桉树人工林更新方式对林下植物功能群的影响
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摘要
该研究综合运用野外调查和室内分析的方法,评估桉树人工林林下植物功能群的组成、分布及更新方式和相关环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:林分更新5 a后,除了非禾本科杂草功能群外,其他林下植物功能群的物种丰富度均呈现不同程度的增加,但与对照组(砍伐迹地)相比,其差异程度均不显著(P>0.05);与对照组相比,藤本和蕨类功能群的相对多度也出现增加趋势,但禾本科草本功能群显著减少(P<0.05);木本、藤本和蕨类功能群的相对盖度也呈现增加趋势,但禾本科草本功能群与对照组相比显著减少(P<0.05);主成分分析(PCA)发现萌芽更新或植苗更新林的林下植物功能群组成和分布与对照组相比均发生了显著的变异,但不同更新方式(萌芽和植苗)下其林下植物功能群组成和分布差异不明显;通过冗余分析(RDA)确定了冠层透光系数、土壤孔隙度、坡向和土壤氮磷比是影响该林地林下植物功能群的主要因子,它们的叠加效应能解释大于75%的林下植物功能群的变异,最终模型通过排序得到冠层透光系数是影响该林地林下植物功能群的最主要因子。短期的研究发现萌芽和植苗这两种不同的更新方式对桉树林下植物功能群的影响有限,这可能与这两种更新方式形成的林冠结构和土壤理化性质差异性较小有关。
We evaluated the relationships between composition,distribution and regeneration modes of understory plant functional groups and environmental factors,through the combination methods of field investigation and analyzed experimental to elucidate the changing rules of understory plant functional group in two different regenerated Eucalyptus plantations and the related influencing factors. Our results indicated that the species richness of understory plant functional groups in forest generated after five years increased but not significantly( P>0.05) compared to control plots( cut-over land) except for forbs. The 5-year forest regeneration caused increasing of relative abundance of vines and ferns,but that of grass was significantly decreased( P<0.05). The relative coverage had a great resemblance to relative abundance,which exhibited increasing in woody plants,vines and ferns in 5-year regeneration forest,but decreasing in grass( P<0.05). Principal component analysis( PCA) showed that the composition and distribution of understory plant functional groups significantly changed in sprouting regeneration forest and planting regeneration forest compared to control plots. Redundancy analysis( RDA) revealed that canopy light transmittance,slope aspect,soil porosity and N/P ratios were key factors in regulating plant functional groups in Eucalyptus plantations,and the accumulative effects explained more than 75.0% of total variations in understory plant functional groups. The sequencing mode analysis suggested that canopy light transmittance was the most significant factor in affecting understory plant functional groups in Eucalyptus plantations. We found in short-term studies that sprouting and planting regeneration had limited effects on the understory plant functional groups in Eucalyptus plantations,and which may be caused by similar canopy structure and soil physicochemical properties.
We evaluated the relationships between composition,distribution and regeneration modes of understory plant functional groups and environmental factors,through the combination methods of field investigation and analyzed experimental to elucidate the changing rules of understory plant functional group in two different regenerated Eucalyptus plantations and the related influencing factors. Our results indicated that the species richness of understory plant functional groups in forest generated after five years increased but not significantly( P>0.05) compared to control plots( cut-over land) except for forbs. The 5-year forest regeneration caused increasing of relative abundance of vines and ferns,but that of grass was significantly decreased( P<0.05). The relative coverage had a great resemblance to relative abundance,which exhibited increasing in woody plants,vines and ferns in 5-year regeneration forest,but decreasing in grass( P<0.05). Principal component analysis( PCA) showed that the composition and distribution of understory plant functional groups significantly changed in sprouting regeneration forest and planting regeneration forest compared to control plots. Redundancy analysis( RDA) revealed that canopy light transmittance,slope aspect,soil porosity and N/P ratios were key factors in regulating plant functional groups in Eucalyptus plantations,and the accumulative effects explained more than 75.0% of total variations in understory plant functional groups. The sequencing mode analysis suggested that canopy light transmittance was the most significant factor in affecting understory plant functional groups in Eucalyptus plantations. We found in short-term studies that sprouting and planting regeneration had limited effects on the understory plant functional groups in Eucalyptus plantations,and which may be caused by similar canopy structure and soil physicochemical properties.
引文
BAI YF,ZHANG LX,ZHANG Y,et al.,2002.Changes in plantfunction composition along gradients of precipitation and temperature in the XiLin river basin,Inner Mongolia[J].Chin J Plant Ecol,26(3):308-316.[白永飞,张丽霞,张焱,等,2002.内蒙古锡林河流域草原群落植物功能群组成沿水热梯度变化的样带研究[J].植物生态学报,26(3):308-316.]
