基于相对优势的中国城市产业转型及区域差异
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摘要
产业不断转型升级是城市持续发展的关键,而我国城市产业转型状况如何需进一步验证。文章以2004和2016年中国291个地市级城市市辖区为研究对象,基于相对优势方法对城市相对优势产业变化过程及区域差异进行分析。研究发现,大范围的城市相对优势产业转型还没有发生,总体上转型缓慢。在第二产业中,建筑业仍是多数城市发展最快的行业;第三产业逐渐成为新的从业人口增长点,但新型服务业还没有成为第三产业发展的主力。从区域来看,东部地区、中部地区城市相对优势产业向第二产业转型的趋势明显,而西部地区、东北地区城市向第三产业转型的趋势明显,全国城市产业转型在整体上呈现区域化趋势。
The continuous transformation and upgrading of the industry is the key to the sustainable development of city,while the state of urban industrial transformation in China still needs verification. This paper takes 291 prefecture-level cities and municipal districts in China in 2004 and 2016 as the research object, to analyze the development process and regional differences of urban comparative advantage industries, based on the comparative advantage method. The study found that a large-scale transformation of urban comparative advantage industry has not yet occurred, and the overall transformation is slow. In the secondary industry, the construction industry is still the fastest-growing one in most cities;and the tertiary industry has gradually become a new point of employment population growth, but the new-type service industry has not yet become the main force of tertiary industry development. From the regional perspective, the trend that comparative advantage industries transform to the secondary industry is obvious in the eastern and central China, while in the western and northeastern China, what is obvious is that they transform to the tertiary industry. So there are some regional differences in urban industrial transformation among the different regions in China.
The continuous transformation and upgrading of the industry is the key to the sustainable development of city,while the state of urban industrial transformation in China still needs verification. This paper takes 291 prefecture-level cities and municipal districts in China in 2004 and 2016 as the research object, to analyze the development process and regional differences of urban comparative advantage industries, based on the comparative advantage method. The study found that a large-scale transformation of urban comparative advantage industry has not yet occurred, and the overall transformation is slow. In the secondary industry, the construction industry is still the fastest-growing one in most cities;and the tertiary industry has gradually become a new point of employment population growth, but the new-type service industry has not yet become the main force of tertiary industry development. From the regional perspective, the trend that comparative advantage industries transform to the secondary industry is obvious in the eastern and central China, while in the western and northeastern China, what is obvious is that they transform to the tertiary industry. So there are some regional differences in urban industrial transformation among the different regions in China.
引文
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[2] Scott A J. Regions and the world economy[M]. Oxford University Press,London,1998.
[3]霍华德·丘达柯夫，等.美国城市社会的演变[M].熊茜超，郭旻天，译.上海：上海社会科学院出版社，2016.
[4] Meyer D R. Change in the world system of metropolises:The role of business intermediaries[J]. Urban Geography,1991,12(5):393-416.
[5] Sassen S. The global city:New York,London,Tokyo[M].Princeton,N J:Princeton University Press,1991.
[6] Walks R A. The Social Ecology of the Post-Fordist/Global City?Economic Restructuring and Socio-spatial Polarisation in the Toronto Urban Region[J]. Urban Studies,2001,38(3):407-447.
[7] Waley P. Tokyo-as-World-City:Reassessing the Role of Capital and the State in Urban Restructuring[J]. Urban Studies,2007,44(8):1 465-1 490.
[8] He Shenjing,Kong Lily,George C S Lin. Interpreting China’s new urban spaces:state,market,and society in action[J]. Urban Geography,2017,38(5):635-642.
[9] Banerjee-Guha S. Shifting Cities:Urban Restructuring in Mumbai[J]. Economic and Political Weekly,2002,37(2):121-128.
[10] Hodos J I. Globalization,Regionalism,and Urban Restructuring:The Case of Philadelphia[J]. Urban Affairs Review,2002,37(3):358-379.
[11] George C S Lin,Zhang Amy Y. China’s metropolises in transformation:neoliberalizing politics,land commodification,and uneven development in Beijing[J]. Urban Geography,2017,38(5):643-665.
[12] Chan R,Li L. Entrepreneurial city and the restructuring of urban space in Shanghai Expo[J]. Urban Geography,2017,38(5):666-686.
[13] Ma L J C. Urban transformation in China,1949-2000:A review and research agenda[J]. Environment&Planning A,2002,34(9):1 545-1 569.
[14] Ma L J C. Urban administrative restructuring,changing scale relations and local economic development in China[J]. Political Geography,2005,24(4):477-497.
[15] Wei Y H D. Restructuring for Growth in Urban China:Transitional Institutions,Urban Development,and Spatial Transformation[J]. Habitat International,2012,36(3):396-405.
[16] Kornail J. What the Change of System from Socialism to Capitalism Dose and Does not Mean[J]. Journal of Economic Perspectives,2000,14(1):27-42.
[17]王泽宇，张震，韩增林，等.中国15个副省级城市经济转型成效测度及影响因素分析[J].地理科学，2015,35(11):1 388-1 396.
