环渤海地区土壤重金属富集状况及来源分析
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摘要
土壤是人类赖以生存的基本要素和重要资源.人类活动导致大量重金属富集于土壤中,引起土壤质量下降并通过食物链逐级富集,直接危害人类健康.本研究以环渤海地区农田土壤为例,收集公开发表的数据建立环渤海地区土壤重金属数据库并进行整合分析,计算环渤海地区8种土壤重金属含量,评估重金属的富集程度,预测其生态风险,并探讨重金属的主要来源,旨在为该区域土壤重金属污染防控、治理提供重要信息.结果表明,环渤海地区土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As、Ni的含量分别为27.7、71.7、25.1、0.4、57.4、0.1、9.2、25.3 mg·kg~(-1),其中,Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg 4种重金属含量高于中国土壤元素背景值,且Cd、Hg的累积量较大.内梅罗污染指数结果显示,研究区域11.9%的土壤已有重金属污染,另有13.5%的土壤处于重金属污染警戒范围内.Hankanson生态风险评估结果表明,Cd和Hg为中等生态风险,其余重金属为轻度生态风险,25.9%的案例为中度生态风险状态,有少部分案例(3.7%)达到强度生态风险.利用多元统计方法分析重金属来源的结果显示,Zn、Cr、Ni、As主要来源于成土母质;Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg主要受以工业生产、农业活动及交通排放为代表的"人为源"影响.
Soil is the basic material and important resources for human. A large amount of heavy metals has been enriched in soil caused by human activities, which has induced the deterioration of soil quality and enrichment of heavy metal through the food chain, directly threatening human health. Base on the data collected from documents, concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, As and Ni in the top soils of farmland in Bohai Rim region of China were calculated, meantime, the extent of heavy metal pollution and the sources of heavy metal were also analyzed. The results showed the concentration of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, As and Ni were 27.7, 71.7, 25.1, 0.4, 57.4, 0.1, 9.2 and 25.3 mg·kg~(-1), respectively. Compared the results with the back ground value of Chinese soil elements, these data indicated that Cu, Pb, Cd, Hg were enriched, especially for Cd and Hg. Nemerow assessment showed 11.9% of farmland soil in Bohai Rim region suffered from heavy metal pollution, and other 13.5% of the soil will face pollution if there is no control of heavy metal emissions. Hankanson ecological risk assessment showed all of the heavy metal belong to low pollution risk except for Cd and Hg;Light ecological risk, middle ecological risk and strong ecological risk were 70.3%, 25.9% and 3.7% of study cases we collected in Bohai Rim region, respectively. Principal component analysis(PCA) and cluster analysis(CA) showed that Zn, Cr, Ni and As were from the natural background; Cu, Pb, Cd and Hg were greatly influenced by human activities, such as industry, agriculture, and traffic.
Soil is the basic material and important resources for human. A large amount of heavy metals has been enriched in soil caused by human activities, which has induced the deterioration of soil quality and enrichment of heavy metal through the food chain, directly threatening human health. Base on the data collected from documents, concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, As and Ni in the top soils of farmland in Bohai Rim region of China were calculated, meantime, the extent of heavy metal pollution and the sources of heavy metal were also analyzed. The results showed the concentration of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, As and Ni were 27.7, 71.7, 25.1, 0.4, 57.4, 0.1, 9.2 and 25.3 mg·kg~(-1), respectively. Compared the results with the back ground value of Chinese soil elements, these data indicated that Cu, Pb, Cd, Hg were enriched, especially for Cd and Hg. Nemerow assessment showed 11.9% of farmland soil in Bohai Rim region suffered from heavy metal pollution, and other 13.5% of the soil will face pollution if there is no control of heavy metal emissions. Hankanson ecological risk assessment showed all of the heavy metal belong to low pollution risk except for Cd and Hg;Light ecological risk, middle ecological risk and strong ecological risk were 70.3%, 25.9% and 3.7% of study cases we collected in Bohai Rim region, respectively. Principal component analysis(PCA) and cluster analysis(CA) showed that Zn, Cr, Ni and As were from the natural background; Cu, Pb, Cd and Hg were greatly influenced by human activities, such as industry, agriculture, and traffic.
