不同降解地膜对河套灌区向日葵农艺性状及产量的影响
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摘要
针对地膜残留污染已经成为河套灌区主要的面源污染物的问题,试验以5种可降解地膜为供试材料,在内蒙古河套灌区向日葵主产区开展了田间试验。结果表明:与不覆膜的对照相比,覆膜均促进了向日葵的生长,并使其产量增加,增产幅度为3.4%～31.8%;由于配方不同,5种降解膜的降解特性以及对向日葵生长及产量的影响存在显著差异(P<0.05);快降膜和白降膜降解速度最快,诱导期分别为56 d和58 d,其次是中降膜和黑降膜,诱导期均为68 d,慢降膜降解速度最慢,诱导期为78 d;在全生育期内,除慢降膜外,其他降解膜均完全降解;从向日葵的生长发育情况看,与常规膜相比,降解地膜对向日葵出苗率和叶片数无影响,慢降膜增加了株高,快降膜和白降膜降低了株高、茎粗和花盘直径;从产量结果看,与常规膜相比,慢降膜、中降膜、黑降膜无显著差异(P>0.05),快降膜和白降膜减产达到了显著水平(P<0.05)。综合考虑,诱导期在68 d以上、完全降解期在138 d以内的中降膜和黑降膜与当地的气候条件和向日葵生长匹配较好,既可以获得较高产量,也可以完全降解无残留。
In order to solve the problem of the residual pollution of plastic film that has become the main non-point source pollutant in Hetao irrigation area,five kinds of degradable plastic films were tested in the field experiments in the main sunflower producing areas of Hetao irrigation area.The results showed that film mulching promoted the growth and yield formation of sunflower compared with non-film mulching with the yield increase ranging from 3.4% to 31.8%.The degradation characteristics of five biodegradable membranes and their effects on sunflower growth and yield formation were significantly different due to the different formulations(P<0.05).The results of surface coverage test showed that the degradation rate of fast film and white film was the fastest,with the induction period of 56 days and 58 days,respectively,followed by middle film and black film,with the induction period of 68 days,and slow film was the slowest,with the induction period of 78 days.All degradable membranes except slow film were completely degraded during the whole growth period.Compared with the ordinary PE film,the degradable plastic film had no effect on the emergence rate and the leaf number of sunflowers.Slow film increased the plant height,while fast film and white film decreased the plant height,the stem diameter,and the flower disc diameter.There was no significant difference in the yield of slow film,middle film,and black film compared with the PE film(P <0.05).The yield of fast film and white decreased significantly(P <0.05).In summary,the middle film and black film matched well with the local climate conditions and the sunflower growth,which could not only obtain higher yield but completely degrade without residue.
In order to solve the problem of the residual pollution of plastic film that has become the main non-point source pollutant in Hetao irrigation area,five kinds of degradable plastic films were tested in the field experiments in the main sunflower producing areas of Hetao irrigation area.The results showed that film mulching promoted the growth and yield formation of sunflower compared with non-film mulching with the yield increase ranging from 3.4% to 31.8%.The degradation characteristics of five biodegradable membranes and their effects on sunflower growth and yield formation were significantly different due to the different formulations(P<0.05).The results of surface coverage test showed that the degradation rate of fast film and white film was the fastest,with the induction period of 56 days and 58 days,respectively,followed by middle film and black film,with the induction period of 68 days,and slow film was the slowest,with the induction period of 78 days.All degradable membranes except slow film were completely degraded during the whole growth period.Compared with the ordinary PE film,the degradable plastic film had no effect on the emergence rate and the leaf number of sunflowers.Slow film increased the plant height,while fast film and white film decreased the plant height,the stem diameter,and the flower disc diameter.There was no significant difference in the yield of slow film,middle film,and black film compared with the PE film(P <0.05).The yield of fast film and white decreased significantly(P <0.05).In summary,the middle film and black film matched well with the local climate conditions and the sunflower growth,which could not only obtain higher yield but completely degrade without residue.
引文
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[13]赵刚,樊廷录,党翼,等.旱塬区全生物降解地膜覆盖对冬小麦生长发育的影响[J].干旱区研究,2019,36(2):339-347.
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[17]祖米来提·吐尔干,林涛,严昌荣,等.地膜覆盖时间对新疆棉田水热及棉花耗水和产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(11):113-120.
[2]李真,何文清,刘恩科,等.聚乙烯地膜降解过程与机理研究进展[J].农业环境科学学报,2019,38(2):268-275.
[3]李元桥,何文清,严昌荣,等.残留地膜对棉花和玉米苗期根系形态和生理特性的影响[J].农业资源与环境学报,2017,34(2):108-114.
[4]严昌荣,刘恩科,舒帆,等.我国地膜覆盖和残留污染特点与防控技术[J].农业资源与环境学报,2014,31(2):95-102.
[5]严昌荣,何文清,薛颖昊,等.生物降解地膜应用与地膜残留污染防控[J].生物工程学报,2016,32(6):748-760.
[6]赵沛义,康暄,妥德宝,等.降解地膜覆盖对土壤环境和旱地向日葵生长发育的影响[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(6):84-89.
[7]南殿杰,解红娥,李燕娥,等.覆盖光降解地膜对土壤污染及棉花生育影响的研究[J].棉花学报,1994,6(2):103-108.
[8]吴从林,黄介生,沈荣开.光-生双降解膜覆盖下的夏玉米试验研究[J].农业环境保护,2002,21(2):137-139.
[9]乔海军.生物全降解地膜的降解过程及其对玉米生长的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2007.
[10]何文清,赵彩霞,刘爽,等.全生物降解膜田间降解特征及其对棉花产量影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2011,16(3):21-27.
[11]胡敏,苗庆丰,史海滨,等.不同类型地膜覆盖对土壤水热及春玉米产量的影响[J].土壤,2018,50(3):628-632.
[12]赵彩霞,何文清,刘爽,等.新疆地区全生物降解膜降解特征及其对棉花产量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(8):1616-1621.
[13]赵刚,樊廷录,党翼,等.旱塬区全生物降解地膜覆盖对冬小麦生长发育的影响[J].干旱区研究,2019,36(2):339-347.
[14]崔兴洪,虎彦芳.可控全生物降解地膜的应用效果研究[J].现代农业科技,2014(17):238-239.
[15]严昌荣,刘勤.生物降解地膜在我国农业应用中的机遇和挑战[J].中国农业信息,2017(1):57-59.
[16]严昌荣,何文清,刘恩科,等.作物地膜覆盖安全期概念和估算方法探讨[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(9):1-4.
[17]祖米来提·吐尔干,林涛,严昌荣,等.地膜覆盖时间对新疆棉田水热及棉花耗水和产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(11):113-120.