[18]热若尔·罗兰.转型与经济学[M].张帆，潘佐红，译.北京：北京大学出版社，2002.
[19] Hayami Y,Ogasawar J. Changes in the Sources of Modern Economic Growth:Japan Compared with the United States[J].Journal of the Japanese and International Economies,1999,13(1):1-21.
[20]柴彦威，塔娜.中国时空间行为研究进展[J].地理科学进展，2013,32(9):1 362-1 373.
[21]周素红，刘玉兰.转型期广州城市居民居住与就业地区位选择的空间关系及其变迁[J].地理学报，2010,65(2):191-201.
[22]杨显明，焦华富.转型期煤炭资源型城市空间重构——以淮南市、淮北市为例[J].地理学报，2016,71(8):1 343-1 356.
[23]程大中.服务业发展与城市转型：理论及来自上海的经验分析[J].中国软科学，2009(1):73-83.
[24]魏后凯.论中国城市转型战略[J].城市与区域规划研究，2017,9(2):45-63.
[25]李学鑫，田广增，苗长虹.区域中心城市经济转型：机制与模式[J].城市发展研究，2010,17(4):26-32.
[26]关皓明，张平宇，刘文新，等.基于演化弹性理论的中国老工业城市经济转型过程比较[J].地理学报，2018,73(4):771-783.
[27]何鹤鸣，张京祥.后金融危机时代传统工业城市转型与规划应对——基于绍兴的实证[J].经济地理，2018,38(10):54-62.
[28]张石磊，冯章献，王士君.传统资源型城市转型的城市规划响应研究——以白山市为例[J].经济地理，2011,31(11):1 834-1 839.
[29]苗长虹，胡志强，耿凤娟，等.中国资源型城市经济演化特征与影响因素——路径依赖、脆弱性和路径创造的作用[J].地理研究，2018(7):1 268-1 281.
[30]焦华富，杨显明.煤炭资源型城市产业结构演替与空间形态演变耦合——以安徽省淮南市为例[J].地理学报，2016,71(6):998-1 009.
[31]王亮，宋周莺，余金艳，等.资源型城市产业转型战略研究——以克拉玛依为例[J].经济地理，2011,31(8):1 277-1 282.
[32]李江苏，唐志鹏.再生型资源型城市产业的结构性增长研究——以唐山市为例[J].地理研究，2017,36(4):707-718.
[33]仇方道，朱传耿，袁荷，等.徐州都市圈产业结构转型对经济增长贡献的空间异质性[J].经济地理，2017,37(6):36-44.
[34]郝俊卿，曹明明，王雁林.关中城市群产业集聚的空间演变及效应分析——以制造业为例[J].人文地理，2013,28(3):96-100,129.
[35]周晓艳，华敏，秦雅雯，等.长江中游城市群空间联系研究[J].长江流域资源与环境，2016,25(10):1 492-1 500.
[36]周红英，贺正楚，张训.战略性新兴产业与我国产业结构优化升级[J].经济地理，2011,31(12):2 060-2 064.
[37]薛德升，黄耿志，翁晓丽，等.改革开放以来中国城市全球化的发展过程[J].地理学报，2010,65(10):1 155-1 162.
[38]杨开忠.北京经济基础的基本特点与变化趋势[J].地理学报，1997(6):3-12.
(1)第三产业包括批发和零售业，交通运输、仓储和邮政业，住宿和餐饮业，居民服务、修理和其他服务业，信息传输、计算机服务和软件业，金融业，房地产业，租赁和商业服务业，科学研究、技术服务和地质勘查业，水利、环境和公共设施管理业，教育业，文化、体育、娱乐业，公共管理和社会组织，卫生、社会保障和社会福利业等14个行业。
[2] Scott A J. Regions and the world economy[M]. Oxford University Press,London,1998.
[3]霍华德·丘达柯夫，等.美国城市社会的演变[M].熊茜超，郭旻天，译.上海：上海社会科学院出版社，2016.
[4] Meyer D R. Change in the world system of metropolises:The role of business intermediaries[J]. Urban Geography,1991,12(5):393-416.
[5] Sassen S. The global city:New York,London,Tokyo[M].Princeton,N J:Princeton University Press,1991.
[6] Walks R A. The Social Ecology of the Post-Fordist/Global City?Economic Restructuring and Socio-spatial Polarisation in the Toronto Urban Region[J]. Urban Studies,2001,38(3):407-447.
[7] Waley P. Tokyo-as-World-City:Reassessing the Role of Capital and the State in Urban Restructuring[J]. Urban Studies,2007,44(8):1 465-1 490.
[8] He Shenjing,Kong Lily,George C S Lin. Interpreting China’s new urban spaces:state,market,and society in action[J]. Urban Geography,2017,38(5):635-642.
[9] Banerjee-Guha S. Shifting Cities:Urban Restructuring in Mumbai[J]. Economic and Political Weekly,2002,37(2):121-128.
