星云湖浮游植物群落结构及水体营养状态生物评价
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摘要
为了解星云湖浮游植物群落结构,于2017年1月(冬季)、4月(春季)、7月(夏季)和10月(秋季)对星云湖12个点位浮游植物进行了采样调查。基于藻类密度、优势度和多样性指数对浮游植物群落结构特征及水体营养状态进行了分析评价。结果表明,星云湖共有浮游植物6门50属,其中绿藻在种类组成上占绝对优势。4个季节蓝藻密度占藻类总密度的94. 87%～99. 48%,微囊藻属为单一优势类群,优势度为0. 930～0. 991。浮游植物密度夏秋季最高,分别达45 966. 94×104cells/L和46 149. 44×104cells/L;春季次之,为23 956. 63×104cells/L;冬季最低,为11 296. 26×104cells/L。空间分布上,冬夏季北区密度高于南区,春季南区高于北区,秋季南北区无明显差异。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')为0. 04～0. 86,平均值0. 31; Pielou均匀度指数(J)为0. 01～0. 22,平均值0. 08; Margalef物种丰富度指数(D)为0. 60～1. 31,平均值1. 02。生物评价认为,星云湖水体营养状态为富营养化类型。总之,星云湖4季浮游植物密度较高,且其时空分布差异明显;微囊藻优势化程度较高,多样性水平较低,浮游植物群落结构简单,水体富营养化程度严重。
The present paper is aimed to introduce our investigation results of the spatial and temporal structural features of the phytoplankton community in Xingyun Lake,which can be expected to provide a database for its water ecosystem exploitation and protection. For our research purpose,we have collected the seasonal phytoplankton samples from the 12 sites of the lake area in January,April,July and October,2017,respectively. And,then,we have also made our analysis of the identification and examination of the phytoplankton cell densities and species via the light microscope( Leica DM2500). Furthermore,based on the observation and examination of the algal biological indices of the phytoplankton density,the dominance and diversity indices,and the phytoplankton community structure features,we have made an analysis and evaluation of the trophic state of the lake water.Our analysis and evaluation intend to help to achieve the following results:( 1) We have found a total number of 50 phytoplankton genera belonging to the 6 phyla,of which the most abundant group should be that of Chlorophyta( consisting of 26 genera),and,then,Cyanophyta( consisting of 11 genera),Bacillariophyta( consisting of 7 genera),Cryptophyta( of 2 genera),Pyr-rophyta( of 2 genera),Euglenophyta( of 2 genera). And,( 2),in terms of the quantitative composition,it has been found that Cyanophyta density may take up a proportional ratio of94. 87%-99. 48% of the total density duirng the 4 seasons of a year,whereas Microcystis tends to be the unique dominant species,with its dominant proportional rate of 0. 930-0. 991;( 3)The cell density of phytoplankton used to be varying seasonally,with its highest density rate coming up in summer( 45 966. 94 ×104 cells/L) and autumn( 46 149. 44 × 104 cells/L),and,then,followed by spring( 23 956. 63 × 104 cells/L) with its lowest density coming up in winter( 11 296. 26 × 104 cells/L). As to its spatial distribution,we have also discovered that there doesn't seem to be any significant difference between the northern part and the southern part of the lake in autumn with the average density of phytoplankton being higher in the northern part than that in the southern one in winter and summer,though it may be opposite in spring.( 4) The indices of Shannon-Wiener diversity,Pielou Evenness and Margalef have been indicaded as 0. 04-0. 86( average in 0. 31),0. 01-0. 22( average in 0. 08) and 0. 60-1. 31( average in 1. 02),respectively;( 5) From the evaluation in view of biological study by Shannon-Wiener diversity index,Pielou Evenness index,Margalef index and phytoplankton density,it can be found that the water trophic state is of eutrophic type in Xingyun Lake. The above results show that,the phytoplankton density tends to be higher and its spatial and temporal distributions tend to be remarkably different for the four seasons in a year in Xingyun Lake. And,therefore,higher dominance of Microcystis and lower diversity of phytoplankton can therefore lead to the simplicit phytoplankton community and serious eutrophication in the lake.
The present paper is aimed to introduce our investigation results of the spatial and temporal structural features of the phytoplankton community in Xingyun Lake,which can be expected to provide a database for its water ecosystem exploitation and protection. For our research purpose,we have collected the seasonal phytoplankton samples from the 12 sites of the lake area in January,April,July and October,2017,respectively. And,then,we have also made our analysis of the identification and examination of the phytoplankton cell densities and species via the light microscope( Leica DM2500). Furthermore,based on the observation and examination of the algal biological indices of the phytoplankton density,the dominance and diversity indices,and the phytoplankton community structure features,we have made an analysis and evaluation of the trophic state of the lake water.Our analysis and evaluation intend to help to achieve the following results:( 1) We have found a total number of 50 phytoplankton genera belonging to the 6 phyla,of which the most abundant group should be that of Chlorophyta( consisting of 26 genera),and,then,Cyanophyta( consisting of 11 genera),Bacillariophyta( consisting of 7 genera),Cryptophyta( of 2 genera),Pyr-rophyta( of 2 genera),Euglenophyta( of 2 genera). And,( 2),in terms of the quantitative composition,it has been found that Cyanophyta density may take up a proportional ratio of94. 87%-99. 48% of the total density duirng the 4 seasons of a year,whereas Microcystis tends to be the unique dominant species,with its dominant proportional rate of 0. 930-0. 991;( 3)The cell density of phytoplankton used to be varying seasonally,with its highest density rate coming up in summer( 45 966. 94 ×104 cells/L) and autumn( 46 149. 44 × 104 cells/L),and,then,followed by spring( 23 956. 63 × 104 cells/L) with its lowest density coming up in winter( 11 296. 26 × 104 cells/L). As to its spatial distribution,we have also discovered that there doesn't seem to be any significant difference between the northern part and the southern part of the lake in autumn with the average density of phytoplankton being higher in the northern part than that in the southern one in winter and summer,though it may be opposite in spring.( 4) The indices of Shannon-Wiener diversity,Pielou Evenness and Margalef have been indicaded as 0. 04-0. 86( average in 0. 31),0. 01-0. 22( average in 0. 08) and 0. 60-1. 31( average in 1. 02),respectively;( 5) From the evaluation in view of biological study by Shannon-Wiener diversity index,Pielou Evenness index,Margalef index and phytoplankton density,it can be found that the water trophic state is of eutrophic type in Xingyun Lake. The above results show that,the phytoplankton density tends to be higher and its spatial and temporal distributions tend to be remarkably different for the four seasons in a year in Xingyun Lake. And,therefore,higher dominance of Microcystis and lower diversity of phytoplankton can therefore lead to the simplicit phytoplankton community and serious eutrophication in the lake.
