三北防护林体系建设工程区森林水源涵养格局变化研究
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摘要
三北防护林体系水源涵养功能是三北地区生态环境状况的重要指示器,然而,三北防护林体系水源涵养研究仍较缺乏。动态评估三北防护林体系建设工程区(三北工程区)森林水源涵养功能及其影响因素,对科学认识、保护和调控三北防护林体系森林水源涵养,制定三北工程植被建设与保护决策具有重要意义。以三北工程区森林为研究对象,通过收集和分析相关数据,在植被分区的基础上,分析三北工程区森林水源涵养时空格局与变化特征,对比研究各区不同森林类型水源涵养功能差异,揭示各区森林水源涵养功能与地形及森林状况与质量的定量关系。结果表明:(1)三北工程区森林水源涵养功能持续增强,单位面积水源涵养量从1990年的73.92mm增加到2015年的75.14mm,空间格局呈东高西低、南高北低态势。(2)森林水源涵养功能在植被分区和森林类型间差异显著,森林植被区是三北工程区森林水源涵养的主体;针阔混交林是三北工程区水源涵养功能最强的森林类型。(3)三北工程区森林水源涵养受其地形、状况与质量的影响显著,除个别植被区外,各区森林水源涵养量随坡度、覆盖度和NPP增加而增大,随生物量增加而降低,这是区域植被适应及滥砍滥伐、毁林开垦、植被建设与保护等人为干扰共同作用的结果。因此,可通过调整与优化林分结构,调控区域森林水源涵养功能。
Water conservation is an important component of forest ecosystem services, which is involved in the natural processes such as regional climate circulation, hydrologic cycle, vegetation growth and succession, and availability of soil nutrients. Thus it is an important indicator for regional eco-environment condition. Water resources in Three North Shelterbelt Forest Program region are scarce. Many researchers have attributed water scarcity in this area to large-scale artificial afforestation. Other studies have shown that climate change, the industrial development, intensive agricultural irrigation, and overdraft of groundwater were the primary causes of water resource changes. Whatever the reasons are, recent studies have shown that topography, stand condition and quality significantly influenced the regional forest water conservation. It is necessary to dynamically study the forest water conservation and its response to topography, forest condition and quality. This will be conducive to understand the achievements in ecological construction, to promote vegetation construction, and to regulate water conservation services of the Three-north Shelterbelt forest program. This study analyzed literature and applied GIS technology to analyze the hydrological characteristics of different forests, and to develop a method to dynamically assess water conservation services of different forests at a regional scale. We quantified the water conservation services of different forests in the Three North Shelterbelt Forest Program region comparing those services across different types of forests, years and vegetation zones. We also analyzed the respective effects of topography, forest condition and quality on the spatial patterns in forest water conservation services. The results were as follows:(1) the forest water conservation in Three North Shelterbelt Forest Program region has been continually enhanced. It increased from 73.92mm in 1990 to 75.14mm in 2015, and followed a decreasing trend from the east to the west, and from the south to the north.(2) There were significant differences in forest water conservation among different vegetation zones, years, and forests types. Forest vegetation zone was the main body of forest water conservation in the Three North Shelterbelt Forest Program region. The coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest was the forest type with the highest forest water conservation.(3) The forest water conservation in the Three North Shelterbelt Forest Program region was affected by topography, forest condition, and quality respectively. Except for individual vegetation zone, the forest water conservation in vegetation zone was significantly increased with raised slope degree, vegetation coverage, and vegetation net primary productivity, while was decreased with forest biomass, which was the result of the comprehensive function of regional vegetation adaptation and human disturbance, such as excessive deforestation, destroying trees and reclamation, and vegetation construction and protection. Therefore, the regional forest water conservation can be regulated by adjusting and improving forest structure.
Water conservation is an important component of forest ecosystem services, which is involved in the natural processes such as regional climate circulation, hydrologic cycle, vegetation growth and succession, and availability of soil nutrients. Thus it is an important indicator for regional eco-environment condition. Water resources in Three North Shelterbelt Forest Program region are scarce. Many researchers have attributed water scarcity in this area to large-scale artificial afforestation. Other studies have shown that climate change, the industrial development, intensive agricultural irrigation, and overdraft of groundwater were the primary causes of water resource changes. Whatever the reasons are, recent studies have shown that topography, stand condition and quality significantly influenced the regional forest water conservation. It is necessary to dynamically study the forest water conservation and its response to topography, forest condition and quality. This will be conducive to understand the achievements in ecological construction, to promote vegetation construction, and to regulate water conservation services of the Three-north Shelterbelt forest program. This study analyzed literature and applied GIS technology to analyze the hydrological characteristics of different forests, and to develop a method to dynamically assess water conservation services of different forests at a regional scale. We quantified the water conservation services of different forests in the Three North Shelterbelt Forest Program region comparing those services across different types of forests, years and vegetation zones. We also analyzed the respective effects of topography, forest condition and quality on the spatial patterns in forest water conservation services. The results were as follows:(1) the forest water conservation in Three North Shelterbelt Forest Program region has been continually enhanced. It increased from 73.92mm in 1990 to 75.14mm in 2015, and followed a decreasing trend from the east to the west, and from the south to the north.(2) There were significant differences in forest water conservation among different vegetation zones, years, and forests types. Forest vegetation zone was the main body of forest water conservation in the Three North Shelterbelt Forest Program region. The coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest was the forest type with the highest forest water conservation.(3) The forest water conservation in the Three North Shelterbelt Forest Program region was affected by topography, forest condition, and quality respectively. Except for individual vegetation zone, the forest water conservation in vegetation zone was significantly increased with raised slope degree, vegetation coverage, and vegetation net primary productivity, while was decreased with forest biomass, which was the result of the comprehensive function of regional vegetation adaptation and human disturbance, such as excessive deforestation, destroying trees and reclamation, and vegetation construction and protection. Therefore, the regional forest water conservation can be regulated by adjusting and improving forest structure.
