林分密度对半分解层凋落物现存量空间异质性的影响
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摘要
以吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场4块1 hm2天然云冷杉针阔混交林为研究对象,探究用传统方法及ArcGIS核密度分析方法得到的两种林分密度(以下分别简称传统林分密度与点林分密度)与半分解层凋落物现存量的空间异质性,以及林分因子对半分解层凋落物现存量空间异质性的影响.采用地统计学方法,获得点林分密度与凋落物现存量的空间格局图,同时对林分因子与凋落物现存量的相关性进行分析.结果显示:仅在样地IV,凋落物现存量与传统林分密度及点林分密度呈极显著正相关(P <0.01),与胸径呈显著正相关(P <0.05),而其他3块样地的凋落物现存量与林分因子的相关性均不显著;样地I与样地IV的两种林分密度值差异显著;样地II凋落物现存量的空间异质性更多地受到随机因素(即人为因素)的影响而表现为大面积块状分布,其余样地的空间格局均为离散型分布.本研究表明在进行空间异质性研究时,采用点林分密度要优于传统林分密度;点林分密度对凋落物现存量的影响并不一致,当点林分密度在1 700-1 900株/hm2时,二者呈显著正相关;凋落物现存量的空间异质性受到点林分密度空间异质性的影响,同时也受到其他结构因素与随机因素的影响.(图2表4参28)
Four 1-hm2 plots of natural mixed spruce-fir coniferous and broadleaf forests located in the Jin'gouling Forest Farm of Jilin Province were investigated to explore the spatial heterogeneity of stand density calculated using the traditional method(traditional stand density) and ArcGIS kernel density analysis method(point stand density) and of the standing crop in the semi-decomposition litter layer. The influence of stand factors on the spatial heterogeneity of the standing crop in the semidecomposition litter layer was also studied. The geostatistical method was used to obtain the spatial pattern of point stand density and the standing crop in the semi-decomposition litter layer, and the correlation between above-ground factors and standing crop was analyzed using statistics. The standing crop showed a very significant positive correlation with traditional stand density and point stand density(P < 0.01), and a significant positive correlation with diameter at breast height in plot IV(P < 0.05), but no significant correlations with above-ground factors in the other plots. There existed significant differences between the two stand density values of plot I and plot IV; the spatial heterogeneity of the standing crop in plot II was more affected by random factors(anthropogenic factors) and showed a massive clustered distribution. The spatial pattern of the standing crop in the other three plots presented a discrete distribution. The point stand density was more appropriate than the traditional stand density for studying spatial heterogeneity. The effect of stand density on the standing crop in the semi-decomposition litter layer varied. When the point stand density was 1 700-1 900 stem/hm2, there was a significant positive correlation between point stand density and standing crop. The spatial heterogeneity of the standing crop in the semi-decomposition litter layer was affected by that of point stand density and also by other structural factors and random factors.
Four 1-hm2 plots of natural mixed spruce-fir coniferous and broadleaf forests located in the Jin'gouling Forest Farm of Jilin Province were investigated to explore the spatial heterogeneity of stand density calculated using the traditional method(traditional stand density) and ArcGIS kernel density analysis method(point stand density) and of the standing crop in the semi-decomposition litter layer. The influence of stand factors on the spatial heterogeneity of the standing crop in the semidecomposition litter layer was also studied. The geostatistical method was used to obtain the spatial pattern of point stand density and the standing crop in the semi-decomposition litter layer, and the correlation between above-ground factors and standing crop was analyzed using statistics. The standing crop showed a very significant positive correlation with traditional stand density and point stand density(P < 0.01), and a significant positive correlation with diameter at breast height in plot IV(P < 0.05), but no significant correlations with above-ground factors in the other plots. There existed significant differences between the two stand density values of plot I and plot IV; the spatial heterogeneity of the standing crop in plot II was more affected by random factors(anthropogenic factors) and showed a massive clustered distribution. The spatial pattern of the standing crop in the other three plots presented a discrete distribution. The point stand density was more appropriate than the traditional stand density for studying spatial heterogeneity. The effect of stand density on the standing crop in the semi-decomposition litter layer varied. When the point stand density was 1 700-1 900 stem/hm2, there was a significant positive correlation between point stand density and standing crop. The spatial heterogeneity of the standing crop in the semi-decomposition litter layer was affected by that of point stand density and also by other structural factors and random factors.
