不同轮作和氮肥分配季节下土壤氮素供应和油菜氮素吸收差异
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摘要
【目的】土壤氮素供应受到土地利用方式影响,明确土壤氮素供应特性是合理施肥的基础。研究不同轮作方式下油菜季土壤氮素供应特征和油菜氮素吸收规律,可以为油菜氮肥施用提供科学依据。【方法】本试验为同田对比田间试验,采用裂区试验设计,主处理为两种轮作方式,即水旱轮作(水稻-油菜轮作)和旱地轮作(棉花稻-油菜轮作);副处理为氮肥(N 150 kg/hm~2)施用季节。每种轮作方式下设3个氮肥施用季节处理,分别为:1)两季均不施氮肥(N_(0-0));2)水稻/棉花季施氮,油菜当季不施氮(N_(150-0));3)水稻/棉花季不施氮,油菜当季施氮(N_(0-150))。通过原位矿化培养方法测定油菜不同生育期土壤氮素净矿化量,同时测定油菜在不同生育期内氮素吸收量。【结果】与两季均不施氮相比,油菜季施氮,稻油轮作下土壤氮净矿化累积量显著增加101.2kg/hm~2,油菜氮素吸收增加76.8 kg/hm~2;棉油轮作条件下,土壤氮净矿化累积量显著增加了110.0 kg/hm~2,油菜氮素吸收增加96.2 kg/hm~2。从分配比例上分析,在油菜苗期—薹期,稻油轮作土壤氮素净矿化量占累计矿化量的52.3%,棉油轮作为64.5%,棉油轮作高于稻油轮作;然而在油菜花期—成熟期,稻油轮作土壤氮素净矿化量高于棉油轮作。与土壤氮素净矿化相一致,在油菜苗期—薹期,棉油轮作油菜氮素吸收量比稻油轮作高37.1kg/hm~2,棉油轮作有利于油菜前期氮素吸收;而油菜生长后期稻油轮作比棉油轮作多吸收氮素18.2 kg/hm~2。稻油轮作有利于油菜后期氮素吸收。【结论】棉油轮作条件下,残留棉花叶片养分释放快,有利于油菜生长前期(苗期—薹期)土壤氮素供应;而稻油轮作条件下,残留水稻根茬养分释放慢则有利于油菜生长后期(花期—成熟期)土壤氮素供应。因此棉油轮作有利于油菜前期生长,稻油轮作有利于油菜后期生长。稻油轮作条件下在油菜生长前期可适量增加氮肥供应,后期降低氮肥供应;棉油轮作下在油菜生长前期适量降低氮肥供应,后期增加氮肥供应。
【Objectives】Rapeseed production efficiency heavily relies on reasonable nitrogen(N) supply. The objective was to unravel the soil N turnover and rapeseed N uptake in two common rotation systems, which would provide guidance for the N fertilizer management.【Methods】A split plot experiment was conducted at the Experiment Farm in Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China. The main treatments were composed of two rotation systems, that was rice–rapeseed rotation(RR) and cotton–rapeseed rotation(CR). The subtreatments were the application season of nitrogen fertilizers, included: 1) no nitrogen application in both seasons(N_(0-0)); 2) N 150 kg/hm~2 only in rice or cotton(N_(150-0)); 3) N 150 kg/hm~2 only in rapeseed season(N_(0-150)). The net soil nitrogen mineralization amount in different growing stages of rapeseed were measured using in situ mineralization culture method, and the N uptake in the corresponding stages of rapeseed were measured at the same time.【Results】The capacity of soil N supply and the total N uptake of rapeseed were considerably enhanced by N fertilizer application. Compared to zero N fertilizer input, the net soil N mineralization accumulations were increased by 101.2 kg/hm~2 in RR and 110.0 kg/hm~2 in CR, respectively, and rapeseed N uptake were increased by76.8 kg/hm~2 in RR and 96.2 kg/hm~2 in CR, respectively, when N 150 kg/hm~2 was applied only in rapeseed season.From the distribution proportion, the net soil N mineralization during rapeseed growth period(seedingstem-elongation period) in CR was more than that in RR, which accounted for 64.5% and 52.3%, respectively;while this tendency was inverted in the late growth stage of rapeseed(flowering-maturity period). The trend of rapeseed N uptake was similar to the net soil N mineralization. The rapeseed N uptake in CR was 37.1 kg/hm~2 more than that in RR during rapeseed growth period(seeding-stem-elongation period), while 18.2 kg/hm~2 less than that in RR during the late growth stage of rapeseed(flowering-maturity period), suggesting CR is conducive for rapeseed N uptake in early stages while RR is beneficial to the rapeseed N uptake in late season.【Conclusions】In the cotton-rapeseed rotation system, the rapid release of nutrients from the residual cotton leaves is beneficial to the N supply in the early growth stage of rapeseed; while in the rice-rapeseed rotation, the slow release of nutrients from rice root residues is beneficial to the N supply in the late growing stage of rapeseed. Thus the N fertilizer should be more applied on the early growing stages of rapeseed in the rice-rapeseed rotation, and in the late stages of rapeseed in the cotton-rapeseed rotation.
