[J].地球与环境,2012,40(3):305-313.Zhu Q Q, Wang Z L. Distribution characteristics and source analysis of heavy metals in sediments of the main river systems in China[C].Earth and Environment, 2012,40(3):305-313.
[5]王鸣宇,张雷,秦延文,等.湘江表层沉积物重金属的赋存形态及其环境影响因子分析[J].环境科学学报,2011,31(11):2447-2458.Wang M Y, Zhang L, Qin Y W, et al. Speciation of heavy metals in sediments from Xiang River and analysis of their environment factors[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2011,31(11):2447-2458.
[6]尚瑶,彭渤,杨梓璇,等.湘江下游重污染段河床沉积物重金属赋存特征[J].环境化学,2017,36(9):1977-1986.Xiao Y, Peng B, Yang Z X, et al. Speciation of heavy metals in riverbed sediments of heavy pollution section of the lowermost ofXiangjiang River[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2017,36(9):1977-1986.
[7]关小敏.湘江长株潭段水体重金属污染特征及污染源解析[D].长沙:湖南大学,2010.Guan X M. The characteristics and source apptionment of heavy metals contamination in"Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan"section of Xiangjiang River.[D] Changsha:Hunan University, 2010.
[8]匡晓亮,彭渤,张坤,等.湘江下游沉积物重金属污染模糊评价[J].环境化学,2016,35(4):800-809.Kuang X L, Peng B, Zhang K, et al. Assessment of heavy metal pollution using the fuzzy function normalization method for sediments of the lowermost Xiangjiang River[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(4):800-809.
[9]邱国良,陈泓霖.湘江衡阳段河流沉积物中重金属污染特征及评价[J].环境与可持续发展,2016,41(3):207-210.Qiu G L, Chen H L. Characteristics and assessment of heavy metal pollution in the sediments of Hengyang River in Xiangjiang[J].Environment and Sustainable Development,2016,41(3):207-210.
[10]王晨,曾祥英,于志强,等.湘江衡阳段沉积物中重金属污染特征及其初步生态风险评估[J].地球环境学报,2011,2(2):344-349.Wang C, Zeng X Y, Yu Z Q, et al. The occurrence,distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments from Xiangjiang River(Hengyang Section)[J]. Journal of Earth Environment, 2011,2(2):344-349.
[11] Wilding L P. Spatial variability:Its documentation,accommodation and implication to soil survey[J]. Spatial Variations, 1985,
[12]鄢明才.中国东部地壳与岩石的化学组成[M].科学出版社,1997:18-22.Yan M C. The chemical compositions of crust and rocks in the Eastern Part of China[M]. Science Press, 1997:18-22.
[13]史长义,梁萌,冯斌.中国水系沉积物39种元素系列背景值[J].地球科学,2016,41(2):234-251.Shi C Y, Liang M, Feng B. Average background values of 39 chemical elements in stream sediments of China[J]. Earth Science, 41(2):234-251.
[14]王晓丽.河口沉积物采样代表性研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2006.Wang X L. Research on representativeness of estuarine sediment sampling[D]. Beijing:China University of Geoscience,Beijing, 2006.
[15] Muller G Index of geoacumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J]. Geojournal,1969,2(108):108-118.
[16]曾北危,潘佑民,黄璋.湘江沉积物污染初步评价[J].环境化学,1982,1(5):27-33.Zeng B W, Pan Y M, Huang Z. Preliminary assessment of pollution in the sediments from Xiangjiang River[J]. Environmental Chemistry,1982,1(5):27-33.
[17]唐文清,曾荣英,冯泳兰,等.湘江(衡阳段)河流沉积物中重金属潜在生态风险评价[J].环境监测管理与技术,2008,20(5):25-27.Tang W Q, Zeng R Y, Feng B L, et al. Potentail ecological risk assessment of heavy metal in the fluvial sediment of the Xiang River(Hengyang section)[J]. The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring, 2008,20(5):25-27.
[18] Wen B, Zhou J, Zhou A, et al. A review of antimony(Sb)isotopes analytical methods and application in environmental systems[J].International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation, 2017.
[19] Crommentuijn T, Sijm D, Bruijn J D, et al. Maximum permissible and negligible concentrations for metals and metalloids in the Netherlands,taking into account background concentrations[J]. Journal ofEnvironmental Management, 2000,60(2):121-143.
[20] Zoller W H, Gladney E S, Duce R A. Atmospheric concentrations and sources of trace metals at the South pole[J]. Science, 1974,183(4121):198-200.
[21]张秀芝,鲍征宇,唐俊红.富集因子在环境地球化学重金属污染评价中的应用[J].地质科技情报,2006,25(1):65-72.Zhang X Z, Bao Z Y, Tang J H. Application of the enrichment factor in evaluating of heavy metals contamination in the environmental geochemistry[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information,2006,25(1):65-72.
[22]王岚,王亚平,许春雪,等.长江水系表层沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险性评价[J].环境科学,2012,33(8):2599-2606.Wang L, Wang Y P, Xu C X, et al. Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the Yangtze River[J]. Environmental Science, 2012,33(8):2599-2606.
[23] Sutherland R A. Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream,Oahu, Hawaii[J]. Environmental Geology, 2000,39(6):611-627.
[24] Field L J, MacDonald D D, Norton S B, et al. Evaluating sediment chemistry and toxicity data using logistic regression modeling[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1999,18(6):1311-1322.
[25] Field L J, Macdonald D D, Norton S B, et al. Predicting amphipod toxicity from sediment chemistry using logistic regression models[J].Environmental Toxicology&Chemistry, 2002,21(9):1993-2005.
[26]刘俊,朱允华,胡劲松,等.湘江中游江段沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险评价[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(2):135-141.Liu J, Zhu Y H, Hu J S, et al. Characteristics and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in the sediments of middle reaches of Xiangjiang River[J]. Journal of ecology and Rural Environment, 33(2):135-141.
[27]刘淑珍,毛学祥.浅谈郴州重金属污染治理对策[J].科技资讯,2012,(31):127-127.Liu S Z, Mao X X. Talking about the countermeasures of heavy metal pollution in Chenzhou[J]. Science&Technology Information,2012,(31):127-127.
[28]霄鸣,曾敏,郑袁明,等.湖南采矿区和冶炼区水稻土重金属污染及其潜在风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2008,28(6):1212-1220.Lei M, Zeng M, Zheng Y M, et al. Heavy metals pollution and potential ecological risk in paddy soils around mine areas and smelting areas in Hunan Province[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2008,28(6):1212-1220.
[29]付胜云,马慧英,邓蕾.湖南省锑矿控矿因素及成因类型[J].地质科技情报,2017,36(3):197-204.Fu S Y, Ma H Y, Deng L. Ore controlling factors and genetic types of antimony in Hunan Province[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2017,36(3):197-204.
[30]何卫平,梅金华,李剑.湘南柿竹园矿区尾矿库尾矿重金属含量特征及环境影响浅析[J].国土资源导刊,2016,13(3):22-26.He W P, Mei J H, Li J. The property of heavy-metals'content in the tailings pond and the simple analysis of environmental impact at Shizhuyuan Mine in Southern Hunan[J]. Land&Resources Herald,2016,13(3):22-26.
[31] Vital H, Stattegger K. Major and trace elements of stream sediments from the lowermost Amazon River[J]. Chemical Geology, 2000,168(1):151-168.
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