引文
1李志安,邹碧,丁永祯,曹裕松.森林凋落物分解重要影响因子及其研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(6):77-83[Li ZA,Zhou B,Ding YZ,Cao YS.Key factors of forest litter decomposition and research progress[J].Chin J Ecol,2004,23(6):77-83]
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4邵方丽,余新晓,杨志坚,王贺年.天然杨桦次生林表层土壤水分与枯落物的空间异质性[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(3):199-204[Shao FL,Yu XX,Yang ZJ,Wang HN.Spatial heterogeneity of topsoil moisture and litter in natural Populus davidiana-Betula platyphylla secondary forests[J].J Soil Water Conserv,2012,26(3):199-204]
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6 Yu FH,Martin Schütz,Page-Dumroese DS,Krüsi BO,Schneller J,Wildi O,Risch AC.Carex sempervirens tussocks induce spatial heterogeneity in litter decomposition,but not in soil properties,in a subalpine grassland in the Central Alps[J].Flora,2011,206(4):379
7 X ia SW,Che n J,Scha efe r D,Det to M.Scale-de pe nde nt soil macronutrient heterogeneity reveals effects of litterfall in a tropical rainforest[J].Plant Soil,2015,391(1-2):51-61
8 Xia SW,Chen J,Schaefer D,Goodale UM.Effect of topography and litterfall input on fine-scale patch consistency of soil chemical properties in a tropical rainforest[J].Plant Soil,2016,404(1-2):385-398
9 María U,Turner BL,Thompson J,Zimmerman JK.Linking spatial patterns of leaf litterfall and soil nutrients in a tropical forest:a neighborhood approach[J].Ecol Appl,2016,25(7):2022-2034
10方怀龙.现有林分密度指标的评价[J].东北林业大学学报,1995,23(4):100-105[Fang HL.Review and evaluation of stand density measures[J].J NE For Univ,1995,23(4):100-105]
11 Kansanen K,Vauhkonen J,L鋒ivaara T,Meht鋞alo L.Stand density estimators based on individual tree detection and stochastic geometry[J].Can J For Res,2016,99:1-20
12姚丹丹,雷相东,余黎,卢军,符利勇,俞锐刚.云冷杉针阔混交林叶面积指数的空间异质性[J].生态学报,2015,35(1):71-79[Yao DD,Lei XD,Yu L,Lu J,Fu LY,Yu RG.Spatial heterogeneity of leaf area index of mixed spruce-fir-deciduous stands in Northeast China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2015,35(1):71-79]
13朱教君,康宏樟,胡理乐.应用全天空照片估计林分透光孔隙度(郁闭度)[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(10):1234-1240[Zhu JJ,Kang HZ,Hu LL.Estimation on optical porosity or canopy closure for a forest stand with hemispherical images[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2005,24(10):1234-1240]
14祁有祥,骆汉,赵廷宁.基于鱼眼镜头的林冠郁闭度简易测量方法[J].北京林业大学学报,2009,31(6):60-66[Qi YX,Luo H,Zhao TL.Simplified approach to measure canopy closure based on fish lenses[J].J Beijing For Univ,2009,31(6):60-66]
15黄中秋,傅伟军,周国模,姜培坤,钱新标.浙江省森林土壤有机碳密度空间变异特征及其影响因素[J].土壤学报,2014,51(4):906-913[Huang ZQ,Fu WJ,Zhou GM,Jiang PK,Qian XB.Characteristics of spatial variation of organic carbon density in forest soil and their affecting factors in Zhejiang Province[J].Acta Pedol Sin,2014,51(4):906-913]
16 Li WL,Xu BB,Song QJ,Liu X M,Xu J M,Brookes PC.T he identification of‘hotspots’of heavy metal pollution in soil-rice systems at a regional scale in eastern China[J].Sci Total Environ,2014,472:407-420
17王政权,王庆成.森林土壤物理性质的空间异质性研究[J].生态学报,2000,20(6):945-950[Wang ZQ,Wang QS.The spatial heterogeneity of soil physical properties in forests[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2000,20(6):945-950]