引文
[1] 陈婉.《三北防护林体系建设40年综合评价报告》发布三大效益有机结合生态效应显著.环境经济,2019,(241):34- 37.
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[4] Ryszkowski L,K?dziora A.Modification of water flows and nitrogen fluxes by shelterbelts.Ecological Engineering,2007,29(4):388- 400.
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[7] 黄麟,祝萍,肖桐,曹巍,巩国丽.近35年三北防护林体系建设工程的防风固沙效应.地理科学,2018,38(4):600- 609.
[8] 黄森旺,李晓松,吴炳方,裴亮.近25年三北防护林工程区土地退化及驱动力分析.地理学报,2012,67(5):589- 598.
[9] 宋立宁,朱教君,闫巧玲.防护林衰退研究进展.生态学杂志,2009,28(9):1684- 1690.
[10] 周佳雯,高吉喜,高志球,杨伟超.森林生态系统水源涵养服务功能解析.生态学报,2018,38(5):1679- 1686.
[11] 王晓学,沈会涛,李叙勇,景峰.森林水源涵养功能的多尺度内涵、过程及计量方法.生态学报,2013,33(4):1019- 1030.
[12] 孙玉文,邹乐贵,李实,王培华.三北防护林体系涵养水源效益计量的研究.林业勘查设计,1999,(3):38- 40.
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[14] 王晓慧,陈永富,陈尔学,张元应,雒艳兰.基于遥感和GIS的三北防护林工程生态效益评价研究——以山西省中阳县为例.水土保持通报,2011,31(5):171- 175.
[15] 车克钧,傅辉恩,贺红元.祁连山水源涵养林效益的研究.林业科学,1992,28(6):544- 548.
[16] 龚诗涵,肖洋,郑华,肖燚,欧阳志云.中国生态系统水源涵养空间特征及其影响因素.生态学报,2017,37(7):2455- 2462.
[17] 傅斌,徐佩,王玉宽,彭怡,任静.都江堰市水源涵养功能空间格局.生态学报,2013,33(3):789- 797.
[18] 包玉斌,李婷,柳辉,马涛,王怀香,刘康,沈茜,刘心浩.基于InVEST模型的陕北黄土高原水源涵养功能时空变化.地理研究,2016,35(4):664- 676.
[19] Li N,Xie G,Zhang C,Xiao Y,Zhang B,Chen W,Sun Y,Wang S.Biomass resources distribution in the terrestrial ecosystem of China.Sustainability,2015,7(7):8548- 8564.
[20] 丁程锋,张绘芳,李霞,李伟涛,高亚琪.天山中部云杉天然林水源涵养功能定量评估——以乌鲁木齐河流域为例.生态学报,2017,37(11):3733- 3743.
[21] 杨金明.基于分布式水文模型的森林水源涵养功能评价[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2014.
[22] 余新晓,周彬,吕锡芝,杨之歌.基于InVEST模型的北京山区森林水源涵养功能评估.林业科学,2012,48(10):1- 5.
[23] 李盈盈,刘康,胡胜,吴磊.陕西省子午岭生态功能区水源涵养能力研究.干旱区地理,2015,38(3):636- 642.
[24] 唐玉芝,邵全琴.乌江上游地区森林生态系统水源涵养功能评估及其空间差异探究.地球信息科学学报,2016,18(7):987- 999.
[25] 张宏锋,袁素芬.东江流域森林水源涵养功能空间格局评价.生态学报,2016,36(24):8120- 8127.
[26] 甘小莉,孙德泉,张林波,贾庆堂.自然因素对祁连山水源涵养能力影响研究.安徽农业科学,2012,40(4):2186- 2188.
[27] 黄枝英.北京山区典型林分水分循环与水量平衡研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2012.
[28] 王娟,何慧娟,卓静,董金芳.基于MODIS数据的陕西省植被净初级生产力与实际蒸散的变化关系分析.水土保持通报,2017,37(3):264- 269.
[29] 王钊,李登科.2000—2015年陕西植被净初级生产力时空分布特征及其驱动因素.应用生态学报,2018,29(6):1876- 1884.
[30] 蒋桂娟,郑小贤,宁杨翠.林分结构与水源涵养功能耦合关系研究——以北京八达岭林场为例.西北林学院学报,2012,27(2):175- 179.
