区域大型环境空气综合观测中外场观测与实验室分析数据质量控制研究
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摘要
环境监测的质量保证是监测数据准确性、可比性的重要保障.在区域大气联合观测项目中,完善的质量保证体系应包括管理机制和技术措施两部分,但目前我国对这类项目质量保证尚无统一标准.针对大气重污染成因与治理攻关项目(简称"大气攻关项目")外场观测任务量大、承担单位多、监测项目复杂的特点,为保证观测数据的质量,避免出现由于监测和质控方法不统一造成的数据可比性差、结果矛盾的问题,提出了大气攻关项目质量保证体系和管理机制.其中,质量保证体系包括制定总体要求(技术文件、监测项目及质控要求)、外场观测质量保证(内部质量管理体系、项目外场观测质量保证体系)、实验室分析质量保证(实验室遴选、项目实验室分析多级质量保证体系、实验室比对和飞行检查)和数据质量控制(数据线上审核、项目实验室分析质控报告、项目数据质量评价) 4个方面.管理机制为项目管理办公室、质控实验室和承担单位三级主体,两级监督的分级管理模式.通过项目实践,项目质量保证体系达到了保证观测数据准确性、可比性的预期效果,为揭示区域雾霾形成机理、突破污染控制关键技术提供了有力的技术支持,同时为区域大气联合观测项目的数据质量保证提供了借鉴.
Environmental monitoring quality assurance is essential for the accuracy and comparability of the data obtained in monitoringactivities. In the regional air joint monitoring( survey) projects,an integrated quality assurance system includes both technical contentsand management mechanism. Currently,there arenocommon criteria for the quality assurance system in such projects in China. In the Key Project of Heavy Air Pollution Causes and Control,field observation workload is large,there are a large number of participants,and the monitoring items are complex. A quality assurance system is developed to preventpoor comparability and paradoxical results possibly caused byinconsistence of monitoring method and quality control requirements. The systemconsists of 4 parts: general requirements( technical documents,monitoring items and quality control requirements),quality assurance for field observation( internal quality management system,project field observation quality assurance system),laboratory analysisassurance( laboratory selection,project laboratory analysis quality assurance system,inter-laboratory comparison activities and unannounced inspections) and data quality control( internet-based data review,project report for laboratory quality control,project data quality assessment). The management mechanism is three-level main responsibilities and two-level inspections. By implementing such measurements,the data accuracy and comparability are improved significantly. It is also effective in supporting the study of haze formation mechanism and pollution control techniques,and it can be a reference of quality assurance for the regional joint air monitoring campaigns.
Environmental monitoring quality assurance is essential for the accuracy and comparability of the data obtained in monitoringactivities. In the regional air joint monitoring( survey) projects,an integrated quality assurance system includes both technical contentsand management mechanism. Currently,there arenocommon criteria for the quality assurance system in such projects in China. In the Key Project of Heavy Air Pollution Causes and Control,field observation workload is large,there are a large number of participants,and the monitoring items are complex. A quality assurance system is developed to preventpoor comparability and paradoxical results possibly caused byinconsistence of monitoring method and quality control requirements. The systemconsists of 4 parts: general requirements( technical documents,monitoring items and quality control requirements),quality assurance for field observation( internal quality management system,project field observation quality assurance system),laboratory analysisassurance( laboratory selection,project laboratory analysis quality assurance system,inter-laboratory comparison activities and unannounced inspections) and data quality control( internet-based data review,project report for laboratory quality control,project data quality assessment). The management mechanism is three-level main responsibilities and two-level inspections. By implementing such measurements,the data accuracy and comparability are improved significantly. It is also effective in supporting the study of haze formation mechanism and pollution control techniques,and it can be a reference of quality assurance for the regional joint air monitoring campaigns.
引文
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[17]张烃，刘咸德，董树屏，等．生物质燃烧颗粒物有机示踪化合物的测定及应用[J]．岩矿测试，2006,25(2):107-113.ZHANG Ting,LIU Xiande,DONG Shuping,et al. Determination and application of organic molecular marker of biomass burning particles[J].Rock and Mineral Analysis,2006,25(2):107-113.
[18]武亚凤，陈建华，蒋靖坤，等．燃煤电厂细颗粒物排放粒径分布特征[J]．环境科学研究，2017,30(8):1174-1183.WU Yafeng,CHEN Jianhua,JIANG Jingkun,et al. Sizedistribution characteristics of fine particles from a coal-fired power plant[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(8):1174-1183.
[19]尹航，丁焰，葛蕴珊，等．内河船舶柴油机的实际排放特征[J]．环境科学研究，2014,27(5):470-476.YIN Hang,DING Yan,GE Yunshan,et al.Emissions characteristics of diesel engines for inland waterway vessels in China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(5):470-476.
[20]中国合格评定国家认可委员会．CNAS-GL002:2018能力验证结果的统计处理和能力评价指南[R]．北京:中国合格评定国家认可委员会，2018.
[2]周弛，刘波，任越，等．浅谈美国环境监测质量保证与质量控制[J]．中国环境监测，2010,26(3):45-50.ZHOU Chi,LIU Bo,REN Yue,et al. Discussion on QAQC environmental monitoring in USA[J]. Environmental Monitoring of China,2010,26(3):45-50.