18张阳锋,尹光天,杨锦昌,黎少玮,李荣生,邹文涛.造林密度对米老排凋落物量及动态的影响[J].植物研究,2017,37(5):768-777[Zhang YF,Yin GT,Yang JC,Li SW,Li RS,Zhou WT.Effects of planting densities on production and dynamics of litter of Mytilaria laosensis Plantation[J].Bull Bot Res,2017,37(5):768-777]
19 Bueis T,Bravo F,Pando V,Turrión MB.Local basal area affects needle litterfall,nutrient concentration,and nutrient release during decomposition in Pinus halepensis Mill.plantations in Spain[J].Ann For Sci,2018,75(1):21-31
20赵汝东,樊剑波,何园球,宋春丽,屠人凤,谭炳昌.林分密度对马尾松林下土壤养分及酶活性的影响[J].土壤,2012,44(2):297-301[Zhao RD,Fan JB,He YQ,Song CL,Tu RF,Tan BC.Effects of stand density on soil nutrients and enzyme activities in Pinus massoniana plantation[J].Soils,2012,44(2):297-301]
21那萌,刘婷岩,张彦东,冯晨辛,刘道锟.林分密度对水曲柳人工林碳储量的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2017,39(1):20-26[Na M,Liu TY,Zhang YD,Feng CX,Liu DK.Effects of stock density on carbon storage in Fraxinus mandshurica plantations[J].J Beijing For Univ,2017,39(1):20-26]
22褚欣,潘萍,郭丽玲,宁金魁,欧阳勋志,吴自荣.不同密度飞播马尾松林凋落物及土壤持水性能比较分析[J].浙江农林大学学报,2017,34(5):808-815[Chu X,Pan P,Guo LL,Ning JK,Ouyang XZ,Wu ZR.Comparing water-holding capacity in forest litter and soils for an aerially seeded Pinus massoniana plantation with different stand densities[J].J Zhejiang A&F Univ,2017,34(5):808-815]
23刘宇,郭建斌,王彦辉,刘泽彬,邓秀秀,张桐,熊伟,左海军.宁夏六盘山不同密度华北落叶松人工林枯落物水文效应[J].北京林业大学学报,2016,38(8):36-44[Liu Y,Guo JB,Wang YH,Liu ZB,Deng XX,Zhang T,Xiong W,Zuo HJ.Hydrological effects of forest litter of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations with varying densities in Liupan Mountains of Ningxia,China[J].J Beijing For Univ,2016,38(8):36-44]
24魏强,凌雷,王多锋,柴春山,陶继新,张广忠,戚建莉.甘肃兴隆山主要森林类型凋落物累积量及其影响因子[J].林业科学研究,2015,28(6):818-825[Wei Q,Ling L,Wang DF,Chai CS,Tao JX,Zhang GZ,Qi JL.Litter accumulation and its impact factor of three main forest communities in Xinglong Mountain,Gansu Province[J].For Res,2015,28(6):818-825]
25 Noh NJ,Son Y,Lee SK,Yoon TK,Seo KW,Kim C,Lee WK,Bae SW,Hwang J.Influence of stand density on soil CO2 efflux for a Pinus densiflora forest in Korea[J].J Plant Res,2010,123(4):411-419
26 Mao PL,Han GX,Wang GM,Yu JB,Shao HB.Effects of age and stand density of mother trees on early Pinus thunbergii seedling establishment in the coastal zone,China[J].Sci World J,2014(1):468036
27 Chen YM,Cao Y.Response of tree regeneration and understory plant species diversity to stand density in mature Pinus tabulaeformis plantations in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Ecol Eng,2014,73:238-245
28李哈滨,王政权,王庆成.空间异质性定量研究理论与方法[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(6):651-657[Li HB,Wang ZQ,Wang QC.Theory and methodology of spatial heterogeneity quantification[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,1998,9(6):651-657]
2温丁,何念鹏.中国森林和草地凋落物现存量的空间分布格局及其控制因素[J].生态学报,2016,36(10):2876-2884[Wen D,He NP.Spatial patterns of litter density and their controlling factors in forests and grasslands of China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2016,36(10):2876-2884]