【Objectives】Rapeseed production efficiency heavily relies on reasonable nitrogen(N) supply. The objective was to unravel the soil N turnover and rapeseed N uptake in two common rotation systems, which would provide guidance for the N fertilizer management.【Methods】A split plot experiment was conducted at the Experiment Farm in Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China. The main treatments were composed of two rotation systems, that was rice–rapeseed rotation(RR) and cotton–rapeseed rotation(CR). The subtreatments were the application season of nitrogen fertilizers, included: 1) no nitrogen application in both seasons(N_(0-0)); 2) N 150 kg/hm~2 only in rice or cotton(N_(150-0)); 3) N 150 kg/hm~2 only in rapeseed season(N_(0-150)). The net soil nitrogen mineralization amount in different growing stages of rapeseed were measured using in situ mineralization culture method, and the N uptake in the corresponding stages of rapeseed were measured at the same time.【Results】The capacity of soil N supply and the total N uptake of rapeseed were considerably enhanced by N fertilizer application. Compared to zero N fertilizer input, the net soil N mineralization accumulations were increased by 101.2 kg/hm~2 in RR and 110.0 kg/hm~2 in CR, respectively, and rapeseed N uptake were increased by76.8 kg/hm~2 in RR and 96.2 kg/hm~2 in CR, respectively, when N 150 kg/hm~2 was applied only in rapeseed season.From the distribution proportion, the net soil N mineralization during rapeseed growth period(seedingstem-elongation period) in CR was more than that in RR, which accounted for 64.5% and 52.3%, respectively;while this tendency was inverted in the late growth stage of rapeseed(flowering-maturity period). The trend of rapeseed N uptake was similar to the net soil N mineralization. The rapeseed N uptake in CR was 37.1 kg/hm~2 more than that in RR during rapeseed growth period(seeding-stem-elongation period), while 18.2 kg/hm~2 less than that in RR during the late growth stage of rapeseed(flowering-maturity period), suggesting CR is conducive for rapeseed N uptake in early stages while RR is beneficial to the rapeseed N uptake in late season.【Conclusions】In the cotton-rapeseed rotation system, the rapid release of nutrients from the residual cotton leaves is beneficial to the N supply in the early growth stage of rapeseed; while in the rice-rapeseed rotation, the slow release of nutrients from rice root residues is beneficial to the N supply in the late growing stage of rapeseed. Thus the N fertilizer should be more applied on the early growing stages of rapeseed in the rice-rapeseed rotation, and in the late stages of rapeseed in the cotton-rapeseed rotation.
引文
[1]Rathke G W,Christen O,Diepenbrock W.Effects of nitrogen source and rate on productivity and quality of winter rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)grown in different crop rotations[J].Field Crops Research,2005,94:103-113.
[2]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,等.氮磷钾硼肥施用对长江流域油菜产量及经济效益的影响[J].作物学报,2009,35(1):87-92.Zou J,Lu J W,Chen F,et al.Effect of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,and boron fertilizers on yield and profit of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)in the Yangtze River Basin[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2009,35(1):87-92.