[10] Hodos J I. Globalization,Regionalism,and Urban Restructuring:The Case of Philadelphia[J]. Urban Affairs Review,2002,37(3):358-379.
[11] George C S Lin,Zhang Amy Y. China’s metropolises in transformation:neoliberalizing politics,land commodification,and uneven development in Beijing[J]. Urban Geography,2017,38(5):643-665.
[12] Chan R,Li L. Entrepreneurial city and the restructuring of urban space in Shanghai Expo[J]. Urban Geography,2017,38(5):666-686.
[13] Ma L J C. Urban transformation in China,1949-2000:A review and research agenda[J]. Environment&Planning A,2002,34(9):1 545-1 569.
[14] Ma L J C. Urban administrative restructuring,changing scale relations and local economic development in China[J]. Political Geography,2005,24(4):477-497.
[15] Wei Y H D. Restructuring for Growth in Urban China:Transitional Institutions,Urban Development,and Spatial Transformation[J]. Habitat International,2012,36(3):396-405.
[16] Kornail J. What the Change of System from Socialism to Capitalism Dose and Does not Mean[J]. Journal of Economic Perspectives,2000,14(1):27-42.
[17]王泽宇，张震，韩增林，等.中国15个副省级城市经济转型成效测度及影响因素分析[J].地理科学，2015,35(11):1 388-1 396.
[18]热若尔·罗兰.转型与经济学[M].张帆，潘佐红，译.北京：北京大学出版社，2002.
[19] Hayami Y,Ogasawar J. Changes in the Sources of Modern Economic Growth:Japan Compared with the United States[J].Journal of the Japanese and International Economies,1999,13(1):1-21.
[20]柴彦威，塔娜.中国时空间行为研究进展[J].地理科学进展，2013,32(9):1 362-1 373.
[21]周素红，刘玉兰.转型期广州城市居民居住与就业地区位选择的空间关系及其变迁[J].地理学报，2010,65(2):191-201.
[22]杨显明，焦华富.转型期煤炭资源型城市空间重构——以淮南市、淮北市为例[J].地理学报，2016,71(8):1 343-1 356.
[23]程大中.服务业发展与城市转型：理论及来自上海的经验分析[J].中国软科学，2009(1):73-83.
[24]魏后凯.论中国城市转型战略[J].城市与区域规划研究，2017,9(2):45-63.
[25]李学鑫，田广增，苗长虹.区域中心城市经济转型：机制与模式[J].城市发展研究，2010,17(4):26-32.
[26]关皓明，张平宇，刘文新，等.基于演化弹性理论的中国老工业城市经济转型过程比较[J].地理学报，2018,73(4):771-783.
[27]何鹤鸣，张京祥.后金融危机时代传统工业城市转型与规划应对——基于绍兴的实证[J].经济地理，2018,38(10):54-62.
[28]张石磊，冯章献，王士君.传统资源型城市转型的城市规划响应研究——以白山市为例[J].经济地理，2011,31(11):1 834-1 839.
[29]苗长虹，胡志强，耿凤娟，等.中国资源型城市经济演化特征与影响因素——路径依赖、脆弱性和路径创造的作用[J].地理研究，2018(7):1 268-1 281.
[30]焦华富，杨显明.煤炭资源型城市产业结构演替与空间形态演变耦合——以安徽省淮南市为例[J].地理学报，2016,71(6):998-1 009.
[31]王亮，宋周莺，余金艳，等.资源型城市产业转型战略研究——以克拉玛依为例[J].经济地理，2011,31(8):1 277-1 282.
[32]李江苏，唐志鹏.再生型资源型城市产业的结构性增长研究——以唐山市为例[J].地理研究，2017,36(4):707-718.
[33]仇方道，朱传耿，袁荷，等.徐州都市圈产业结构转型对经济增长贡献的空间异质性[J].经济地理，2017,37(6):36-44.
[34]郝俊卿，曹明明，王雁林.关中城市群产业集聚的空间演变及效应分析——以制造业为例[J].人文地理，2013,28(3):96-100,129.
[35]周晓艳，华敏，秦雅雯，等.长江中游城市群空间联系研究[J].长江流域资源与环境，2016,25(10):1 492-1 500.
[36]周红英，贺正楚，张训.战略性新兴产业与我国产业结构优化升级[J].经济地理，2011,31(12):2 060-2 064.
[37]薛德升，黄耿志，翁晓丽，等.改革开放以来中国城市全球化的发展过程[J].地理学报，2010,65(10):1 155-1 162.
[38]杨开忠.北京经济基础的基本特点与变化趋势[J].地理学报，1997(6):3-12.
(1)第三产业包括批发和零售业，交通运输、仓储和邮政业，住宿和餐饮业，居民服务、修理和其他服务业，信息传输、计算机服务和软件业，金融业，房地产业，租赁和商业服务业，科学研究、技术服务和地质勘查业，水利、环境和公共设施管理业，教育业，文化、体育、娱乐业，公共管理和社会组织，卫生、社会保障和社会福利业等14个行业。
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