3贾丙瑞,周广胜,刘永志,蒋延龄.中国天然林凋落物量的空间分布及其影响因子分析[J].中国科学:生命科学,2016,46(11):1304-1311[Jia BR,Zhou GS,Liu YZ,Jiang YL.Spatial pattern and environmental controls of annual litterfall production in natural forest ecosystems in China[J].Sci Sin Vitae,2016,46(11):1304-1311]
4邵方丽,余新晓,杨志坚,王贺年.天然杨桦次生林表层土壤水分与枯落物的空间异质性[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(3):199-204[Shao FL,Yu XX,Yang ZJ,Wang HN.Spatial heterogeneity of topsoil moisture and litter in natural Populus davidiana-Betula platyphylla secondary forests[J].J Soil Water Conserv,2012,26(3):199-204]
5原作强,李步杭,白雪娇,蔺菲,师帅,叶吉,王续高,郝占庆.长白山阔叶红松林凋落物组成及其季节动态[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(9):2171-2178[Yuan ZQ,Li BH,Bai XJ,Lin F,Shi S,Ye J,Wang XG,Hao ZQ.Composition and seasonal dynamics of litter falls in a broad-leaved Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)mixed forest in Changbai Mountains,Northeast China[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,2010,21(9):2171-2178]
6 Yu FH,Martin Schütz,Page-Dumroese DS,Krüsi BO,Schneller J,Wildi O,Risch AC.Carex sempervirens tussocks induce spatial heterogeneity in litter decomposition,but not in soil properties,in a subalpine grassland in the Central Alps[J].Flora,2011,206(4):379
7 X ia SW,Che n J,Scha efe r D,Det to M.Scale-de pe nde nt soil macronutrient heterogeneity reveals effects of litterfall in a tropical rainforest[J].Plant Soil,2015,391(1-2):51-61
8 Xia SW,Chen J,Schaefer D,Goodale UM.Effect of topography and litterfall input on fine-scale patch consistency of soil chemical properties in a tropical rainforest[J].Plant Soil,2016,404(1-2):385-398
9 María U,Turner BL,Thompson J,Zimmerman JK.Linking spatial patterns of leaf litterfall and soil nutrients in a tropical forest:a neighborhood approach[J].Ecol Appl,2016,25(7):2022-2034
10方怀龙.现有林分密度指标的评价[J].东北林业大学学报,1995,23(4):100-105[Fang HL.Review and evaluation of stand density measures[J].J NE For Univ,1995,23(4):100-105]
11 Kansanen K,Vauhkonen J,L鋒ivaara T,Meht鋞alo L.Stand density estimators based on individual tree detection and stochastic geometry[J].Can J For Res,2016,99:1-20
12姚丹丹,雷相东,余黎,卢军,符利勇,俞锐刚.云冷杉针阔混交林叶面积指数的空间异质性[J].生态学报,2015,35(1):71-79[Yao DD,Lei XD,Yu L,Lu J,Fu LY,Yu RG.Spatial heterogeneity of leaf area index of mixed spruce-fir-deciduous stands in Northeast China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2015,35(1):71-79]
13朱教君,康宏樟,胡理乐.应用全天空照片估计林分透光孔隙度(郁闭度)[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(10):1234-1240[Zhu JJ,Kang HZ,Hu LL.Estimation on optical porosity or canopy closure for a forest stand with hemispherical images[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2005,24(10):1234-1240]
14祁有祥,骆汉,赵廷宁.基于鱼眼镜头的林冠郁闭度简易测量方法[J].北京林业大学学报,2009,31(6):60-66[Qi YX,Luo H,Zhao TL.Simplified approach to measure canopy closure based on fish lenses[J].J Beijing For Univ,2009,31(6):60-66]
15黄中秋,傅伟军,周国模,姜培坤,钱新标.浙江省森林土壤有机碳密度空间变异特征及其影响因素[J].土壤学报,2014,51(4):906-913[Huang ZQ,Fu WJ,Zhou GM,Jiang PK,Qian XB.Characteristics of spatial variation of organic carbon density in forest soil and their affecting factors in Zhejiang Province[J].Acta Pedol Sin,2014,51(4):906-913]