引文
Aelion C M,Davis H T,Mcdermott S,et al.2008.Metal concentrations in rural topsoil in South Carolina:potential for human health impact[J].Science of the Total Environment,402(2):149-156
Breward N.2003.Heavy-metal contaminated soils associated with drained fenland in Lancashire,England,UK,revealed by BGS soil geochemical survey[J].Applied Geochemistry,18(11):1663-1670
蔡燕子,谢湉,于淑玲,等.2018.黄河三角洲农田土壤-作物系统重金属污染风险评估[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),54(1):48-55
陈晶中,陈杰,谢学俭,等.2003.土壤污染及其环境效应[J].土壤,35(4):298-303
陈璐,王凯荣,王芳丽,等.2018.平度市金矿区农田土壤-玉米系统重金属污染风险评价[J].农业资源与环境学报,35(2):161-166
Cui X,Sun X L,Hu P J,et al.2015.Concentrations of heavy metals in suburban horticultural soils and their uptake by artemisia selengensis[J].Pedosphere,25(6):878-887
戴彬,吕建树,战金成,等.2015.山东省典型工业城市土壤重金属来源、空间分布及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学,36(2):507-515
董占荣.2006.猪粪中的重金属对菜园土壤和蔬菜重金属积累的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学
Facchinelli A,Sacchi E,Mallen L.2001.Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils [J].Environmental Pollution,114(3):313-324
Gao R T,Liang Q,Zhang Y,et al.2015.Effects of long-term irrigation with water from wastewater receiving river on soil chemical and microbiological properties in Hebei,China[C].International Conference on Circuits and Systems.San Francisco,USA:33-38
郭笑笑,刘丛强,朱兆洲,等.2011.土壤重金属污染评价方法[J].生态学杂志,30(5):889-896
Hakanson L.1980.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.a sedimentological approach[J].Water Research,14(8):975-1001
Han J L,Jin F S,Egashira K.2007.Environmental impact assessment of tea garden soils by the heavy metal concentration in Shandong Province,China[J].Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture,Kyushu University,52(1):135-139
Holmgren G.1993.Cadmium,lead,zinc,copper,and nickel in agricultural soils of the United States of America[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,22(2):335-348
Huo X N,Hong L,Dan F S,et al.2010.Multi-scale spatial structure of heavy metals in agricultural soils in Beijing[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,164(1/4):605-616
黄颖.2018.不同尺度农田土壤重金属污染源解析研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,16-27
Ke X,Gui S F,Huang H,et al.2017.Ecological risk assessment and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediment from the Liaohe River protected area,China[J].Chemosphere,175:473-481
李苹,黄勇,林赟,等.2018.北京市怀柔区土壤重金属的分布特征、来源分析及风险评价[J].现代地质,32(1):86-94
李晓秀,陆安祥,王纪华,等.2006.北京地区基本农田土壤环境质量分析与评价[J].农业工程学报,22(2):60-63
李艳霞,徐理超,熊雄,等.2007.典型矿业城市农田土壤重金属含量的空间结构特征—以辽宁省阜新市为例[J].环境科学学报,27(4):679-687
Li S Y,Jia Z M.2018.Heavy metals in soils from a representative rapidly developing megacity(SW China):Levels,source identification and apportionment[J].Catena,163:414-423
Li W L,Xu B B,Song Q J,et al.2014.The identification of 'hotspots' of heavy metal pollution in soil-rice systems at a regional scale in eastern China[J].Science of the Total Environment,472:407-420
Liang J,Feng C T,Zeng G M,et al.2017.Spatial distribution and source identification of heavy metals in surface soils in a typical coal mine city,Lianyuan,China[J].Environmental Pollution,225:681-690
Liu H W,Zhang Y,Zhou X,et al.2017.Source identification and spatial distribution of heavy metals in tobacco-growing soils in Shandong Province of China with multivariate and geostatistical analysis[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,24(6):5964-5975
