某生物质电厂周边农田土壤中多环芳烃污染特征及生态安全评价
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摘要
为了解与评价某生物质电厂周边农田土壤多环芳烃的污染状况,按照点源扇形布点原则,在电厂周边4个方位不同距离布点,在远离电厂区域设置对照点.参照《土壤环境监测技术规范》(HJ/T 166—2004)采样,共采集25个农田土壤样品.取经过处理的样品5.00 g,用乙腈超声提取、浓缩后,HPLC法测定15种PAHs的含量.描述其空间分布特征,采用特征污染物分析、环数分析、异构体比值分析及聚类分析等方法解析污染来源,运用荷兰分级标准评价法进行生态安全评价.结果显示生物质电厂周边农田土壤中15种PAHs总量为311μg·kg~(-1)(204～576μg·kg~(-1)),TEQ(BaP)为21.9μg·kg~(-1)(4.39～58.1μg·kg~(-1)),明显高于对照区的193μg·kg~(-1)(76.1～329μg·kg~(-1))和12.7μg·kg~(-1)(0.499～31.9μg·kg~(-1)).在常年主导风向下风向,BaP、PAHs总量和TEQ(BaP)随烟囱距离的增加呈抛物线趋势分布,最大值在距电厂1000 m处.生物质电厂周边农田土壤中高环PAHs组分高于对照区和燃煤电厂周边,生物质燃烧是该区域PAHs的主要来源.生物质电厂周边农田土壤中BaP、∑PAHs和TEQ(BaP)高于燃煤电厂和医疗垃圾焚烧厂,存在不容忽视的生态风险.
In order to evaluate the pollution status of the farmland around the biomass power plant,distribution points are placed in four different directions at different distances, and the comparison points are set far away from the power plant per the sector placement principle.25 surface and control soil samples were collected according to technical specification of for Soil Environmental Monitoring(HJ/T 166—2004). 5.00 g of the treated sample was extracted and concentrated by acetonitrile ultrasound, the content of 15 PAHs were determined by using HPLC,and its horizontal distribution characteristics were outlined,the source of the pollutants were analyzed by adopting several method including Characteristic Pollutant Analysis, Ring Number Analysis, I some Ratio Analysis and Cluster Analysis, while the Ecological Safety Evaluation was carried out by using the Dutch Classification standard. The results showed that the total amount of PAHs in the farmland around the biomass power plant was 311 μg·kg~(-1)(204～576 μg·kg~(-1)), TEQ(BaP) was 21.9 μg·kg~(-1)(4.39～58.1 μg·kg~(-1)), significantly higher than the number of 193 μg·kg~(-1)(76.1～329 μg·kg~(-1)) and 12.7 μg·kg~(-1)(0.499～31.9 μg·kg~(-1)) in the control area. Under the prevailing wind direction all year round, the total amount of BaP, PAHs and TEQ(BaP) show parabolic trend distribution as the distance from the chimney increases, and the maximum value occurs at 1000 m away from the power plant. The composition of high-ring PAHs in the field soil around the biomass power plant is higher than that in the control area and around the coal-fired power plant, and the biomass combustion is the main source of PAHs in this area. BaP, total PAHs and TEQ(BaP) in the surrounding farmland soil of biomass power plant are higher than that of coal-fired power plant and medical waste incineration plant, thus Ecological Safety risks are existed cannot be ignored.
In order to evaluate the pollution status of the farmland around the biomass power plant,distribution points are placed in four different directions at different distances, and the comparison points are set far away from the power plant per the sector placement principle.25 surface and control soil samples were collected according to technical specification of for Soil Environmental Monitoring(HJ/T 166—2004). 5.00 g of the treated sample was extracted and concentrated by acetonitrile ultrasound, the content of 15 PAHs were determined by using HPLC,and its horizontal distribution characteristics were outlined,the source of the pollutants were analyzed by adopting several method including Characteristic Pollutant Analysis, Ring Number Analysis, I some Ratio Analysis and Cluster Analysis, while the Ecological Safety Evaluation was carried out by using the Dutch Classification standard. The results showed that the total amount of PAHs in the farmland around the biomass power plant was 311 μg·kg~(-1)(204～576 μg·kg~(-1)), TEQ(BaP) was 21.9 μg·kg~(-1)(4.39～58.1 μg·kg~(-1)), significantly higher than the number of 193 μg·kg~(-1)(76.1～329 μg·kg~(-1)) and 12.7 μg·kg~(-1)(0.499～31.9 μg·kg~(-1)) in the control area. Under the prevailing wind direction all year round, the total amount of BaP, PAHs and TEQ(BaP) show parabolic trend distribution as the distance from the chimney increases, and the maximum value occurs at 1000 m away from the power plant. The composition of high-ring PAHs in the field soil around the biomass power plant is higher than that in the control area and around the coal-fired power plant, and the biomass combustion is the main source of PAHs in this area. BaP, total PAHs and TEQ(BaP) in the surrounding farmland soil of biomass power plant are higher than that of coal-fired power plant and medical waste incineration plant, thus Ecological Safety risks are existed cannot be ignored.