[31] 孟楚,王琦,郑小贤.北京八达岭林场水源涵养林结构与功能耦合机理研究.中南林业科技大学学报,2017,37(3):69- 72.
[2] 杨田.陕西省三北防护林工程综合效益评价研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2008.
[3] Torita H,Satou H.Relationship between shelterbelt structure and mean wind reduction.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2007,145(3- 4):186- 194.
[4] Ryszkowski L,K?dziora A.Modification of water flows and nitrogen fluxes by shelterbelts.Ecological Engineering,2007,29(4):388- 400.
[5] 姜凤岐,于占源,曾德慧,朱教君.气候变化对三北防护林的影响与应对策略.生态学杂志,2009,28(9):1702- 1705.
[6] 朱金兆,周心澄,胡建忠.对“三北”防护林体系工程的思考与展望.自然资源学报,2004,19(1):79- 85.
[7] 黄麟,祝萍,肖桐,曹巍,巩国丽.近35年三北防护林体系建设工程的防风固沙效应.地理科学,2018,38(4):600- 609.
[8] 黄森旺,李晓松,吴炳方,裴亮.近25年三北防护林工程区土地退化及驱动力分析.地理学报,2012,67(5):589- 598.
[9] 宋立宁,朱教君,闫巧玲.防护林衰退研究进展.生态学杂志,2009,28(9):1684- 1690.
[10] 周佳雯,高吉喜,高志球,杨伟超.森林生态系统水源涵养服务功能解析.生态学报,2018,38(5):1679- 1686.
[11] 王晓学,沈会涛,李叙勇,景峰.森林水源涵养功能的多尺度内涵、过程及计量方法.生态学报,2013,33(4):1019- 1030.
[12] 孙玉文,邹乐贵,李实,王培华.三北防护林体系涵养水源效益计量的研究.林业勘查设计,1999,(3):38- 40.
[13] 朱海娟.宁夏荒漠化治理综合效益评价研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.
[14] 王晓慧,陈永富,陈尔学,张元应,雒艳兰.基于遥感和GIS的三北防护林工程生态效益评价研究——以山西省中阳县为例.水土保持通报,2011,31(5):171- 175.
[15] 车克钧,傅辉恩,贺红元.祁连山水源涵养林效益的研究.林业科学,1992,28(6):544- 548.
[16] 龚诗涵,肖洋,郑华,肖燚,欧阳志云.中国生态系统水源涵养空间特征及其影响因素.生态学报,2017,37(7):2455- 2462.
[17] 傅斌,徐佩,王玉宽,彭怡,任静.都江堰市水源涵养功能空间格局.生态学报,2013,33(3):789- 797.
[18] 包玉斌,李婷,柳辉,马涛,王怀香,刘康,沈茜,刘心浩.基于InVEST模型的陕北黄土高原水源涵养功能时空变化.地理研究,2016,35(4):664- 676.
[19] Li N,Xie G,Zhang C,Xiao Y,Zhang B,Chen W,Sun Y,Wang S.Biomass resources distribution in the terrestrial ecosystem of China.Sustainability,2015,7(7):8548- 8564.
[20] 丁程锋,张绘芳,李霞,李伟涛,高亚琪.天山中部云杉天然林水源涵养功能定量评估——以乌鲁木齐河流域为例.生态学报,2017,37(11):3733- 3743.
[21] 杨金明.基于分布式水文模型的森林水源涵养功能评价[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2014.
[22] 余新晓,周彬,吕锡芝,杨之歌.基于InVEST模型的北京山区森林水源涵养功能评估.林业科学,2012,48(10):1- 5.
[23] 李盈盈,刘康,胡胜,吴磊.陕西省子午岭生态功能区水源涵养能力研究.干旱区地理,2015,38(3):636- 642.
[24] 唐玉芝,邵全琴.乌江上游地区森林生态系统水源涵养功能评估及其空间差异探究.地球信息科学学报,2016,18(7):987- 999.
[25] 张宏锋,袁素芬.东江流域森林水源涵养功能空间格局评价.生态学报,2016,36(24):8120- 8127.
[26] 甘小莉,孙德泉,张林波,贾庆堂.自然因素对祁连山水源涵养能力影响研究.安徽农业科学,2012,40(4):2186- 2188.
[27] 黄枝英.北京山区典型林分水分循环与水量平衡研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2012.
[28] 王娟,何慧娟,卓静,董金芳.基于MODIS数据的陕西省植被净初级生产力与实际蒸散的变化关系分析.水土保持通报,2017,37(3):264- 269.
[29] 王钊,李登科.2000—2015年陕西植被净初级生产力时空分布特征及其驱动因素.应用生态学报,2018,29(6):1876- 1884.
[30] 蒋桂娟,郑小贤,宁杨翠.林分结构与水源涵养功能耦合关系研究——以北京八达岭林场为例.西北林学院学报,2012,27(2):175- 179.
[31] 孟楚,王琦,郑小贤.北京八达岭林场水源涵养林结构与功能耦合机理研究.中南林业科技大学学报,2017,37(3):69- 72.