Liu X M,Song Q J,Tang Y,et al.2013.Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil-vegetable system:A multi-medium analysis[J].Science of the Total environment,463-464:530-540
Lu A X,Wang J H,Qin X Y,et al.2012.Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and origin of heavy metals in the agricultural soils in Shunyi,Beijing,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,425:66-74
陆晓华,曾汉才,欧阳中华,等.1995.燃煤电厂排放细微灰粒中痕量元素的分布与富集规律[J].环境化学,(6):489-493
Lv J S,Liu Y,Zhang Z L,et al.2014.Multivariate geostatistical analyses of heavy metals in soils:Spatial multi-scale variations in Wulian,Eastern China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,107(9):140-147
吕建树,张祖陆,刘洋,等.2012.日照市土壤重金属来源解析及环境风险评价[J].地理学报,67(7):971-984
Ma W C,Tai L Y,Qiao Z,et al.2018.Contamination source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil around municipal solid waste incinerator:A case study in North China[J].Science of the Total Environments,631-632:348-357
Meng W Q,Wang Z W,Hu B B,et al.2016.Heavy metals in soil and plants after long-term sewage irrigation at Tianjin China:A case study assessment[J].Agricultural Water Management,171:153-161
Nemerow N L.1974.Scientific Stream Pollution Analysis[M].Washington:McGrow Hill
宁翠萍,李国琛,王颜红,等.2017.细河流域农田土壤重金属污染评价及来源解析[J].农业环境科学学报,36(3):487-495
Qiu G L,Feng X B,Wang S F,et al.2006.Environmental contamination of mercury from Hg-mining areas in Wuchuan,northeastern Guizhou,China[J].Environmental Pollution,142(3):549-558
Rothenberg S E,Du X,Zhu Y G,et al.2007.The impact of sewage irrigation on the uptake of mercury in corn plants(Zea mays)from suburban Beijing[J].Environment Pollution,149(2):246-251
茹淑华,徐万强,孙世友,等.2018.河北省典型蔬菜产地重金属污染特征与环境质量评价[J].河北农业科学,22(1):83-89
Singh O,Labana S,Pandey G,et al.2003.Phytoremediation:an overview of metallic ion decontamination from soil[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,61(5/6):405-412
宋伟,陈百明,刘琳.2013.中国耕地土壤重金属污染概况[J].水土保持研究,20(2):293-298
孙宏飞,李永华,姬艳芳,等.2010.Environmental contamination and health hazard of lead and cadmium around Chatian mercury mining deposit in western Hunan Province,China[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,20(2):308-314
Tóth G,Hermann T,Szatmári G,et al.2016.Maps of heavy metals in the soils of the European Union and proposed priority areas for detailed assessment[J].Science of the Total Environment,565:1054-1062
Tian K,Huang B,Xing Z,et al.2017.Geochemical baseline establishment and ecological risk evaluation of heavy metals in greenhouse soils from Dongtai,China[J].Ecological Indicators,72:510-520
生态环境部.2018.土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)[OL].2018-11-19.http://kjs.mee.gov.cn/hjbhbz/bzwb/trhj/trhjzlbz/201807/t20180703_446029.shtml
徐子成,陈思浩,涂闽.2013.我国耕地重金属污染治理与防范刻不容缓[J].上海化工,38(12):1-2
Yu L,Cheng J,Zhan J,et al.2016.Environmental quality and sources of heavy metals in the topsoil based on multivariate statistical analyses:A case study in Laiwu City,Shandong Province,China[J].Natural Hazards,81(3):1435-1445
张倩,陈宗娟,彭昌盛,等.2015.大港工业区土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价[J].环境科学,36(11):4232-4240
张小敏,张秀英,钟太洋,等.2014.中国农田土壤重金属富集状况及其空间分布研究[J].环境科学,35(2):692-703
中国环境监测总站.1990.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社