16 Li WL,Xu BB,Song QJ,Liu X M,Xu J M,Brookes PC.T he identification of‘hotspots’of heavy metal pollution in soil-rice systems at a regional scale in eastern China[J].Sci Total Environ,2014,472:407-420
17王政权,王庆成.森林土壤物理性质的空间异质性研究[J].生态学报,2000,20(6):945-950[Wang ZQ,Wang QS.The spatial heterogeneity of soil physical properties in forests[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2000,20(6):945-950]
18张阳锋,尹光天,杨锦昌,黎少玮,李荣生,邹文涛.造林密度对米老排凋落物量及动态的影响[J].植物研究,2017,37(5):768-777[Zhang YF,Yin GT,Yang JC,Li SW,Li RS,Zhou WT.Effects of planting densities on production and dynamics of litter of Mytilaria laosensis Plantation[J].Bull Bot Res,2017,37(5):768-777]
19 Bueis T,Bravo F,Pando V,Turrión MB.Local basal area affects needle litterfall,nutrient concentration,and nutrient release during decomposition in Pinus halepensis Mill.plantations in Spain[J].Ann For Sci,2018,75(1):21-31
20赵汝东,樊剑波,何园球,宋春丽,屠人凤,谭炳昌.林分密度对马尾松林下土壤养分及酶活性的影响[J].土壤,2012,44(2):297-301[Zhao RD,Fan JB,He YQ,Song CL,Tu RF,Tan BC.Effects of stand density on soil nutrients and enzyme activities in Pinus massoniana plantation[J].Soils,2012,44(2):297-301]
21那萌,刘婷岩,张彦东,冯晨辛,刘道锟.林分密度对水曲柳人工林碳储量的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2017,39(1):20-26[Na M,Liu TY,Zhang YD,Feng CX,Liu DK.Effects of stock density on carbon storage in Fraxinus mandshurica plantations[J].J Beijing For Univ,2017,39(1):20-26]
22褚欣,潘萍,郭丽玲,宁金魁,欧阳勋志,吴自荣.不同密度飞播马尾松林凋落物及土壤持水性能比较分析[J].浙江农林大学学报,2017,34(5):808-815[Chu X,Pan P,Guo LL,Ning JK,Ouyang XZ,Wu ZR.Comparing water-holding capacity in forest litter and soils for an aerially seeded Pinus massoniana plantation with different stand densities[J].J Zhejiang A&F Univ,2017,34(5):808-815]
23刘宇,郭建斌,王彦辉,刘泽彬,邓秀秀,张桐,熊伟,左海军.宁夏六盘山不同密度华北落叶松人工林枯落物水文效应[J].北京林业大学学报,2016,38(8):36-44[Liu Y,Guo JB,Wang YH,Liu ZB,Deng XX,Zhang T,Xiong W,Zuo HJ.Hydrological effects of forest litter of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations with varying densities in Liupan Mountains of Ningxia,China[J].J Beijing For Univ,2016,38(8):36-44]
24魏强,凌雷,王多锋,柴春山,陶继新,张广忠,戚建莉.甘肃兴隆山主要森林类型凋落物累积量及其影响因子[J].林业科学研究,2015,28(6):818-825[Wei Q,Ling L,Wang DF,Chai CS,Tao JX,Zhang GZ,Qi JL.Litter accumulation and its impact factor of three main forest communities in Xinglong Mountain,Gansu Province[J].For Res,2015,28(6):818-825]
25 Noh NJ,Son Y,Lee SK,Yoon TK,Seo KW,Kim C,Lee WK,Bae SW,Hwang J.Influence of stand density on soil CO2 efflux for a Pinus densiflora forest in Korea[J].J Plant Res,2010,123(4):411-419
26 Mao PL,Han GX,Wang GM,Yu JB,Shao HB.Effects of age and stand density of mother trees on early Pinus thunbergii seedling establishment in the coastal zone,China[J].Sci World J,2014(1):468036
27 Chen YM,Cao Y.Response of tree regeneration and understory plant species diversity to stand density in mature Pinus tabulaeformis plantations in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Ecol Eng,2014,73:238-245
28李哈滨,王政权,王庆成.空间异质性定量研究理论与方法[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(6):651-657[Li HB,Wang ZQ,Wang QC.Theory and methodology of spatial heterogeneity quantification[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,1998,9(6):651-657]
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