不同耕作方式对枣园土壤温度、养分和果实品质的影响
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摘要
为了探明甘肃中部沿黄灌区枣园不同耕作方式对土壤温度、养分状况和果实品质的影响,连续2年设置清耕(CK)、覆盖玉米秸秆(YMG)、覆黑膜(HM)和种植黑麦草(HMC)等耕作方式,测定不同土层(0、20、40、60 cm)土壤温度、养分以及果实品质等指标;并采用主成分分析综合评价,筛选最佳土壤管理模式。结果表明:8月份HMC对不同土层土壤温度均具有明显的降温作用,在20 cm土层,分别较CK、HM、YMG降低了5.93%、5.93%、2.86%。与对照相比,YMG、HM和HMC均能显著提高各土层的土壤速效K、N、P以及硝态氮和有机质含量,其中HMC效果最显著,在20 cm土层处,与CK相比分别提高了12.35%、10.11%、15.48%、23.11%、19.00%。随着土层深度的增加,速效养分含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,地表0～20 cm处的含量最高,在20 cm土层处,HMC土壤速效K、N、P含量分别为122.24 mg·kg~(-1)、32.67 g·kg~(-1)、0.76 mg·kg~(-1)。与对照相比,YMG、HM和HMC均能不同程度地提高枣果品质,其中HMC对Vc含量、蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、枣果横径、枣果纵径、单果重、含水量、可食率的影响显著大于YMG和HM,HMC的Vc含量、蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、枣果横径、含水量较YMG分别增加了10.18%、25.23%、9.06%、6.04%、3.73%,较HM分别增加了1.28%、23.01%、1.07%、2.50%、1.71%。主成分分析将16个指标综合分析,提取3个主成分因子6.614、5.485、3.901,代表4种不同耕作方式100%的原始数据信息量。综上所述,不同土壤耕作方式的效果由高到低依次为HMC、HM、YMG和CK,种植黑麦草(HMC)是甘肃中部沿黄灌区枣园土壤管理的推荐模式。
The effects of different soil tillage methods on soil temperature, nutrient status, and fruit quality of jujube orchard in the Yellow River Irrigation Area of central Gansu Province were studied. Four different soil tillage methods including clean tillage(CK), corn straw mulching(YMG), black plastic film mulching(HM), and ryegrass mulching(HMC) were conducted. Soil temperature and nutrient status in different soil layers(0, 20, 40 cm, and 60 cm) and fruit quality were investigated. Through the principal component analysis, comprehensive evaluation of determined parameters was conducted to screen the best soil management model. The results showed that: in August, the HMC had a significant effect on the decrease of soil temperature in different soil layers. Compared with CK, HM, YMG, HMC in 20 cm depth of soil were decreased by 5.93%, 5.93%, and 2.86%, respectively. Compared to CK, different mulching models significantly increased available K, N, P, nitrate N, and organic matter contents in soil, in which HMC was the most effective model. Compared with CK, that in 20 cm depth of soil with HMC were increased by 12.35%, 10.11%, 15.48%, 23.11%, and 19.00%, respectively. With the increase in soil depth, the contents of available nutrient firstly increased and then decreased, and the contents in 0～20 cm were the highest. Under HMC treatment, the contents of available K, N, and P in 20 cm depth of soil were 122.24 mg·kg~(-1), 32.67 g·kg~(-1), and 0.76 mg·kg~(-1), respectively. In comparison, YMG, HM, and HMC enhanced the fruit quality of jujube. The effects of HMC on vitamin C content, protein content, soluble sugar content, fruit diameter, fruit longitudinal diameter, fruit weight, water content, and edible rate were significantly greater than those of YMG, and HM. Compared with YMG the contents of vitamin C, protein, soluble sugar, fruit diameter, and water content of HMC increased by 10.18%, 25.23%, 9.06%, 6.04%, and 3.73%, respectively, and those with HM were increased by 1.28%、23.01%、1.07%、2.50%, and 1.71%, respectively. The principal component analysis was used to analyze 16 parameters and extracted 3 principal components(6.614, 5.485, and 3.901), which represented the 100% original data information of four different soil tillage methods. Comprehensive analysis showed that effects of four tillage methods from high to low were HMC, HM, YMG, and CK, indicating that HMC was the best pattern of soil management for jujube orchard in the Yellow River Irrigation Area of central Gansu Province.