中国政府网.2015.环渤海地区合作发展纲要[OL].2018-11-19.http://www.gov.cn/foot/site1/20151024/84371445667586814.pdf
Breward N.2003.Heavy-metal contaminated soils associated with drained fenland in Lancashire,England,UK,revealed by BGS soil geochemical survey[J].Applied Geochemistry,18(11):1663-1670
蔡燕子,谢湉,于淑玲,等.2018.黄河三角洲农田土壤-作物系统重金属污染风险评估[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),54(1):48-55
陈晶中,陈杰,谢学俭,等.2003.土壤污染及其环境效应[J].土壤,35(4):298-303
陈璐,王凯荣,王芳丽,等.2018.平度市金矿区农田土壤-玉米系统重金属污染风险评价[J].农业资源与环境学报,35(2):161-166
Cui X,Sun X L,Hu P J,et al.2015.Concentrations of heavy metals in suburban horticultural soils and their uptake by artemisia selengensis[J].Pedosphere,25(6):878-887
戴彬,吕建树,战金成,等.2015.山东省典型工业城市土壤重金属来源、空间分布及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学,36(2):507-515
董占荣.2006.猪粪中的重金属对菜园土壤和蔬菜重金属积累的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学
Facchinelli A,Sacchi E,Mallen L.2001.Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils [J].Environmental Pollution,114(3):313-324
Gao R T,Liang Q,Zhang Y,et al.2015.Effects of long-term irrigation with water from wastewater receiving river on soil chemical and microbiological properties in Hebei,China[C].International Conference on Circuits and Systems.San Francisco,USA:33-38
郭笑笑,刘丛强,朱兆洲,等.2011.土壤重金属污染评价方法[J].生态学杂志,30(5):889-896
Hakanson L.1980.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.a sedimentological approach[J].Water Research,14(8):975-1001
Han J L,Jin F S,Egashira K.2007.Environmental impact assessment of tea garden soils by the heavy metal concentration in Shandong Province,China[J].Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture,Kyushu University,52(1):135-139
Holmgren G.1993.Cadmium,lead,zinc,copper,and nickel in agricultural soils of the United States of America[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,22(2):335-348
Huo X N,Hong L,Dan F S,et al.2010.Multi-scale spatial structure of heavy metals in agricultural soils in Beijing[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,164(1/4):605-616
黄颖.2018.不同尺度农田土壤重金属污染源解析研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,16-27
Ke X,Gui S F,Huang H,et al.2017.Ecological risk assessment and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediment from the Liaohe River protected area,China[J].Chemosphere,175:473-481
李苹,黄勇,林赟,等.2018.北京市怀柔区土壤重金属的分布特征、来源分析及风险评价[J].现代地质,32(1):86-94
李晓秀,陆安祥,王纪华,等.2006.北京地区基本农田土壤环境质量分析与评价[J].农业工程学报,22(2):60-63
李艳霞,徐理超,熊雄,等.2007.典型矿业城市农田土壤重金属含量的空间结构特征—以辽宁省阜新市为例[J].环境科学学报,27(4):679-687
Li S Y,Jia Z M.2018.Heavy metals in soils from a representative rapidly developing megacity(SW China):Levels,source identification and apportionment[J].Catena,163:414-423
Li W L,Xu B B,Song Q J,et al.2014.The identification of 'hotspots' of heavy metal pollution in soil-rice systems at a regional scale in eastern China[J].Science of the Total Environment,472:407-420
Liang J,Feng C T,Zeng G M,et al.2017.Spatial distribution and source identification of heavy metals in surface soils in a typical coal mine city,Lianyuan,China[J].Environmental Pollution,225:681-690
Liu H W,Zhang Y,Zhou X,et al.2017.Source identification and spatial distribution of heavy metals in tobacco-growing soils in Shandong Province of China with multivariate and geostatistical analysis[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,24(6):5964-5975
