小型水坝拆除后河貌演变模拟分析——以西河水坝为例
|
摘要
小型水坝随着服役时间的增长,其面临的安全、经济和生态方面问题日益突出,针对一些修复价值较低的病险水坝,实施降等或报废拆除已成为一种综合最佳的管理措施。拆坝后,原库区大量淤沙无控释放将改变原有河道形态,对水生生物栖息地造成影响。为预测拆坝后河道在不同时间尺度上的变化特征,以长江流域乌江水系内的西河水坝为研究对象,建立二维水沙数学模型,分别研究了拆坝后水沙输运造成的短期和长期河床形态变化。结果表明:拆坝后短期内,坝址上游主河道发生了强烈的冲刷下切,且水库淤沙前缘部分出现了显著的淤积抬高,相比而言,坝址下游河床变化并不明显,只有坝下河段及河口附近出现较显著的泥沙淤积;在拆坝后长期的河床演变过程中,坝址上下游河道均发生了不同程度的冲刷下切,拆坝2年后下游河床逐渐趋于稳定,而上游主河道由冲刷下切转化为冲淤交替的演变趋势,河床形态不断调整变化。本研究可为病险坝和小水电报废拆坝后的河道治理、水生生物栖息地修复提供参考依据。
As the serving time of low-head dams prolonged,security,economy and ecology issues of these dams have become increasingly prominent. For small dams with little repair values,forced retirement or demotion would be the best management measure. After removal of the dam,large amounts of sediment in the reservoir will be released,which leads to the change of river morphology hence affecting aquatic habitats. To predict the evolution characteristics of river channel in different time scales,Xihe dam in Wujiang drainage system was chosen as an example. By establishing two-dimensional sedimentation model,riverbed evolution in different time scales after dam removal was simulated and studied. The results showed that:in the short term after dam removal,the upstream of the dam experienced a strong scour,and sedimentation appeared in the front part of the reservoir delta;in contrast,the riverbed changes in the downstream of the dam was not obvious,only a small amount of sediment deposition occurred near the estuary and downstream of the dam;as for the long-term evolution after dam removal,both the upper and lower reach experienced different degrees of scour. After 2 years of dam removal,the morphology of downstream riverbed tended to be stable,while the evolution of the upstream transformed from scour to alternating deposition and erosion,and the riverbed morphology was under constantly adjusting. Results of our study can provide important basis for further river channel managements,aquatic habitat restorations after removal of sick dams and small hydropowers.
As the serving time of low-head dams prolonged,security,economy and ecology issues of these dams have become increasingly prominent. For small dams with little repair values,forced retirement or demotion would be the best management measure. After removal of the dam,large amounts of sediment in the reservoir will be released,which leads to the change of river morphology hence affecting aquatic habitats. To predict the evolution characteristics of river channel in different time scales,Xihe dam in Wujiang drainage system was chosen as an example. By establishing two-dimensional sedimentation model,riverbed evolution in different time scales after dam removal was simulated and studied. The results showed that:in the short term after dam removal,the upstream of the dam experienced a strong scour,and sedimentation appeared in the front part of the reservoir delta;in contrast,the riverbed changes in the downstream of the dam was not obvious,only a small amount of sediment deposition occurred near the estuary and downstream of the dam;as for the long-term evolution after dam removal,both the upper and lower reach experienced different degrees of scour. After 2 years of dam removal,the morphology of downstream riverbed tended to be stable,while the evolution of the upstream transformed from scour to alternating deposition and erosion,and the riverbed morphology was under constantly adjusting. Results of our study can provide important basis for further river channel managements,aquatic habitat restorations after removal of sick dams and small hydropowers.