GILLIAM FS,2007.The ecological significance of the herbaceous layer in temperate forest ecosystems[J].AIBSBull,57(10):845-858.
GRYTNES JA,BEAMAN JH,2006.Elevational species richness patterns for vascular plants on Mount Kinabalu,Borneo[J].J Biogeogr,33(10):1838-1849.
HOOPER DU,1998.The role of complementarity and competition in ecosystem responses to variation in plant diversity[J].Ecology,79:704-719.
HOOPER DU,VITOUSEK PM,1997.The effects of plant composition and diversity on ecosystem processes[J].Science,277:1302-1305.
HU N,FAN YL,DING SY,et al.,2008.Progress in research on plant functional groups of terrestrial ecosystems[J].Acta Ecol Sin,28(7):3302-3311.[胡楠,范玉龙,丁圣彦,等,2008.陆地生态系统植物功能群研究进展[J].生态学报,28(7):3302-3311.]
KARIUKI M,KOOYMAN RM,SMITH RGB,et al.,2006.Regeneration changes in tree species abundance,diversity and structure in logged and unlogged subtropical rainforest over a36-year period[J].For Ecol Manag,236(2-3):162-176.
LIANG HW,YANG JJ,WEN YG,et al.,2011.Change in plant species diversity of Eucalyptus communities after afforestation and reforestation[J].J NE For Univ,39(5):40-43.[梁宏温,杨健基,温远光,等,2011.桉树造林再造林群落植物多样性的变化[J].东北林业大学学报,39(5):40-43.]
LU RK,2000.Soil argrochemistry analysis protocoes[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Science Press:25-114.[鲁如坤,2000.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社:25-114.]
MA JJ,YAO H,FENG ZY,et al.,2012.Changes in plant functional groups and species diversity under three grassland using modes in typical grassland area of Inner Mongolia,China[J].Chin J Plant Ecol,36(1):1-9.[马建军,姚虹,冯朝阳,等,2012.内蒙古典型草原区3种不同草地利用模式下植物功能群及其多样性的变化[J].植物生态学报,36(1):1-9.]
MILLER DA,CHAMBERLAIN MJ,2008.Plant community response to burning and herbicide site preparation in eastern Louisiana,USA[J].For Ecol Manag,255(3):774-780.
MULLER RN,2003.Nutrient relations of the herbaceous layer in deciduous forest ecosystems[M]//GILLIAM FS,RO-BERTS MR.The Herbaceous Layer in Forests of Eastern North America.New York:Oxford University Press:15-37.
NAGAIKE T,2002.Differences in plant species diversity between conifer(Larix kaempferi)plantations and broad-leaved(Quercus crispula)secondary forests in central Japan[J].For Ecol Manag,168(1):111-123.
PAUSAS JG,AUSTIN MP,2001.Patterns of plant species richness in relation to different environments:An appraisal[J].J Veg Sci,12(2):153-166.
QIU Y,ZHANG JT,2000.The ordination axes clustering based on detrended canonical correspondence analysis ordination and its application to the analysis of the ecological gradients of plant communities[J].Acta Ecol Sin,20(2):199-206.[邱扬,张金屯,2000.DCCA排序轴分类及其在关帝山八水沟植物群落生态梯度分析中的应用[J].生态学报,20(2):199-206.]
ROBERTS DW,COOPER SV,1989.Concepts and techniques of vegetation mapping[M]//FERGUSON D,MORGAN P,JOHNSON FD.Land classifications based on vegetation:Applications for resource management,general technical report INF-257.Department of Agriculture,Forest Service,Intermountain Research Station,Odgen,USA:90-96.
SATTLER T,BORCARD D,ARLETTAZ R,et al.,2010.Spider,bee,and bird communities in cities are shaped by environmental control and high stochasticity[J].Ecology,91(11):3343-3353.
SHEN ZH,JIN YX,ZHAO ZE,et al.,2000.The structure and dynamics of the rareplant communities in subtropical mountain of China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,20(5):800-807.[沈泽昊,金义兴,赵子恩,等,2000.亚热带山地森林珍稀植物群落的结构与动态[J].生态学报,20(5):800-807.]
SIEFERT A,RAVENSCROFT C,ALTHOFF D,et al.,2012.Scale dependence of vegetation-environment relationships:A meta-analysis of multivariate data[J].J Veg Sci,23(5):942-951.
WEN YG,2008.Eucalyptus ecology,social problems and scientific development[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House:1-135.[温远光,2008.桉树生态、社会问题与科学发展[M].北京:中国林业出版社:1-135.]