The effects of different soil tillage methods on soil temperature, nutrient status, and fruit quality of jujube orchard in the Yellow River Irrigation Area of central Gansu Province were studied. Four different soil tillage methods including clean tillage(CK), corn straw mulching(YMG), black plastic film mulching(HM), and ryegrass mulching(HMC) were conducted. Soil temperature and nutrient status in different soil layers(0, 20, 40 cm, and 60 cm) and fruit quality were investigated. Through the principal component analysis, comprehensive evaluation of determined parameters was conducted to screen the best soil management model. The results showed that: in August, the HMC had a significant effect on the decrease of soil temperature in different soil layers. Compared with CK, HM, YMG, HMC in 20 cm depth of soil were decreased by 5.93%, 5.93%, and 2.86%, respectively. Compared to CK, different mulching models significantly increased available K, N, P, nitrate N, and organic matter contents in soil, in which HMC was the most effective model. Compared with CK, that in 20 cm depth of soil with HMC were increased by 12.35%, 10.11%, 15.48%, 23.11%, and 19.00%, respectively. With the increase in soil depth, the contents of available nutrient firstly increased and then decreased, and the contents in 0～20 cm were the highest. Under HMC treatment, the contents of available K, N, and P in 20 cm depth of soil were 122.24 mg·kg~(-1), 32.67 g·kg~(-1), and 0.76 mg·kg~(-1), respectively. In comparison, YMG, HM, and HMC enhanced the fruit quality of jujube. The effects of HMC on vitamin C content, protein content, soluble sugar content, fruit diameter, fruit longitudinal diameter, fruit weight, water content, and edible rate were significantly greater than those of YMG, and HM. Compared with YMG the contents of vitamin C, protein, soluble sugar, fruit diameter, and water content of HMC increased by 10.18%, 25.23%, 9.06%, 6.04%, and 3.73%, respectively, and those with HM were increased by 1.28%、23.01%、1.07%、2.50%, and 1.71%, respectively. The principal component analysis was used to analyze 16 parameters and extracted 3 principal components(6.614, 5.485, and 3.901), which represented the 100% original data information of four different soil tillage methods. Comprehensive analysis showed that effects of four tillage methods from high to low were HMC, HM, YMG, and CK, indicating that HMC was the best pattern of soil management for jujube orchard in the Yellow River Irrigation Area of central Gansu Province.
引文
[1] 季元祖,陈晓妮,朱红斌,等.甘肃中部沿黄灌区适宜发展的枣树品种及其栽培管理技术[J].园艺与种苗,2011,(6):9-11,92.
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[6] 揣峻峰,谢永生,索改弟,等.地膜与秸秆双重覆盖对渭北苹果园土壤水分及产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(3):26-30.
[7] 欧毅,王进,王银合,等.覆盖对山地甜柿园土壤性状及树体生长结果的影响[J].西北农业学报,2005,14(2):158-162.
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[9] 王耀,孙小娟.不同种植模式下施肥对马铃薯产量和水肥利用效率的影响[J].西北农业学报,2018,27(2).1004-1389.
[10] 浦俊,徐福利,王渭玲.保墒措施对临猗梨枣叶片矿质元素含量和产量的影响[J].林业科学,2014,50(7):8-16.
[11] 刘灵芝,吕德国,秦嗣军,等.生草覆盖‘寒富’苹果园土壤优势细菌的碳代谢特征研究.[J].园艺学报,2011,38(10):1837-1846.
[12] Odjugo P A O.The effect of tillage systems and mulching on soil microclimate,growth and yield of yellow yam (Dioscorea cayenensis) in Midwestern Nigeria[J].African Journal of Biotecndogy,2008,7(24):4500-4507.
[13] Huang Y,Chen L,Fu B,et al.The wheat yields and water-use efficiency in the Loess Plateau:straw mulch and irrigation effects [J].Agricultural Water Management,2007,72(3):209-222.
[14] 李欢,李建贵,秦韵婷,等.微气候因子对南疆‘灰枣’坐果和果实品质的影响[J].果树学报,2015,32(6):1161-1169.
[15] 官情,王俊,宋淑亚,等.黄土旱塬区不同覆盖措施对冬小麦农田土壤呼吸的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(6):1471-1476.
[16] 李传友,熊波,张莉,等.果园残枝粉碎覆盖对土壤理化性状及果实品质的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2016,21(11):84-92.
[17] Wu J Y,Chen M G,Dong C Y,et al.Effects of land cover on soil temperature,humidity and moisture in Phoebe bournei forest [J].Agricultural Science & Technology,2015,16(12):2725-2729.