引文
[1] 中华人民共和国水利部.第一次全国水利普查公报[R].北京:中华人民共和国水利部,2013.(Ministry of Water Resources of People’s Republic of China.Bulletin of first national census for water[R].Beijing:Ministry of Water Resources of People′s Republic of China,2013.(in Chinese))
[2] 程卫帅,刘丹.水库报废的影响分析:宏观过程与效应[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(11):1765- 1770.(CHENG W S,LIU D.Impact analysis of reservoir retirement:macro- processes and final effects[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2008,30(11):1765- 1770.(in Chinese))
[3] 潘家铮.建坝还是拆坝[J].中国水利,2004(23):26.(PAN J Z.Dam construction or removal[J].China Water Resources,2004(23):26.(in Chinese))
[4] 向衍,盛金保,杨孟,等.水库大坝退役拆除及对生态环境影响研究[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(11):1758- 1764.(XIANG Y,SHENG J B,YANG M,et al.Impacts on ecological environment due to dam removal or decommissioning[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2008,30(11):1758- 1764.(in Chinese))
[5] MAGILLIGAN F J,NISLOW K H,KYNARD B E,et al.Immediate changes in stream channel geomorphology,aquatic habitat,and fish assemblages following dam removal in a small upland catchment[J].Geomorphology,2016,252:158- 170.
[6] CHENG F,GRANATA T.Sediment transport and channel adjustments associated with dam removal:field observations[J].Water Resources Research,2007,43(3):1832- 1840.
[7] DOYLE M W,STANLEY E H,SELLE A R,et al.Predicting the depth of erosion in reservoirs following dam removal using bank stability analysis[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2003,18(2):115- 121.
[8] 林育青,马君秀,陈求稳.拆坝对河流生态系统的影响及评估方法综述[J].水利水电科技进展,2017,37(5):9- 15.(LIN Y Q,MA J X,CHEN Q W.Research on effects of dam removal on river ecosystem and review of its assessment methods[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2017,37(5):9- 15.(in Chinese))
[9] FERRER- BOIX C,MARTIN- VIDE J P,PARKER G.Channel evolution after dam removal in a poorly sorted sediment mixture:experiments and numerical model[J].Water Resources Research,2014,50(11):8997- 9019.
[10] CUI Y,WOOSTER J K,BRAUDRICK C A,et al.Lessons learned from sediment transport model predictions and long- term postremoval monitoring:Marmot Dam removal project on the Sandy River in Oregon[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,140(9):4014044.
[11] RUMSCHLAG J H,PECK J A.Short- term sediment and morphologic response of the middle Cuyahoga River to the removal of the Munroe Falls Dam,Summit County,Ohio[J].Journal of Great Lakes Research,2007,33:142- 153.
[12] DOYLE M W,STANLEY E H,HARBOR J M.Channel adjustments following two dam removals in Wisconsin[J].Water Resources Research,2003,39(1):1011- 1026.
[13] 华祖林,王海燕,汪靓,等.非连续河道地形插值方法的比选[J].水利水电科技进展,2016,36(3):16- 19.(HUA Z L,WANG H Y,WANG L,et al.Comparison of different methods for interpolation of topography of discrete rivers[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2016,36(3):16- 19.(in Chinese))
[14] 方崇惠,方堃.瞬时溃坝最大流量计算新通式推导及验证[J].水科学进展,2012,23(5):721- 727.(FANG C H,FANG K.Derivation and verification of a new generalized formula set for calculating maximum instantaneous dam breach discharge[J].Advances in Water Science,2012,23(5):721- 727.(in Chinese))
[15] 李婷.基于GIS技术的溃坝洪水演进分析[D].西安:西安理工大学,2017.(LI T.Analysis of dam break flood evolution based on GIS technology[D].Xi′an:Xi′an University of Technology,2017.(in Chinese))
[16] 马君秀.小型水坝拆除后沉积物侵蚀沉积规律及局部河貌变化[D].重庆:重庆交通大学,2017.(MA J X.Erosion,deposition of sediment and morphologic response to the removal of small dams[D].Chongqing:Chongqing Jiaotong University,2017.(in Chinese))
[17] KIM S,TODA Y,TSUJIMOTO T.Geomorphological and riparian vegetation responses following a low- head dam removal:a study based on literature review[J].International Journal of River Basin Management,2015,13(3):315- 324.