WEN YG,LIU SR,CHEN F,2005.Effects of continuous cropping on understorey species diversity in Eucalypt plantations[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,16(9):1667-1671.[温远光,刘世荣,陈放,2005.连栽对桉树人工林下物种多样性的影响[J].应用生态学报,16(9):1667-1671.]
WEN YG,YE D,CHEN F,et al.,2010.The changes of understory plant diversity in continuous cropping system of Eucalyptus plantations,South China[J].J For Res-JPN,15(4):252-258.
WHIGHARM DF,2004.Ecology of woodland herbs in temperate deciduous forests[J].Ann Rev Ecol Evol S,35:583-621.
YAMADA T,ZUIDEMA PA,ITOH A,et al.,2007.Strong habitat preference of a tropical rain forest tree does not imply large differences in population dynamics across habitats[J].J Ecol,95(2):332-342.
YANG Y,LIU AJ,LI LH,et al.,2016.Effects of different disturbance types on plant species composition and functional group characteristics of typical steppe in Inner Mongolia,China[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,27(3):794-802.[杨勇,刘爱军,李兰花,等,2016.不同干扰方式对内蒙古典型草原植物种组成和功能群特征的影响[J].应用生态学报,27(3):794-802.]
YOU YM,HUANG XM,ZHU HG,et al.,2015.Effects of understory plant species diversity and composition in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations with different thinning intensity[J].Guangxi Sci,22(6):593-599.[尤业明,黄雪蔓,朱宏光,等,2015.间伐强度对杉木林下植物物种多样性和结构组成的影响[J].广西科学,22(6):593-599.]
YOU YM,XU JY,CAI DX,et al.,2016.Environmental factors affecting plant species diversity of understory plant communities in a Castanopsis hystrix plantation chronosequence in Pingxiang,Guangxi,China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,36(1):164-172.[尤业明,徐佳玉,蔡道雄,等,2016.广西凭祥不同年龄红椎林林下植物物种多样性及其环境解释[J].生态学报,36(1):164-172.]
YU M,SUN JX,2013.Effects of forest patch type and site on herb-layer vegetation in a temperate forest ecosystem[J].For Ecol Manag,300:14-20.
YU XB,ZHONG LS,YANG WD,et al.,1999.Structure of understorey vegetation in Eucalyptus plantations[J].Chin JTrop Crops,20(1):66-72.[余雪标,钟罗生,杨为东,等,1999.桉树人工林林下植被结构的研究[J].热带作物学报,20(1):66-72.]
GILLIAM FS,2007.The ecological significance of the herbaceous layer in temperate forest ecosystems[J].AIBSBull,57(10):845-858.
GRYTNES JA,BEAMAN JH,2006.Elevational species richness patterns for vascular plants on Mount Kinabalu,Borneo[J].J Biogeogr,33(10):1838-1849.
HOOPER DU,1998.The role of complementarity and competition in ecosystem responses to variation in plant diversity[J].Ecology,79:704-719.
HOOPER DU,VITOUSEK PM,1997.The effects of plant composition and diversity on ecosystem processes[J].Science,277:1302-1305.
HU N,FAN YL,DING SY,et al.,2008.Progress in research on plant functional groups of terrestrial ecosystems[J].Acta Ecol Sin,28(7):3302-3311.[胡楠,范玉龙,丁圣彦,等,2008.陆地生态系统植物功能群研究进展[J].生态学报,28(7):3302-3311.]
KARIUKI M,KOOYMAN RM,SMITH RGB,et al.,2006.Regeneration changes in tree species abundance,diversity and structure in logged and unlogged subtropical rainforest over a36-year period[J].For Ecol Manag,236(2-3):162-176.
LIANG HW,YANG JJ,WEN YG,et al.,2011.Change in plant species diversity of Eucalyptus communities after afforestation and reforestation[J].J NE For Univ,39(5):40-43.[梁宏温,杨健基,温远光,等,2011.桉树造林再造林群落植物多样性的变化[J].东北林业大学学报,39(5):40-43.]
LU RK,2000.Soil argrochemistry analysis protocoes[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Science Press:25-114.[鲁如坤,2000.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社:25-114.]
MA JJ,YAO H,FENG ZY,et al.,2012.Changes in plant functional groups and species diversity under three grassland using modes in typical grassland area of Inner Mongolia,China[J].Chin J Plant Ecol,36(1):1-9.[马建军,姚虹,冯朝阳,等,2012.内蒙古典型草原区3种不同草地利用模式下植物功能群及其多样性的变化[J].植物生态学报,36(1):1-9.]
MILLER DA,CHAMBERLAIN MJ,2008.Plant community response to burning and herbicide site preparation in eastern Louisiana,USA[J].For Ecol Manag,255(3):774-780.
