改革开放以来我国耕地利用变化及其展望
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摘要
社会经济的发展影响着耕地资源的配置,进而表现出耕地利用方式的变化。改革开放以来我国耕地利用变化表现为五个特征,即耕地利用主体呈多元化趋势,但小农依然占主体;耕地经营规模呈扩大趋势,但细碎化现象未得到彻底改变;耕地经营经济效益增长缓慢,且占家庭经济收益比重明显下降;耕地的保障功能在弱化,但依然是农民"最后的生存保障";耕地经营的多元化现象增加,但粮食产量平稳上升。展望未来我国耕地利用变化呈现三个趋势,一是耕地利用主体多元化在一定时期内存在,小农经营的地位不容忽视;二是耕地利用多功能表现日趋明显,一三产业融合将成为主基调;三是面对耕地资源可持续利用的压力,推行生态耕种已成必然。为了适应社会经济发展需求,在发挥各类现代经营主体对小农户帮扶作用的同时,促进以"户"为单位转移替代"劳动力"的转移;加强基于产业融合的土地使用制度创新;加大国家对生态耕种的政策激励。
The development of social economy affects the allocation of cultivated land resources and leads to the change of cultivated land use. The cultivated land use changes in China since the reform and opening up are as follows: the main body of cultivated land use was diversified, and small-scale peasant was still the main body; the scale of cultivated land management was expanding, but the phenomenon of fragmentation was not completely changed;the economic benefits of cultivated land management were increased slowly, and the proportion of farmland to household economic benefits was obviously lower; the guarantee function of cultivated land was weakening, but it was still the "last survival guarantee" for farmers; the diversification of farmland management was increased, but the grain output was increased steadily. The cultivated land use changes in the future showed three trends: the main cultivated land management would be diversified in a certain period of time, and the status of small-scale peasants could not be ignored; the multi-functional performance of arable land use is becoming increasingly obvious, and the integration of primary and tertiary industries would become the main keynote; facing the pressure of sustainable utilization of cultivated land resources, the implementation of ecological farming would become inevitable. In order to meet the needs for social and economic development, some suggestions were put forward: to give full play to the role of various modern managers in helping small farmers, to promote the transfer of "household" as a unit to replace "labor force"; to strengthen the innovation of land use system under the goal of industrial integration; to increase national policy incentives for ecological farming.
The development of social economy affects the allocation of cultivated land resources and leads to the change of cultivated land use. The cultivated land use changes in China since the reform and opening up are as follows: the main body of cultivated land use was diversified, and small-scale peasant was still the main body; the scale of cultivated land management was expanding, but the phenomenon of fragmentation was not completely changed;the economic benefits of cultivated land management were increased slowly, and the proportion of farmland to household economic benefits was obviously lower; the guarantee function of cultivated land was weakening, but it was still the "last survival guarantee" for farmers; the diversification of farmland management was increased, but the grain output was increased steadily. The cultivated land use changes in the future showed three trends: the main cultivated land management would be diversified in a certain period of time, and the status of small-scale peasants could not be ignored; the multi-functional performance of arable land use is becoming increasingly obvious, and the integration of primary and tertiary industries would become the main keynote; facing the pressure of sustainable utilization of cultivated land resources, the implementation of ecological farming would become inevitable. In order to meet the needs for social and economic development, some suggestions were put forward: to give full play to the role of various modern managers in helping small farmers, to promote the transfer of "household" as a unit to replace "labor force"; to strengthen the innovation of land use system under the goal of industrial integration; to increase national policy incentives for ecological farming.
引文
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[19]陈美球,刘桃菊,李志朋,等.农户生态耕种的现状与激励对策———基于江西省2028户农户化肥农药使用行为的专题调研[J].土地经济研究, 2017(02):103-117.
[2]宋洪远.中国农村改革40年:回顾与思考[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2018,18(03):1–11.
[3]张红宇.准确把握农地“三权分置”办法的深刻内涵[J].农村经济,2017(08):1–6.
[4]张红宇.中国现代农业经营体系的制度特征与发展取向[J].中国农村经济, 2018(01):23–33.
[5]阮荣平,曹冰雪,周佩,等.农业经营主体辐射带动能力及影响因素分析———基于全国2615家新型农业经营主体的调查数据[J].中国农村经济, 2017(11):17-32.
[6]彭欣欣,陈美球,李志朋,等.江西省农户兼业现状及其特征分析——基于2028户农户的专题调研[J].农学学报, 2018, 8(02):80-85.
[7]许玉光,杨钢桥,文高辉.耕地细碎化对耕地利用效率的影响———基于不同经营规模农户的实证分析[J].农业现代化研究, 2017, 38(04):688-695.
[8]纪月清,熊皛白,刘华.土地细碎化与农村劳动力转移研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境, 2016, 26(08):105-115.
[9]叶兴庆.从三个维度看我国农业经营体制的40年演变[J].农村工作通讯, 2018(14):23-26.
[10]陈美球,蒋仁开,朱美英,等.乡村振兴背景下农村产业用地政策选择———基于“乡村振兴与农村产业用地政策创新研讨会”的思考[J].中国土地科学, 2018(07):90-96.
[11]文辉星.农户土地经营方式与农户经济效益关系的研究[D].浙江大学, 2016.
[12]宋小青,吴志峰,欧阳竹. 1949年以来中国耕地功能变化[J].地理学报, 2014, 69(04):435-447.
[13]陈美球,周丙娟,徐安庆.适时促进农村土地由保障功能向资本功能的转变[J].江西农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2005, 4(4):16-17.
[14]李秀彬,王亚辉,李升发.耕地的社保功能究竟还有多大?[N].中国科学报, 2018-06-25第7版.
[15]刘珍环,杨鹏,吴文斌,等.近30年中国农作物种植结构时空变化分析[J].地理学报, 2016, 71(05):840-851.
[16]何颖.小农经济与新型农业经营主体的共存模式与路径[J].江苏农业科学, 2018, 46(01):290-293.
[17]刘永红,叶顺法,许晨昊.农业面源污染对耕地土壤环境造成的危害[J].中国农业信息, 2016(6):100,103.
[18] LIU X, ZHANG Y, HAN W, et al. Enhanced Nitrogen Deposition over China[J]. Nature. 2013 Feb 28; 494(7438):459-462.
[19]陈美球,刘桃菊,李志朋,等.农户生态耕种的现状与激励对策———基于江西省2028户农户化肥农药使用行为的专题调研[J].土地经济研究, 2017(02):103-117.