天然杜鹃林林窗扰动对土壤重金属含量的影响
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摘要
林窗扰动是森林更新和演替过程的重要干扰类型,影响土壤的物质循环。为了解林窗扰动对贵州百里杜鹃国家森林公园天然杜鹃林土壤重金属分布的影响,以自然形成小林窗表层土壤(0～10 cm)为对象,林下土壤为对照,测定土壤重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Fe、Hg、Mn、Ni、V、Pb和Zn)含量,采用随机森林模型和冗余分析等方法对土壤重金属的空间分布、污染源识别及其影响因素进行研究,运用潜在生态风险指数法评价杜鹃林潜在生态风险。结果表明:1)小林窗表层土壤中Hg、Cd的平均含量分别超过国家Ⅱ级标准2.78、1.53倍,而林下分别超过2.52、1.45倍;小林窗样点土壤Cd含量超标率高于林下27%。小林窗扰动对天然杜鹃林~([6])下坡位表层土Cr含量影响显著,下坡位小林窗土壤Cr含量显著>林下。中坡位、上坡位、中坡和缓坡小林窗土壤Pb、Zn含量均>林下,不同坡位和坡度小林窗土壤Mn和Ni含量均>林下;2)冗余分析表明,Mg、海拔、Ca是解释天然杜鹃林土壤重金属分布最重要的环境因子。随机森林模型重要性分析表明,Ni是影响天然林小林窗与林下土壤重金属分布最重要的重金属因子,Cr次之;3)小林窗土壤重金属单项(除Ni外)与综合潜在生态风险>林下,小林窗与林下土壤Hg和Cd风险均较高,其余重金属处于低生态风险。所以,在百里杜鹃天然杜鹃林的保护和管理过程中,应重视Hg、Cd污染的防治以及小林窗扰动对重金属分布的影响。
Gap disturbance plays an important role in the processes of regeneration and succession of forests,and influences the capability of soil material circulation.To understand the effects of gap disturbance on the distribution of soil heavy metals in the natural Rhododendron forest of the Baili Rhododendron National Forest Park,Guizhou Province,we took topsoil(0-10 cm) of natural small gaps as the main research object and topsoil of closed canopies as control groups to determine the content of soil heavy metals(As,Cd,Cr,Fe,Hg,Mn,Ni,V,Pb and Zn).The Random Forest and redundancy analysis methods were used to study the spatial distribution of soil heavy metals,and to identify the pollution sources and their influencing factors,and to assess the potential ecological risks in Rhododendron forest by Potential Ecological Risk Index Method.The results indicated that 1) the average contents of Hg and Cd in topsoil of small gaps exceeded the standard values 2.78 and 1.53 times as Grade II of national environmental quality standards for soils,respectively,while those of closed canopies were 2.52 and 1.45 times.The over-standard rate of Cd in soil of small gap plots was 27% higher than those of closed canopy.The small gap disturbance had significant effects on topsoil content of Cr in downslope natural Rhododendron forest,the soil Cr content in the small gaps of the downslope was significantly higher than that of closed canopies.The soil contents of Pb and Zn in the small gap of mid-slope position,up-slope position,mid-slope and gentle-slope were higher than those of closed canopies,and the contents of Mn and Ni in soil of the small gaps were higher than those of closed canopies at different slope positions and slopes.2) RDA analysis showed that the Mg,elevation and Ca were the most important environmental factors for explaining the distribution of heavy metals in soil of the natural Rhododendron forest.Importance analysis of random forest model indicated that Ni was the most important influence factor for the distribution of heavy metals in soil of small gaps and closed canopies in the natural Rhododendron forest,followed by Cr.3) The single index(except for Ni) and comprehensive potential ecological risk of soil heavy metals in the small gaps were higher than those of closed canopies,and soil Hg and Cd reached higher risk level in the small gaps and closed canopies,while the remaining heavy metals were at low ecological risk.In one word,during the protection and management process of natural Rhododendron forest,more attention should be paid for the prevention and control of Hg and Cd pollution,and the influence of small gap disturbance on the distribution of heavy metals.
Gap disturbance plays an important role in the processes of regeneration and succession of forests,and influences the capability of soil material circulation.To understand the effects of gap disturbance on the distribution of soil heavy metals in the natural Rhododendron forest of the Baili Rhododendron National Forest Park,Guizhou Province,we took topsoil(0-10 cm) of natural small gaps as the main research object and topsoil of closed canopies as control groups to determine the content of soil heavy metals(As,Cd,Cr,Fe,Hg,Mn,Ni,V,Pb and Zn).The Random Forest and redundancy analysis methods were used to study the spatial distribution of soil heavy metals,and to identify the pollution sources and their influencing factors,and to assess the potential ecological risks in Rhododendron forest by Potential Ecological Risk Index Method.The results indicated that 1) the average contents of Hg and Cd in topsoil of small gaps exceeded the standard values 2.78 and 1.53 times as Grade II of national environmental quality standards for soils,respectively,while those of closed canopies were 2.52 and 1.45 times.The over-standard rate of Cd in soil of small gap plots was 27% higher than those of closed canopy.The small gap disturbance had significant effects on topsoil content of Cr in downslope natural Rhododendron forest,the soil Cr content in the small gaps of the downslope was significantly higher than that of closed canopies.The soil contents of Pb and Zn in the small gap of mid-slope position,up-slope position,mid-slope and gentle-slope were higher than those of closed canopies,and the contents of Mn and Ni in soil of the small gaps were higher than those of closed canopies at different slope positions and slopes.2) RDA analysis showed that the Mg,elevation and Ca were the most important environmental factors for explaining the distribution of heavy metals in soil of the natural Rhododendron forest.Importance analysis of random forest model indicated that Ni was the most important influence factor for the distribution of heavy metals in soil of small gaps and closed canopies in the natural Rhododendron forest,followed by Cr.3) The single index(except for Ni) and comprehensive potential ecological risk of soil heavy metals in the small gaps were higher than those of closed canopies,and soil Hg and Cd reached higher risk level in the small gaps and closed canopies,while the remaining heavy metals were at low ecological risk.In one word,during the protection and management process of natural Rhododendron forest,more attention should be paid for the prevention and control of Hg and Cd pollution,and the influence of small gap disturbance on the distribution of heavy metals.