[18] 李文杰,杨胜发,付旭辉,等.三峡水库运行初期的泥沙淤积特点[J].水科学进展,2015,26(5):676- 685.(LI W J,YANG S F,FU X H,et al.Sedimentation characteristics in the Three Gorges Reservoir during the initial operation stage[J].Advances in Water Science,2015,26(5):676- 685.(in Chinese))
[19] 刘怀湘,王兆印,陆永军,等.下切性河流的床沙响应与纵剖面调整机制[J].水科学进展,2013,24(6):836- 841.(LIU H X,WANG Z Y,LU Y J,et al.Riverbed sediment response and longitudinal profile adjustment in incised river channels[J].Advances in Water Science,2013,24(6):836- 841.(in Chinese))
[20] 李志威,颜旭,潘保柱,等.山区河流河床结构表征新方法[J].水科学进展,2018,29(6):799- 809.(LI Z W,YAN X,PAN B Z,et al.A new method of calculating riverbed structure in mountain streams[J].Advances in Water Science,2018,29(6):799- 809.(in Chinese))
[21] 陈璐,郭生练,张洪刚,等.长江上游干支流洪水遭遇分析[J].水科学进展,2011,22(3):323- 330.(CHEN L,GUO S L,ZHANG H G,et al.Flood coincidence probability analysis for the upstream Yangtze River and its tributaries[J].Advances in Water Science,2011,22(3):323- 330.(in Chinese))
[22] 孙东坡,刘明潇,张晓雷,等.冲积性河流河床冲淤调整对洪水泥沙过程的响应:以黄河游荡型河段为例[J].水科学进展,2014,25(5):668- 676.(SUN D P,LIU M X,ZHANG X L,et al.Alluvial river adjusting response to the flood- sediment process:for the wandering reach of Yellow River as an example[J].Advances in Water Science,2014,25(5):668- 676.(in Chinese))
[23] CANNATELLI K M,CURRAN J C.Importance of hydrology on channel evolution following dam removal:case study and conceptual model[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2012,138(5):377- 390.
[2] 程卫帅,刘丹.水库报废的影响分析:宏观过程与效应[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(11):1765- 1770.(CHENG W S,LIU D.Impact analysis of reservoir retirement:macro- processes and final effects[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2008,30(11):1765- 1770.(in Chinese))
[3] 潘家铮.建坝还是拆坝[J].中国水利,2004(23):26.(PAN J Z.Dam construction or removal[J].China Water Resources,2004(23):26.(in Chinese))
[4] 向衍,盛金保,杨孟,等.水库大坝退役拆除及对生态环境影响研究[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(11):1758- 1764.(XIANG Y,SHENG J B,YANG M,et al.Impacts on ecological environment due to dam removal or decommissioning[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2008,30(11):1758- 1764.(in Chinese))
[5] MAGILLIGAN F J,NISLOW K H,KYNARD B E,et al.Immediate changes in stream channel geomorphology,aquatic habitat,and fish assemblages following dam removal in a small upland catchment[J].Geomorphology,2016,252:158- 170.
[6] CHENG F,GRANATA T.Sediment transport and channel adjustments associated with dam removal:field observations[J].Water Resources Research,2007,43(3):1832- 1840.
[7] DOYLE M W,STANLEY E H,SELLE A R,et al.Predicting the depth of erosion in reservoirs following dam removal using bank stability analysis[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2003,18(2):115- 121.
[8] 林育青,马君秀,陈求稳.拆坝对河流生态系统的影响及评估方法综述[J].水利水电科技进展,2017,37(5):9- 15.(LIN Y Q,MA J X,CHEN Q W.Research on effects of dam removal on river ecosystem and review of its assessment methods[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2017,37(5):9- 15.(in Chinese))
[9] FERRER- BOIX C,MARTIN- VIDE J P,PARKER G.Channel evolution after dam removal in a poorly sorted sediment mixture:experiments and numerical model[J].Water Resources Research,2014,50(11):8997- 9019.
[10] CUI Y,WOOSTER J K,BRAUDRICK C A,et al.Lessons learned from sediment transport model predictions and long- term postremoval monitoring:Marmot Dam removal project on the Sandy River in Oregon[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,140(9):4014044.