Liu X M,Song Q J,Tang Y,et al.2013.Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil-vegetable system:A multi-medium analysis[J].Science of the Total environment,463-464:530-540
Lu A X,Wang J H,Qin X Y,et al.2012.Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and origin of heavy metals in the agricultural soils in Shunyi,Beijing,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,425:66-74
陆晓华,曾汉才,欧阳中华,等.1995.燃煤电厂排放细微灰粒中痕量元素的分布与富集规律[J].环境化学,(6):489-493
Lv J S,Liu Y,Zhang Z L,et al.2014.Multivariate geostatistical analyses of heavy metals in soils:Spatial multi-scale variations in Wulian,Eastern China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,107(9):140-147
吕建树,张祖陆,刘洋,等.2012.日照市土壤重金属来源解析及环境风险评价[J].地理学报,67(7):971-984
Ma W C,Tai L Y,Qiao Z,et al.2018.Contamination source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil around municipal solid waste incinerator:A case study in North China[J].Science of the Total Environments,631-632:348-357
Meng W Q,Wang Z W,Hu B B,et al.2016.Heavy metals in soil and plants after long-term sewage irrigation at Tianjin China:A case study assessment[J].Agricultural Water Management,171:153-161
Nemerow N L.1974.Scientific Stream Pollution Analysis[M].Washington:McGrow Hill
宁翠萍,李国琛,王颜红,等.2017.细河流域农田土壤重金属污染评价及来源解析[J].农业环境科学学报,36(3):487-495
Qiu G L,Feng X B,Wang S F,et al.2006.Environmental contamination of mercury from Hg-mining areas in Wuchuan,northeastern Guizhou,China[J].Environmental Pollution,142(3):549-558
Rothenberg S E,Du X,Zhu Y G,et al.2007.The impact of sewage irrigation on the uptake of mercury in corn plants(Zea mays)from suburban Beijing[J].Environment Pollution,149(2):246-251
茹淑华,徐万强,孙世友,等.2018.河北省典型蔬菜产地重金属污染特征与环境质量评价[J].河北农业科学,22(1):83-89
Singh O,Labana S,Pandey G,et al.2003.Phytoremediation:an overview of metallic ion decontamination from soil[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,61(5/6):405-412
宋伟,陈百明,刘琳.2013.中国耕地土壤重金属污染概况[J].水土保持研究,20(2):293-298
孙宏飞,李永华,姬艳芳,等.2010.Environmental contamination and health hazard of lead and cadmium around Chatian mercury mining deposit in western Hunan Province,China[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,20(2):308-314
Tóth G,Hermann T,Szatmári G,et al.2016.Maps of heavy metals in the soils of the European Union and proposed priority areas for detailed assessment[J].Science of the Total Environment,565:1054-1062
Tian K,Huang B,Xing Z,et al.2017.Geochemical baseline establishment and ecological risk evaluation of heavy metals in greenhouse soils from Dongtai,China[J].Ecological Indicators,72:510-520
生态环境部.2018.土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)[OL].2018-11-19.http://kjs.mee.gov.cn/hjbhbz/bzwb/trhj/trhjzlbz/201807/t20180703_446029.shtml
徐子成,陈思浩,涂闽.2013.我国耕地重金属污染治理与防范刻不容缓[J].上海化工,38(12):1-2
Yu L,Cheng J,Zhan J,et al.2016.Environmental quality and sources of heavy metals in the topsoil based on multivariate statistical analyses:A case study in Laiwu City,Shandong Province,China[J].Natural Hazards,81(3):1435-1445
张倩,陈宗娟,彭昌盛,等.2015.大港工业区土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价[J].环境科学,36(11):4232-4240
张小敏,张秀英,钟太洋,等.2014.中国农田土壤重金属富集状况及其空间分布研究[J].环境科学,35(2):692-703
中国环境监测总站.1990.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社
中国政府网.2015.环渤海地区合作发展纲要[OL].2018-11-19.http://www.gov.cn/foot/site1/20151024/84371445667586814.pdf