[3]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,等.冬油菜施氮的增产和养分吸收效应及氮肥利用率研究[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(4):745-752.Zou J,Lu J W,Chen F,et al.Study on yield increasing and nutrient uptake effect by nitrogen application and nitrogen use efficiency for winter rapeseed[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(4):745-752.
[4]查春梅,颜丽,郝长红,等.不同土地利用方式对棕壤有机氮组分及其剖面分布的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(1):22-26.Zha C M,Yan L,Hao C H,et al.Effect of different land use systems on the form and distribution of organic nitrogen in brown soil[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2007,13(1):22-26.
[5]Wivstad M,Dahlin A S,Grant C.Perspectives on nutrient management in arable farming systems[J].Soil Use and Management,2005,21:113-121.
[6]Bertrand I,Delfosse O,Mary B.Carbon and nitrogen mineralization in acidic,limed and calcareous agricultural soil:Apparent and actual effects[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39:276-288.
[7]Ros G H.Predicting soil N mineralization using organic matter fractions and soil properties:A re-analysis of literature data[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,45:132-135.
[8]Bu R Y,Lu J W,Ren T,et al.Particulate organic matter affects soil nitrogen mineralization under two crop rotation systems[J].PLoS ONE,2015,10(12):1-17.
[9]Li C F,Yue L X,Kou Z K,et al.Short-term effects of conservation management practices on soil labile organic carbon fractions under a rape-rice rotation in central China[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2012,119:31-37.
[10]Cookson W,Abaye D A,Marschner P,et al.The contribution of soil organic matter fractions to carbon and nitrogen mineralization and microbial community size and structure[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2005,37:1726-1737.
[11]石孝均.水旱轮作体系中的养分循环特征[D].北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文,2003.Shi X J.Characteristics of nutrient cycling in the rice-wheat rotation system[D].Beijing:PhD Dissertation of China Agricultural University,2003.
[12]李忠佩,杨德涌.不同利用年限红壤水稻土有机碳和养分含量的粒级分布变化[J].土壤学报,2009,46(1):70-77.Li Z P,Yang D Y.Distribution of organic carbon and nutrient contents in particle-size fractions of a cultivation chronosequence of paddy soils in subtropical China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2009,46(1):70-77.
[13]Rathke G W,Behrens T,Diepenbrock W.Integrated nitrogen management strategies to improve seed yield,oil content and nitrogen efficiency of winter rapeseed(Brassica napus L.):A review[J].Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,2006,117(2-3):80-108.
[14]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.Lu R K.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis methods[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000.
[15]田昆,常凤来,莫剑锋,等.原状土就地培养取样法定位研究田间土壤氮动态变化[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(2):143-147.Tian K,Chang F L,Mo J F,et al.Application of in-situ technique at field to study the N dynamic of soils[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2004,10(2):143-147.
[16]李忠佩,吴晓晨,陈碧云.不同利用方式下土壤有机碳转化及微生物群落功能多样性变化[J].中国农业科学,2007,40(8):1712-1721.Li Z P,Wu X C,Chen B Y.Changes in transformation of soil organic carbon and functional diversity of soil microbial community under different land use patterns[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2007,40(8):1712-1721.
[17]Wang J G,Bakken L R.Competition for nitrogen during decomposition of plant residues in soil:Effect of spatial placement of N-rich and N-poor plant residues[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,29:153-162.
[18]Ramnarine R,Voroney R P,Wagnerriddle C,et al.Conventional and no-tillage effects on the distribution of crop residues and light fraction organic matter[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2015,79(1):74-80.
[19]Singh A,Ghoshal N,Sigh K P.Variations in soil microbial biomass and crop roots due to differing resource quality input in a tropical dryland agroecosystem[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39:76-86.
[20]黄伟生,彭佩钦,苏以荣,等.洞庭湖区耕地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(3):756-760.Huang W S,Peng P Q,Su Y R,et al.Soil active organic carbon of farmland under different uses in Dongting Lake Region[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2006,25(3):756-760.