[11] RUMSCHLAG J H,PECK J A.Short- term sediment and morphologic response of the middle Cuyahoga River to the removal of the Munroe Falls Dam,Summit County,Ohio[J].Journal of Great Lakes Research,2007,33:142- 153.
[12] DOYLE M W,STANLEY E H,HARBOR J M.Channel adjustments following two dam removals in Wisconsin[J].Water Resources Research,2003,39(1):1011- 1026.
[13] 华祖林,王海燕,汪靓,等.非连续河道地形插值方法的比选[J].水利水电科技进展,2016,36(3):16- 19.(HUA Z L,WANG H Y,WANG L,et al.Comparison of different methods for interpolation of topography of discrete rivers[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2016,36(3):16- 19.(in Chinese))
[14] 方崇惠,方堃.瞬时溃坝最大流量计算新通式推导及验证[J].水科学进展,2012,23(5):721- 727.(FANG C H,FANG K.Derivation and verification of a new generalized formula set for calculating maximum instantaneous dam breach discharge[J].Advances in Water Science,2012,23(5):721- 727.(in Chinese))
[15] 李婷.基于GIS技术的溃坝洪水演进分析[D].西安:西安理工大学,2017.(LI T.Analysis of dam break flood evolution based on GIS technology[D].Xi′an:Xi′an University of Technology,2017.(in Chinese))
[16] 马君秀.小型水坝拆除后沉积物侵蚀沉积规律及局部河貌变化[D].重庆:重庆交通大学,2017.(MA J X.Erosion,deposition of sediment and morphologic response to the removal of small dams[D].Chongqing:Chongqing Jiaotong University,2017.(in Chinese))
[17] KIM S,TODA Y,TSUJIMOTO T.Geomorphological and riparian vegetation responses following a low- head dam removal:a study based on literature review[J].International Journal of River Basin Management,2015,13(3):315- 324.
[18] 李文杰,杨胜发,付旭辉,等.三峡水库运行初期的泥沙淤积特点[J].水科学进展,2015,26(5):676- 685.(LI W J,YANG S F,FU X H,et al.Sedimentation characteristics in the Three Gorges Reservoir during the initial operation stage[J].Advances in Water Science,2015,26(5):676- 685.(in Chinese))
[19] 刘怀湘,王兆印,陆永军,等.下切性河流的床沙响应与纵剖面调整机制[J].水科学进展,2013,24(6):836- 841.(LIU H X,WANG Z Y,LU Y J,et al.Riverbed sediment response and longitudinal profile adjustment in incised river channels[J].Advances in Water Science,2013,24(6):836- 841.(in Chinese))
[20] 李志威,颜旭,潘保柱,等.山区河流河床结构表征新方法[J].水科学进展,2018,29(6):799- 809.(LI Z W,YAN X,PAN B Z,et al.A new method of calculating riverbed structure in mountain streams[J].Advances in Water Science,2018,29(6):799- 809.(in Chinese))
[21] 陈璐,郭生练,张洪刚,等.长江上游干支流洪水遭遇分析[J].水科学进展,2011,22(3):323- 330.(CHEN L,GUO S L,ZHANG H G,et al.Flood coincidence probability analysis for the upstream Yangtze River and its tributaries[J].Advances in Water Science,2011,22(3):323- 330.(in Chinese))
[22] 孙东坡,刘明潇,张晓雷,等.冲积性河流河床冲淤调整对洪水泥沙过程的响应:以黄河游荡型河段为例[J].水科学进展,2014,25(5):668- 676.(SUN D P,LIU M X,ZHANG X L,et al.Alluvial river adjusting response to the flood- sediment process:for the wandering reach of Yellow River as an example[J].Advances in Water Science,2014,25(5):668- 676.(in Chinese))
[23] CANNATELLI K M,CURRAN J C.Importance of hydrology on channel evolution following dam removal:case study and conceptual model[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2012,138(5):377- 390.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |