黄河三角洲盐碱地衰退林分的更替改造模式
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摘要
[目的]探索最优的林分更替改造模式,为黄河三角洲盐碱地退化林分的恢复提供理论依据和技术支撑。[方法]以黄河三角洲盐碱地衰退白榆林和八里庄杨树林为研究对象,采用野外调查与实验室分析测定相结合的方法,对两种衰退林分及各自不同更替改造模式的生长、土壤及植被效益进行分析与评价。[结果]①衰退白榆林和八里庄杨林更替改造的不同模式在郁闭度、林木保存率和生长状况方面差异较大,总体上混交林好于纯林,耐盐能力强的树种好于耐盐能力差的树种。②衰退白榆林和八里庄杨林的不同更替改造模式在土壤理化性能上皆得到提高,均能提升土壤涵蓄降水量和有效涵蓄量;不同更替改造模式均不同程度地降低了土壤的pH值和含盐量;两种衰退林分经更替改造为不同模式后的土壤有机质和养分状况得到较大改善,随着林分模式的不同,其提高程度差异较大。③不同林分模式的植被有所差异,但总体来说,更替改造模式的生境好于衰退林分,出现耐盐能力较低的植物,其植被种类增多,但随着林分郁闭度的增加,耐荫植物出现,耐干旱耐盐植物种类减少。[结论]综合分析两种衰退林分更替改造不同模式的林分生长、土壤及植被,在衰退白榆林分的更替改造中,以竹柳刺槐白榆混交林模式为最佳,白榆纯林次之,刺槐纯林亦可考虑,竹柳纯林模式则不宜选择;在衰退八里庄杨林分更替改造的两种模式中,白榆纯林为最好,盐柳纯林最差,不宜选用。
[Objective] The optimal replacement and transformation modes were analyzed and evaluated in order to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the restoration of degraded forest stand in saline land of the Yellow River delta. [Methods] Two kinds of forest stand in the Yellow River delta saline land degraded Ulmus pumila and Populus×xiaozhuanica were selected as the research objects. The growth, soil and vegetation benefits of the two degraded stands and their different replacement and transformation modes were studied by using the methods of field investigation and laboratory analysis and measurement. [Results] ① There were great differences in canopy density and forest preservation rate between the replacement and transformation modes of the degraded U. pumila and P.×xiaozhuanica, but mixed forest was better than pure forest on the whole, and the species with strong salt tolerance were better than those with poor salt tolerance. ② The different replacement and transformation modes of the decaying U. pumila forest and P.×xiaozhuanica forest had been improved in soil physicochemical properties, and both of them could improve soil conservation and effective conservation. The pH value and salinity of the soil were decreased by different alternation modes. The soil organic matter and nutrient status of the two degraded stands were improved greatly after being replaced and transformed into different modes. ③ The vegetation of different stands was different, but in general, the habitat of the replacement and transformation mode was better than that of the degraded forest stands, and the plants with low salt tolerance appeared, and the vegetation types increased, but with the increase of stand canopy density, shade plants appeared, and the drought and salt tolerant plant species decreased. [Conclusion] Based on the analysis of forest stand growth, soil and vegetation of two different modes of forest stand replacement and transformation in the two degraded forest stands, in the replacement and transformation of degraded U. pumila stands, the mixed forest mode of Salix americana and Robinia pseudoacacia and U. pumila was the best, followed by pure forest of U. pumila and pure forest of Robinia pseudoacacia, while the pure forest mode of S. americana was not suitable. Among the two modes of replacement and transformation of P.×xiaozhuanica degraded forest, U. pumila forest was the best, S. cheilophila pure forest was the worst.
[Objective] The optimal replacement and transformation modes were analyzed and evaluated in order to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the restoration of degraded forest stand in saline land of the Yellow River delta. [Methods] Two kinds of forest stand in the Yellow River delta saline land degraded Ulmus pumila and Populus×xiaozhuanica were selected as the research objects. The growth, soil and vegetation benefits of the two degraded stands and their different replacement and transformation modes were studied by using the methods of field investigation and laboratory analysis and measurement. [Results] ① There were great differences in canopy density and forest preservation rate between the replacement and transformation modes of the degraded U. pumila and P.×xiaozhuanica, but mixed forest was better than pure forest on the whole, and the species with strong salt tolerance were better than those with poor salt tolerance. ② The different replacement and transformation modes of the decaying U. pumila forest and P.×xiaozhuanica forest had been improved in soil physicochemical properties, and both of them could improve soil conservation and effective conservation. The pH value and salinity of the soil were decreased by different alternation modes. The soil organic matter and nutrient status of the two degraded stands were improved greatly after being replaced and transformed into different modes. ③ The vegetation of different stands was different, but in general, the habitat of the replacement and transformation mode was better than that of the degraded forest stands, and the plants with low salt tolerance appeared, and the vegetation types increased, but with the increase of stand canopy density, shade plants appeared, and the drought and salt tolerant plant species decreased. [Conclusion] Based on the analysis of forest stand growth, soil and vegetation of two different modes of forest stand replacement and transformation in the two degraded forest stands, in the replacement and transformation of degraded U. pumila stands, the mixed forest mode of Salix americana and Robinia pseudoacacia and U. pumila was the best, followed by pure forest of U. pumila and pure forest of Robinia pseudoacacia, while the pure forest mode of S. americana was not suitable. Among the two modes of replacement and transformation of P.×xiaozhuanica degraded forest, U. pumila forest was the best, S. cheilophila pure forest was the worst.
引文
[1] 姚玲,刘高焕,刘庆生,等.利用影像分类分析黄河三角洲人工刺槐林健康[J].武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2010,35(7):863-867.
[2] 刘庆生,刘高焕,黄翀.黄河三角洲人工刺槐林枯梢调查统计分析[J].林业资源管理,2011(5):79-83.
[3] 曹帮华,吴丽云.滨海盐碱地刺槐白蜡混交林土壤酶与养分相关性研究[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(1):128-133.
[4] 邢尚军,张建锋.黄河三角洲土壤退化机制与植被恢复技术[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2006.
[5] 张建锋,邢尚军.环境胁迫下刺槐人工林地土壤退化特征研究[J].土壤通报,2009,40(5):1086-1091.
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[7] 夏江宝,许景伟,李传荣,等.黄河三角洲退化刺槐林不同改造方式对土壤酶活性及理化性质的影响[J].水土保持通报,2012,32(5):171-175.
[8] 王群,夏江宝,张金池,等.黄河三角洲退化刺槐林地不同改造模式下土壤酶活性及养分特征[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):133-137.
[9] 章家恩.生态学常用试验研究方法与技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2007.
[10] 刘娜娜,赵世伟,王恒俊.黄土丘陵沟壑区人工柠条林土壤水分物理性质变化研究[J].水土保持通报,2006,26(3):15-17.
[11] 郭静,姚孝友,刘霞,等.不同生态修复措施下鲁中山区土壤的水文特征[J].浙江林学院学报,2008,25(3):342-349.
[12] 张雷燕,刘常富,王彦辉,等.宁夏六盘山地区不同森林类型土壤的蓄水和渗透能力比较[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(1):95-98.
[13] 夏江宝,曲志远,朱玮,等.鲁中山区不同人工林土壤水分特征[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(6):45-50.
[13] 许景伟,李传荣,夏江宝,等.黄河三角洲滩地不同林分类型的土壤水文特性[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(1):173-176.
[14] 白麟,杨建英,韩雪梅,等.3种造林模式对北京北部人工水源涵养林地土壤肥力的影响研究[J].水土保持研究,2011,18(6):75-78.
[2] 刘庆生,刘高焕,黄翀.黄河三角洲人工刺槐林枯梢调查统计分析[J].林业资源管理,2011(5):79-83.
[3] 曹帮华,吴丽云.滨海盐碱地刺槐白蜡混交林土壤酶与养分相关性研究[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(1):128-133.
[4] 邢尚军,张建锋.黄河三角洲土壤退化机制与植被恢复技术[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2006.
[5] 张建锋,邢尚军.环境胁迫下刺槐人工林地土壤退化特征研究[J].土壤通报,2009,40(5):1086-1091.
[6] 马风云,白世红,侯本栋,等.黄河三角洲退化人工刺槐林地土壤特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(2):74-79.
[7] 夏江宝,许景伟,李传荣,等.黄河三角洲退化刺槐林不同改造方式对土壤酶活性及理化性质的影响[J].水土保持通报,2012,32(5):171-175.
[8] 王群,夏江宝,张金池,等.黄河三角洲退化刺槐林地不同改造模式下土壤酶活性及养分特征[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):133-137.
[9] 章家恩.生态学常用试验研究方法与技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2007.
[10] 刘娜娜,赵世伟,王恒俊.黄土丘陵沟壑区人工柠条林土壤水分物理性质变化研究[J].水土保持通报,2006,26(3):15-17.
[11] 郭静,姚孝友,刘霞,等.不同生态修复措施下鲁中山区土壤的水文特征[J].浙江林学院学报,2008,25(3):342-349.
[12] 张雷燕,刘常富,王彦辉,等.宁夏六盘山地区不同森林类型土壤的蓄水和渗透能力比较[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(1):95-98.
[13] 夏江宝,曲志远,朱玮,等.鲁中山区不同人工林土壤水分特征[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(6):45-50.
[13] 许景伟,李传荣,夏江宝,等.黄河三角洲滩地不同林分类型的土壤水文特性[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(1):173-176.
[14] 白麟,杨建英,韩雪梅,等.3种造林模式对北京北部人工水源涵养林地土壤肥力的影响研究[J].水土保持研究,2011,18(6):75-78.
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