[18] 黄金辉,廖允成,高茂盛,等.耕作和覆盖对黄土高原果园土壤水分和温度的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(11):2652-2658.
[19] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:北京农业出版社,2008.
[20] 李合生.植物生理生化实验原理与技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
[21] 高俊凤.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[22] Bu L D,Liu J L,Zhu L,et al.The effects of mulching on maize growth,yield and water use in a semi-arid region [J].Agricultural Water Management,2013,123:71-78.
[23] 武继承,管秀娟,杨永辉.地面覆盖和保水剂对冬小麦生长和降水利用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):86-92.
[24] 张义,谢永生,郝明德,等.不同地表覆盖方式对苹果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(2):279-286.
[25] 匡石滋,田世尧,段冬洋,等.生草栽培对火龙果果园土壤特性及微生态环境的影响[J].热带农业科学,2015,35(5):1-4,12.
[26] 刘克长,任中兴,李申安,等.不同覆盖措施下龙廷杏梅园地小气候效应研究[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(5):145-148.
[27] 刘小勇,李红旭,李建明,等.不同覆盖方式对旱地果园水热特征的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(3):746-754.
[28] 马军,雷江,李发永,等.不同覆盖措施对滴灌枣园土壤水热及矿质氮素的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(1):147-153.
[29] 曹铨,沈禹颖,王自奎,等.生草对果园土壤理化性状的影响研究进展[J].草业学报,2016,25(8):180-188.
[30] 李会科,张广军,赵政阳,等.黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤养分的影响[J].园艺学报,2007,34(2):477-480.
[31] LU D G,ZHAO X Y,MA H Y,et al.Effects of straw mulch on soil nutrient and microbial biomass of apple orchard [J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2010,38(6):104-106(in Chinese with English abstract).
[32] 吴玉森,张艳敏,冀晓昊,等.自然生草对黄河三角洲梨园土壤养分、酶活性及果实品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(1):99-108.
[33] Bu Y S,Miao G Y,Zhou N J.Analysis and comparison of the effects of plastic film mulching and straw mulching on soil fertility [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2006,39(5):1069-1075.
[34] 房燕,安贵阳,董然然,等.旱地苹果园肥水高效利用模式研究[J].西北农业学报,2013,22(12):102-105.
[35] 刘建新.覆草对杏园土壤物理性状、肥力及果实产量与品质的影响[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(2):184-185.
[36] 邓丰产,安贵阳,郁俊谊,等.渭北旱塬苹果园的生草效应[J]果树学报,2003,20(6):506-508.
[37] 郝淑英,刘蝴蝶,牛俊玲,等.黄土高原区果园生草覆盖对土壤物理性状、水分及产量的影响[J].土壤肥料,2002(10):25-27.
[38] Upadhyaya H D,Nigam S N,Singh S.Evaluation of groundnut core collections to identify sources of tolerance to low temperature at germination [J].Plant Genet Resour.,2001,14:165-167.
[39] 姜慧芳.花生种质资源描述规范和数据标准[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2006:11-36.
[2] 杨思存,车宗贤,王成宝,等.甘肃沿黄灌区土壤盐渍化特征及其成因[J].干旱区研究,2014,31(1):57-64.
[3] 李虹辰,赵西宁,高晓东,等.鱼鳞坑与覆盖组合措施对陕北旱作枣园土壤水分的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(8):2297-2303.
[4] 高登涛,郭景南,魏志峰,等.果园地面覆盖对土壤质量和苹果生长发育的影响[J].果树学报,2010,27(5):770-777.
[5] 孙文泰,刘兴禄,董铁,等.陇东旱塬苹果园不同覆盖措施对土壤性状、根系分布和果实品质的影响[J].果树学报,2015,32(5):841-851.
[6] 揣峻峰,谢永生,索改弟,等.地膜与秸秆双重覆盖对渭北苹果园土壤水分及产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(3):26-30.
[7] 欧毅,王进,王银合,等.覆盖对山地甜柿园土壤性状及树体生长结果的影响[J].西北农业学报,2005,14(2):158-162.
[8] Pande K K,Dimri D C,Singh S C.Effect of mulching on soil and leaf nutrient status of apple Malus domestica borkh [J].Progressive Horticulture,2006,38(1):91-95.
[9] 王耀,孙小娟.不同种植模式下施肥对马铃薯产量和水肥利用效率的影响[J].西北农业学报,2018,27(2).1004-1389.