引文
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[2] 谢元贵,车家骧,孙文博,等.煤矿矿区不同采煤塌陷年限土壤物理性质对比研究[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(4):26-29.XIE Y G,CHE J X,SHUN W B,et al.Comparison study of mining subsidence years on soil physical properties of in mining area[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(4):26-29.(in Chinese)
[3] 罗海波,刘方,龙健,等.贵州山区煤矸石堆场重金属迁移对水稻土质量的影响及评价[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(3):71-74.LUO H B,LIU F,LONG J,et al.Impacts of heavy metal migration from gangue yard on paddy soil quality in hilly areas of Guizhou Province and its evaluation[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(3):71-70.(in Chinese)
[4] 乙引,陈训,陈雪鹃,等.贵州省百里杜鹃国家森林公园综合科学考察集[M].北京:科学出版社,2016:16-25.
[5] 僮祥英,杨玉琼,刘红.百里杜鹃矿区附近土壤重金属潜在生态风险及环境容量研究[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(4):2146-2148.
[6] ZEHETNER F,ROSENFELLNER U,MENTLER A,et al.Distribution of road salt residues,heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons across a highway-forest interface[J].Water Air and Soil Pollution,2009,198(1/4):125-132.
[7] WATT A S.Pattern and process in the plant community[J].Journal of Ecology,1947,35:1-22.
[8] SPIES T A,FRANKLIN J F.Gap characteristics and vegetation response in coniferous forests of the pacific northwest[J].Ecology,1989,70(3):543-545.
[9] 肖建强,张维维,于立忠,等.辽东山区次生林林窗大小对土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的影响[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(11):3043-3048.XIAO J Q,ZHANG W W,YU L Z,et al.Effects of gap size on soil microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus in a secondary forest in a montane region of eastern Liaoning Province,China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(11):3043-3048.(in Chinese)
[10] R?MER A H,KNEESHAW D D,BERGERON Y.Small gap dynamics in the southern boreal forest of eastern canada:do canopy gaps influence stand development[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,2007,18(6):815-826.
[11] YANG Y,GENG Y,ZHOU H,et al.Effects of gaps in the forest canopy on soil microbial communities and enzyme activity in a Chinese pine forest[J].Pedobiologia,2017,61:51-60.
[12] 吴士章,赵卫权,兰序书,等.贵州西部百里杜鹃生长发育与生态气候的相关研究[J].贵州师范大学学报:自然科学版,2009,27(1):9-13.
[13] LI C C,QUAN W X,CHEN X J,et al.Dynamics of endogenous hormones,anatomical structure during the cutting propagation of wild Rhododendron sacbrifolium Franch[J].Pakistan Journal of Botany,2017,49(6):2295-2299.[41]
[14] 李朝婵,乙引,全文选,等.野生高山杜鹃群落林内自然挥发的化感成分[J].林业科学,2015,51(12):35-44.LI C C,YI Y,QUAN W X,et al.The natural volatile components of allelochemicals in the wild alpine Rhododendron community[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2015,51(12):35-44.(in Chinese)
[15] 陈新闯,郭建英,董智,等.绿洲边缘新月形沙丘表层沉积物粒度与重金属分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(11):3662-3668.CHENG X C,GUO J Y,DONG Z,et al.Grain size and heavy metals distribution characteristics on surface sediments of the barchans in the edge of oasis[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(11):3662-3668.(in Chinese)
[16] ARCHER K J,KIMES R V.Empirical characterization of random forest variable importance measures[J].Computational Statistics and Data Analysis,2008,52(4):2249-226.
[17] H?KANSON L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.a sedimentological approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[18] 中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990:87-256.
[19] 徐争启,倪师军,庹先国,等.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算[J].环境科学与技术,2008,31(2):112-115.XU Z Q,NI S J,TUO X G,et al.Calculation of heavy metals? toxicity coefficient in the evaluation of potential ecological risk index[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2008,31(2):112-115.(in Chinese)
[20] ZHAO L,XU Y,HOU H,et al.Source identification and health risk assessment of metals in urban soils around the Tanggu chemical industrial district,Tianjin,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014:468-469,654-662.
[21] 刘羽霞,许嘉巍,靳英华,等.基于地形因子的长白山高山苔原土理化性质空间差异[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(3):640-648.LIU Y X,XU J W,JIN Y H,et al.Spatial variability of soil physicochemical properties in the alpine tundra of Changbai Mountain in relation to topographic factors[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(3):640-648.(in Chinese)
[22] FEDOROVA A I,KALAEV V N,PROSVIRINA Y G,et al.Mutagenic activity of heavy metals in soils of wayside slopes[J].Eurasian Soil Science,2007,40(8):893-899.
[23] 欧江,张捷,崔宁洁,等.采伐林窗对马尾松人工林土壤微生物生物量的初期影响[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(12):2036-2047.OU J,ZHANG J,CUI N J,et al.The early effects of forest gap harvesting on soil microbial biomass in Pinus massoniana plantations[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(12):2036-2047.(in Chinese)
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