[3] US EPA Office of Environmental Information.EPA requirements for quality assurance project plans,QAR-5[R]. Washington DC:US EPA,2001.
[4] US EPA Office of Environmental Information.Guidance for quality assurance project plans,QAG-5[R]. Washington DC:US EPA,2002.
[5] US EPA Office of Environmental Information. Guidance on systematic planning using the data quality objectives process,QAG-4[R].Washington DC:US EPA,2006.
[6]蒋火华，席俊青，吴怀民，等．日本环境监测[J]．环境监测管理与技术，2003,15(5):44-46.JIANG Huohua,XI Junqing,WU Huaimin,et al. Environmental monitoring in Japan[J].Environmental Monitoring Management and Technology,2003,15(5):44-46.
[7]陈善荣．我国生态环境监测40年回顾与展望[J]．环境保护，2018,46(20):21-25.CHEN Shanrong. Retrospect and prospect of China's ecological environment monitoring reform in the past 40 years[J].Environment Protection,2018,46(20):21-25.
[8]夏新．浅谈强化环境监测质量管理体系建设[J]．环境监测管理与技术，2012,24(1):1-4.XIA Xin. Discussion on strengthening system building of environmental monitoring quality management[J]. Environmental Monitoring Management and Technology,2012,24(1):1-4.
[9]师耀龙，杨婧，柴文轩，等．美国环境空气监测数据质量核查工作的经验与启示[J]．中国环境监测，2017,33(3):8-14.SHI Yaolong,YANG Jing,CHAI Wenxuan,et al. Experience and illumination of data quality assessment system for ambient air monitoring in the United States[J]. Environmental Monitoring of China,2017,33(3):8-14.
[10]闫岩，张利飞．土壤污染状况详查的质量管理与质量控制[J]．世界环境，2018,172(3):20-22.YAN Yan,ZHANG Lifei. Quality management and control in detailed soil pollution investigation[J]. World Environment,2018,172(3):20-22.
[11] US EPA Surveillance and Analysis Division. Quality assurance policy statement environmental protection agency[R]. Washington DC:US EPA,1979.
[12]吴琳，冯银厂，戴莉，等．天津市大气中PM10、PM2. 5及其碳组分污染特征分析[J]．中国环境科学，2009,29(11):1134-1139.WU Lin,FENG Yinchang,DAI Li,et al. Characteristics of PM10,PM2. 5and their carbonaceous species in Tianjin City[J]. China Environmental Science,2009,29(11):1134-1139.
[13]闫璐璐，刘焕武，黄学敏，等．利用SPAMS研究西安市重污染天气细颗粒物污染特征及来源[J]．环境科学研究，2018,31(11):1841-1848.YAN Lulu,LIU Huanwu,HUANG Xuemin,et al. Characteristics and source apportionment of fine particles in Xi'an using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer(SPAMS)during heavy pollution[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(11):1841-1848.
[14]黄晓锋，云慧，宮照恒，等．深圳大气PM2. 5来源解析与二次有机气溶胶估算[J]．中国科学:地球科学，2014,44(4):723-734.HUANG Xiaofeng,YUN Hui,GONG Zhaoheng,et al. Source apportionment and secondary organic aerosol estimation of PM2. 5in an urban atmosphere in Shenzhen[J]. Science China:Earth Sciences,2014,44(4):723-734.
[15]陈文泰，邵敏，袁斌，等．大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)对二次有机气溶胶(SOA)生成贡献的参数化估算[J]．环境科学学报，2013,3(1):163-172.CHEN Wentai,SHAO Min,YUAN Bin,et al. Parameterization of contribution to secondary organic aerosol(SOA)formation from ambient volatile organic compounds(VOCs)[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,3(1):163-172.
[16]郑玫，张延君，闫才青，等．中国PM2. 5来源解析方法综述[J]．北京大学学报(自然科学版)，2014,50(6):1141-1154.ZHENG Mei,ZHANG Yanjun,YAN Caiqing,et al.Review of PM2. 5source apportionment methods in China[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2014,50(6):1141-1154.
[17]张烃，刘咸德，董树屏，等．生物质燃烧颗粒物有机示踪化合物的测定及应用[J]．岩矿测试，2006,25(2):107-113.ZHANG Ting,LIU Xiande,DONG Shuping,et al. Determination and application of organic molecular marker of biomass burning particles[J].Rock and Mineral Analysis,2006,25(2):107-113.
[18]武亚凤，陈建华，蒋靖坤，等．燃煤电厂细颗粒物排放粒径分布特征[J]．环境科学研究，2017,30(8):1174-1183.WU Yafeng,CHEN Jianhua,JIANG Jingkun,et al. Sizedistribution characteristics of fine particles from a coal-fired power plant[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(8):1174-1183.
[19]尹航，丁焰，葛蕴珊，等．内河船舶柴油机的实际排放特征[J]．环境科学研究，2014,27(5):470-476.YIN Hang,DING Yan,GE Yunshan,et al.Emissions characteristics of diesel engines for inland waterway vessels in China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(5):470-476.
[20]中国合格评定国家认可委员会．CNAS-GL002:2018能力验证结果的统计处理和能力评价指南[R]．北京:中国合格评定国家认可委员会，2018.
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