[10] 浦俊,徐福利,王渭玲.保墒措施对临猗梨枣叶片矿质元素含量和产量的影响[J].林业科学,2014,50(7):8-16.
[11] 刘灵芝,吕德国,秦嗣军,等.生草覆盖‘寒富’苹果园土壤优势细菌的碳代谢特征研究.[J].园艺学报,2011,38(10):1837-1846.
[12] Odjugo P A O.The effect of tillage systems and mulching on soil microclimate,growth and yield of yellow yam (Dioscorea cayenensis) in Midwestern Nigeria[J].African Journal of Biotecndogy,2008,7(24):4500-4507.
[13] Huang Y,Chen L,Fu B,et al.The wheat yields and water-use efficiency in the Loess Plateau:straw mulch and irrigation effects [J].Agricultural Water Management,2007,72(3):209-222.
[14] 李欢,李建贵,秦韵婷,等.微气候因子对南疆‘灰枣’坐果和果实品质的影响[J].果树学报,2015,32(6):1161-1169.
[15] 官情,王俊,宋淑亚,等.黄土旱塬区不同覆盖措施对冬小麦农田土壤呼吸的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(6):1471-1476.
[16] 李传友,熊波,张莉,等.果园残枝粉碎覆盖对土壤理化性状及果实品质的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2016,21(11):84-92.
[17] Wu J Y,Chen M G,Dong C Y,et al.Effects of land cover on soil temperature,humidity and moisture in Phoebe bournei forest [J].Agricultural Science & Technology,2015,16(12):2725-2729.
[18] 黄金辉,廖允成,高茂盛,等.耕作和覆盖对黄土高原果园土壤水分和温度的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(11):2652-2658.
[19] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:北京农业出版社,2008.
[20] 李合生.植物生理生化实验原理与技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
[21] 高俊凤.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[22] Bu L D,Liu J L,Zhu L,et al.The effects of mulching on maize growth,yield and water use in a semi-arid region [J].Agricultural Water Management,2013,123:71-78.
[23] 武继承,管秀娟,杨永辉.地面覆盖和保水剂对冬小麦生长和降水利用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):86-92.
[24] 张义,谢永生,郝明德,等.不同地表覆盖方式对苹果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(2):279-286.
[25] 匡石滋,田世尧,段冬洋,等.生草栽培对火龙果果园土壤特性及微生态环境的影响[J].热带农业科学,2015,35(5):1-4,12.
[26] 刘克长,任中兴,李申安,等.不同覆盖措施下龙廷杏梅园地小气候效应研究[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(5):145-148.
[27] 刘小勇,李红旭,李建明,等.不同覆盖方式对旱地果园水热特征的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(3):746-754.
[28] 马军,雷江,李发永,等.不同覆盖措施对滴灌枣园土壤水热及矿质氮素的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(1):147-153.
[29] 曹铨,沈禹颖,王自奎,等.生草对果园土壤理化性状的影响研究进展[J].草业学报,2016,25(8):180-188.
[30] 李会科,张广军,赵政阳,等.黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤养分的影响[J].园艺学报,2007,34(2):477-480.
[31] LU D G,ZHAO X Y,MA H Y,et al.Effects of straw mulch on soil nutrient and microbial biomass of apple orchard [J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2010,38(6):104-106(in Chinese with English abstract).
[32] 吴玉森,张艳敏,冀晓昊,等.自然生草对黄河三角洲梨园土壤养分、酶活性及果实品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(1):99-108.
[33] Bu Y S,Miao G Y,Zhou N J.Analysis and comparison of the effects of plastic film mulching and straw mulching on soil fertility [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2006,39(5):1069-1075.
[34] 房燕,安贵阳,董然然,等.旱地苹果园肥水高效利用模式研究[J].西北农业学报,2013,22(12):102-105.
[35] 刘建新.覆草对杏园土壤物理性状、肥力及果实产量与品质的影响[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(2):184-185.
[36] 邓丰产,安贵阳,郁俊谊,等.渭北旱塬苹果园的生草效应[J]果树学报,2003,20(6):506-508.
[37] 郝淑英,刘蝴蝶,牛俊玲,等.黄土高原区果园生草覆盖对土壤物理性状、水分及产量的影响[J].土壤肥料,2002(10):25-27.
[38] Upadhyaya H D,Nigam S N,Singh S.Evaluation of groundnut core collections to identify sources of tolerance to low temperature at germination [J].Plant Genet Resour.,2001,14:165-167.
[39] 姜慧芳.花生种质资源描述规范和数据标准[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2006:11-36.