[21]谭文峰,朱志雄,刘凡,等.江汉平原不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体中有机碳的分布与积累特点[J].自然环境学报,2006,21(6):973-980.Tan W F,Zhu Z X,Liu F,et al.Organic carbon distribution and storage of soil aggregates under land use change in Jianghan Plain,Hubei Province[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2006,21(6):973-980.
[22]申小冉,吕家珑,张文菊,等.我国三种种植制度下农田土壤有机碳、氮关系的演变特征[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(4):121-126.Shen X R,LüJ L,Zhang W J,et al.Changes in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen and its relationship under three typical cropping systems in China[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2011,29(4):121-126.
[23]Compton J E,Boone R D.Soil nitrogen transformation and the role of light fraction organic matter in forest soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2002,34:933-943.
[24]范明生,樊红柱,吕世华,等.西南地区水旱轮作系统养分管理存在问题分析与管理策略建议[J].西南农业学报,2008,21(6):1564-1568.Fan M S,Fan H Z,LüS H,et al.The current status of nutrient management and strategy in paddy rice-upland crop rotation in southwest China[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2008,21(6):1564-1568.
[25]张薇,王子芳,王辉,等.土壤水分和植物残体对紫色水稻土有机碳矿化的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(6):1013-1019.Zhang W,Wang Z F,Wang H,et al.Organic carbon mineralization affected by water content and plant residues in purple paddy soil[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2007,13(6):1013-1019.
[26]Hadas A,Kautsky L,Goek M,et al.Rate of decomposition of plant residues and available nitrogen in soil,related to residue composition through simulation of carbon and nitrogen turnover[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36:255-266.
[27]Meelu O P,Beri V,Sharma K N,et al.Influence of paddy and corn in different rotations on wheat yield,nutrient removal and soil properties[J].Plant and Soil,1979,51:51-57.
[2]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,等.氮磷钾硼肥施用对长江流域油菜产量及经济效益的影响[J].作物学报,2009,35(1):87-92.Zou J,Lu J W,Chen F,et al.Effect of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,and boron fertilizers on yield and profit of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)in the Yangtze River Basin[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2009,35(1):87-92.
[3]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,等.冬油菜施氮的增产和养分吸收效应及氮肥利用率研究[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(4):745-752.Zou J,Lu J W,Chen F,et al.Study on yield increasing and nutrient uptake effect by nitrogen application and nitrogen use efficiency for winter rapeseed[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(4):745-752.
[4]查春梅,颜丽,郝长红,等.不同土地利用方式对棕壤有机氮组分及其剖面分布的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(1):22-26.Zha C M,Yan L,Hao C H,et al.Effect of different land use systems on the form and distribution of organic nitrogen in brown soil[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2007,13(1):22-26.
[5]Wivstad M,Dahlin A S,Grant C.Perspectives on nutrient management in arable farming systems[J].Soil Use and Management,2005,21:113-121.
[6]Bertrand I,Delfosse O,Mary B.Carbon and nitrogen mineralization in acidic,limed and calcareous agricultural soil:Apparent and actual effects[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39:276-288.
[7]Ros G H.Predicting soil N mineralization using organic matter fractions and soil properties:A re-analysis of literature data[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,45:132-135.
[8]Bu R Y,Lu J W,Ren T,et al.Particulate organic matter affects soil nitrogen mineralization under two crop rotation systems[J].PLoS ONE,2015,10(12):1-17.
[9]Li C F,Yue L X,Kou Z K,et al.Short-term effects of conservation management practices on soil labile organic carbon fractions under a rape-rice rotation in central China[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2012,119:31-37.
[10]Cookson W,Abaye D A,Marschner P,et al.The contribution of soil organic matter fractions to carbon and nitrogen mineralization and microbial community size and structure[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2005,37:1726-1737.
[11]石孝均.水旱轮作体系中的养分循环特征[D].北京:中国农业大学博士学位论文,2003.Shi X J.Characteristics of nutrient cycling in the rice-wheat rotation system[D].Beijing:PhD Dissertation of China Agricultural University,2003.