MULLER RN,2003.Nutrient relations of the herbaceous layer in deciduous forest ecosystems[M]//GILLIAM FS,RO-BERTS MR.The Herbaceous Layer in Forests of Eastern North America.New York:Oxford University Press:15-37.
NAGAIKE T,2002.Differences in plant species diversity between conifer(Larix kaempferi)plantations and broad-leaved(Quercus crispula)secondary forests in central Japan[J].For Ecol Manag,168(1):111-123.
PAUSAS JG,AUSTIN MP,2001.Patterns of plant species richness in relation to different environments:An appraisal[J].J Veg Sci,12(2):153-166.
QIU Y,ZHANG JT,2000.The ordination axes clustering based on detrended canonical correspondence analysis ordination and its application to the analysis of the ecological gradients of plant communities[J].Acta Ecol Sin,20(2):199-206.[邱扬,张金屯,2000.DCCA排序轴分类及其在关帝山八水沟植物群落生态梯度分析中的应用[J].生态学报,20(2):199-206.]
ROBERTS DW,COOPER SV,1989.Concepts and techniques of vegetation mapping[M]//FERGUSON D,MORGAN P,JOHNSON FD.Land classifications based on vegetation:Applications for resource management,general technical report INF-257.Department of Agriculture,Forest Service,Intermountain Research Station,Odgen,USA:90-96.
SATTLER T,BORCARD D,ARLETTAZ R,et al.,2010.Spider,bee,and bird communities in cities are shaped by environmental control and high stochasticity[J].Ecology,91(11):3343-3353.
SHEN ZH,JIN YX,ZHAO ZE,et al.,2000.The structure and dynamics of the rareplant communities in subtropical mountain of China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,20(5):800-807.[沈泽昊,金义兴,赵子恩,等,2000.亚热带山地森林珍稀植物群落的结构与动态[J].生态学报,20(5):800-807.]
SIEFERT A,RAVENSCROFT C,ALTHOFF D,et al.,2012.Scale dependence of vegetation-environment relationships:A meta-analysis of multivariate data[J].J Veg Sci,23(5):942-951.
WEN YG,2008.Eucalyptus ecology,social problems and scientific development[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House:1-135.[温远光,2008.桉树生态、社会问题与科学发展[M].北京:中国林业出版社:1-135.]
WEN YG,LIU SR,CHEN F,2005.Effects of continuous cropping on understorey species diversity in Eucalypt plantations[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,16(9):1667-1671.[温远光,刘世荣,陈放,2005.连栽对桉树人工林下物种多样性的影响[J].应用生态学报,16(9):1667-1671.]
WEN YG,YE D,CHEN F,et al.,2010.The changes of understory plant diversity in continuous cropping system of Eucalyptus plantations,South China[J].J For Res-JPN,15(4):252-258.
WHIGHARM DF,2004.Ecology of woodland herbs in temperate deciduous forests[J].Ann Rev Ecol Evol S,35:583-621.
YAMADA T,ZUIDEMA PA,ITOH A,et al.,2007.Strong habitat preference of a tropical rain forest tree does not imply large differences in population dynamics across habitats[J].J Ecol,95(2):332-342.
YANG Y,LIU AJ,LI LH,et al.,2016.Effects of different disturbance types on plant species composition and functional group characteristics of typical steppe in Inner Mongolia,China[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,27(3):794-802.[杨勇,刘爱军,李兰花,等,2016.不同干扰方式对内蒙古典型草原植物种组成和功能群特征的影响[J].应用生态学报,27(3):794-802.]
YOU YM,HUANG XM,ZHU HG,et al.,2015.Effects of understory plant species diversity and composition in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations with different thinning intensity[J].Guangxi Sci,22(6):593-599.[尤业明,黄雪蔓,朱宏光,等,2015.间伐强度对杉木林下植物物种多样性和结构组成的影响[J].广西科学,22(6):593-599.]
YOU YM,XU JY,CAI DX,et al.,2016.Environmental factors affecting plant species diversity of understory plant communities in a Castanopsis hystrix plantation chronosequence in Pingxiang,Guangxi,China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,36(1):164-172.[尤业明,徐佳玉,蔡道雄,等,2016.广西凭祥不同年龄红椎林林下植物物种多样性及其环境解释[J].生态学报,36(1):164-172.]
YU M,SUN JX,2013.Effects of forest patch type and site on herb-layer vegetation in a temperate forest ecosystem[J].For Ecol Manag,300:14-20.
YU XB,ZHONG LS,YANG WD,et al.,1999.Structure of understorey vegetation in Eucalyptus plantations[J].Chin JTrop Crops,20(1):66-72.[余雪标,钟罗生,杨为东,等,1999.桉树人工林林下植被结构的研究[J].热带作物学报,20(1):66-72.]