引文
国家发展改革委.能源发展“十三五”规划[Z].2016-12-26
国家发展改革委.可再生能源发展“十三五”规划[Z].2016-12-19
Budzinski H,Jones I,Bellocq J,et al.1997.Evaluation of sediment contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Gironde estrary[J].Marine Chemistry,58(1/2):85-97
崔政武,王洋,于锐,等.2018.吉林省电厂周边农田土壤中多环芳烃含量特征及风险评价[J].环境污染与防治,40(7):806-811
IARC.2010.Working group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans,organization W H.Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures[M].Geneva:Iarc Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
姜林,钟茂生,张丹.2011.污染场地土壤多环芳烃(PAHs) 生物可利用浓度的健康风险评价方法[J].生态环境学报,20(6/7):1168-1175
Maliszewska-kordybach B.1996.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in Poland:preliminary proposals for criteria to evaluate the level of soil contamination [J].Applied Geochemistry,11(1/2):121-127
Readman J W,Fillmann G,Tolosa I,et al.2002.Petroleum and PAH contamination of the Black Sea [J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,44:48-62
Tao S,Li X R,Yang Y,et al.2006.Dispersion modeling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from combustion of biomass and fossil fuels and production coke in Tianjin,China [J].Environmental Science & Technology,40:4586-4591
Tsai P J,Shih T S,Chen H L,et al.2004.Assessing and predicting the exposure of PAHs and their carcinogenic potencies from vehicle engine exhausts to highway toll station workers[J].Atmospheric Environment,38(2):333-343
VROM.1994.Environmental quality objectives in the Netherlands:A Review of environmental quality objectives and their policy framework in the Netherlands[M].The Hague:Ministry of Housing,Spatial Planning and Environment
Wei Y L,Bao L J,Wu C C,et al.2014.Association of soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels and anthropogenic impacts in a rapidly urbanizing region:Spatial distribution,soil-air exchange and ecological risk [J].Science of the Total Environment,473/474:676-684
Wilcke W.2000.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in soil -A review[J].The Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,163:229-248
肖春艳,邰超,赵同谦,等.2008.燃煤电厂附近农田土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征[J].环境科学学报,28(8):1579-1585
谢莉.2013.广东省某医疗垃圾焚烧厂周边环境分析与评价[D].长沙:湖南农业大学
Yuan G L,Wu L J,Sun Y,et al.2015.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of the central Tibetan Plateau,China:Distribution,sources,transport and contribution in global cycling[J].Environmental Pollution,203:137-144
Yunker M B,Macdonald R W,Vingarzan R,et al.2002.PAHs in the Fraser River basin:A critical appraisal of PAH ratios an indicators of PAH source and composition[J].Organic Geochemistry,33(4):489-515
国家发展改革委.可再生能源发展“十三五”规划[Z].2016-12-19
Budzinski H,Jones I,Bellocq J,et al.1997.Evaluation of sediment contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Gironde estrary[J].Marine Chemistry,58(1/2):85-97
崔政武,王洋,于锐,等.2018.吉林省电厂周边农田土壤中多环芳烃含量特征及风险评价[J].环境污染与防治,40(7):806-811
IARC.2010.Working group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans,organization W H.Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures[M].Geneva:Iarc Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
姜林,钟茂生,张丹.2011.污染场地土壤多环芳烃(PAHs) 生物可利用浓度的健康风险评价方法[J].生态环境学报,20(6/7):1168-1175
Maliszewska-kordybach B.1996.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in Poland:preliminary proposals for criteria to evaluate the level of soil contamination [J].Applied Geochemistry,11(1/2):121-127
Readman J W,Fillmann G,Tolosa I,et al.2002.Petroleum and PAH contamination of the Black Sea [J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,44:48-62
Tao S,Li X R,Yang Y,et al.2006.Dispersion modeling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from combustion of biomass and fossil fuels and production coke in Tianjin,China [J].Environmental Science & Technology,40:4586-4591
Tsai P J,Shih T S,Chen H L,et al.2004.Assessing and predicting the exposure of PAHs and their carcinogenic potencies from vehicle engine exhausts to highway toll station workers[J].Atmospheric Environment,38(2):333-343
VROM.1994.Environmental quality objectives in the Netherlands:A Review of environmental quality objectives and their policy framework in the Netherlands[M].The Hague:Ministry of Housing,Spatial Planning and Environment
Wei Y L,Bao L J,Wu C C,et al.2014.Association of soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels and anthropogenic impacts in a rapidly urbanizing region:Spatial distribution,soil-air exchange and ecological risk [J].Science of the Total Environment,473/474:676-684
Wilcke W.2000.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in soil -A review[J].The Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,163:229-248
肖春艳,邰超,赵同谦,等.2008.燃煤电厂附近农田土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征[J].环境科学学报,28(8):1579-1585
谢莉.2013.广东省某医疗垃圾焚烧厂周边环境分析与评价[D].长沙:湖南农业大学
Yuan G L,Wu L J,Sun Y,et al.2015.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of the central Tibetan Plateau,China:Distribution,sources,transport and contribution in global cycling[J].Environmental Pollution,203:137-144
Yunker M B,Macdonald R W,Vingarzan R,et al.2002.PAHs in the Fraser River basin:A critical appraisal of PAH ratios an indicators of PAH source and composition[J].Organic Geochemistry,33(4):489-515