[12]李忠佩,杨德涌.不同利用年限红壤水稻土有机碳和养分含量的粒级分布变化[J].土壤学报,2009,46(1):70-77.Li Z P,Yang D Y.Distribution of organic carbon and nutrient contents in particle-size fractions of a cultivation chronosequence of paddy soils in subtropical China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2009,46(1):70-77.
[13]Rathke G W,Behrens T,Diepenbrock W.Integrated nitrogen management strategies to improve seed yield,oil content and nitrogen efficiency of winter rapeseed(Brassica napus L.):A review[J].Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,2006,117(2-3):80-108.
[14]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.Lu R K.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis methods[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000.
[15]田昆,常凤来,莫剑锋,等.原状土就地培养取样法定位研究田间土壤氮动态变化[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(2):143-147.Tian K,Chang F L,Mo J F,et al.Application of in-situ technique at field to study the N dynamic of soils[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2004,10(2):143-147.
[16]李忠佩,吴晓晨,陈碧云.不同利用方式下土壤有机碳转化及微生物群落功能多样性变化[J].中国农业科学,2007,40(8):1712-1721.Li Z P,Wu X C,Chen B Y.Changes in transformation of soil organic carbon and functional diversity of soil microbial community under different land use patterns[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2007,40(8):1712-1721.
[17]Wang J G,Bakken L R.Competition for nitrogen during decomposition of plant residues in soil:Effect of spatial placement of N-rich and N-poor plant residues[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,29:153-162.
[18]Ramnarine R,Voroney R P,Wagnerriddle C,et al.Conventional and no-tillage effects on the distribution of crop residues and light fraction organic matter[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2015,79(1):74-80.
[19]Singh A,Ghoshal N,Sigh K P.Variations in soil microbial biomass and crop roots due to differing resource quality input in a tropical dryland agroecosystem[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39:76-86.
[20]黄伟生,彭佩钦,苏以荣,等.洞庭湖区耕地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(3):756-760.Huang W S,Peng P Q,Su Y R,et al.Soil active organic carbon of farmland under different uses in Dongting Lake Region[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2006,25(3):756-760.
[21]谭文峰,朱志雄,刘凡,等.江汉平原不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体中有机碳的分布与积累特点[J].自然环境学报,2006,21(6):973-980.Tan W F,Zhu Z X,Liu F,et al.Organic carbon distribution and storage of soil aggregates under land use change in Jianghan Plain,Hubei Province[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2006,21(6):973-980.
[22]申小冉,吕家珑,张文菊,等.我国三种种植制度下农田土壤有机碳、氮关系的演变特征[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(4):121-126.Shen X R,LüJ L,Zhang W J,et al.Changes in soil organic carbon and total nitrogen and its relationship under three typical cropping systems in China[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2011,29(4):121-126.
[23]Compton J E,Boone R D.Soil nitrogen transformation and the role of light fraction organic matter in forest soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2002,34:933-943.
[24]范明生,樊红柱,吕世华,等.西南地区水旱轮作系统养分管理存在问题分析与管理策略建议[J].西南农业学报,2008,21(6):1564-1568.Fan M S,Fan H Z,LüS H,et al.The current status of nutrient management and strategy in paddy rice-upland crop rotation in southwest China[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2008,21(6):1564-1568.
[25]张薇,王子芳,王辉,等.土壤水分和植物残体对紫色水稻土有机碳矿化的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(6):1013-1019.Zhang W,Wang Z F,Wang H,et al.Organic carbon mineralization affected by water content and plant residues in purple paddy soil[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2007,13(6):1013-1019.
[26]Hadas A,Kautsky L,Goek M,et al.Rate of decomposition of plant residues and available nitrogen in soil,related to residue composition through simulation of carbon and nitrogen turnover[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36:255-266.
[27]Meelu O P,Beri V,Sharma K N,et al.Influence of paddy and corn in different rotations on wheat yield,nutrient removal and soil properties[J].Plant and Soil,1979,51:51-57.