引文
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[16] ZHANG Min(张民)，YU Yang(于洋)，QIAN Shanqin(钱善勤)，et al. Phytoplankton community structure and biodiversity in summer Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Lakes[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学)，2010,22(6):829-836.
[17] SHI Ze(施择)，LI Aijun(李爱军)，ZHANG Yuxia(张榆霞)，et al. Research on phytoplankton community of Dianchi Lake[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China(中国环境监测)，2014,30(5):121-124.
[18] Monitor and Analysis Methods of Water and Wastewater Editorial Committee(《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会)．Monitor and analysis methods of water and wastewater(水和废水监测分析方法)[M]. 4th ed.Beijing:Chinese Environmental Science Press,2002:649-655.
[19] YANG Suwen(杨苏文)，JIN Weidong(金位栋)，HE Jia(何佳)，et al. Environmental atlas of zooplankton and phytoplankton in Lake Dianchi and Erhai(滇池、洱海浮游动植物环境图谱)[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2015:7-202.
[20] ZHU Ying(朱英)，SHEN Genxiang(沈根祥)，QIAN Xiaoyong(钱晓雍)，et al. Characteristics of phytoplankton community structure and evaluation of water quality of Dalian Lake,Shanghai[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment(生态与农村环境学报)，2010,26(6):544-549.
[21] YANG Liangjie(杨亮杰)，YU Pengfei(余鹏飞)，ZHU Junquan(竺俊全)，et al. Community structure characteristics of phytoplankton and related affecting factors in Heng-shan Reservoir, Zhejiang, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报)，2014,25(2):569-576.
[22] ZHANG Qingtian(张青田)，WANG Xinhua(王新华)，LIN Chao(林超)，et al. Effects of temperature and illumination on the cell proliferation of Microcystis aeruginosa[J]. Journal of Tianjin University of Science﹠Technology(天津科技大学学报)，2011,26(2):24-27.
[23] CHEN Jianzhong(陈建中)，LIU Zhili(刘志礼)，LI Xiaoming(李晓明)，et al. Effects of temperature,p H,nitrogen and phosphorus on growth of Microcystis aeruginosa[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica(海洋与湖沼)，2010,41(5):714-718.
[24] WAN Neng(万能)，SONG Lirong(宋立荣)，WANG Ruonan(王若南)，et al. The spatio-temporal distribution of algal biomass in Dianchi Lake and its impact factors[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica(水生生物学报)，2008,32(2):184-188.
[25] KONG Fanxiang(孔繁翔)，SONG Lirong(宋立荣)．Study on the formation process and environmental characteristics of Cyanobacteria bloom(蓝藻水华形成过程及其环境特征研究)[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2011:33-36.
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[2] ZHENG Tiantian(郑田甜)，ZHAO Zujun(赵祖军)，ZHAO Xiaoqing(赵筱青)，et al. Water quality change and humanities driving force in Lake Xingyun,Yunnna Province[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学)，2018,30(1):79-90.
[3] LIU Jindian(刘金殿)，GU Zhimin(顾志敏)，YANG Yuanjie(杨元杰)，et al. Phytoplankton community structure and water quality assessment of Changzhao Reservoir,Zhejiang of East China[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志)，2012,31(11):2865-2871.
[4] YUAN Yuxiang(袁宇翔)，YU Hongxian(于洪贤)，JIANG Ming(姜明)．Phytoplankton community structure and diversity in Xiaoxingkai Lake[J]. Wetland Science(湿地科学)，2013,11(2):151-157.
[5] DENG Jianming(邓建明)，CAI Yongjiu(蔡永久)，CHEN Yuwei(陈宇炜)，et al. Structure of phytoplankton community and its relationship with environment factors in Lake Honghu[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学)，2010,22(1):70-78.
[6] ZHANG Ting(张婷)，LI Lin(李林)，SONG Lirong(宋立荣)．Annual dynamics of phytoplankton abundance and community structure in the Xionghe Reservoir[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报)，2009, 29(6):2971-2979.
[7] LEI Anping(雷安平)，SHI Zhixin(施之新)，WEI Yinxin(魏印心)．Diversity of the phytoplankton in Donghu Lake,Wuhan[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica(水生生物学报)，2003,27(2):179-184.
[8] KUANG Qijun(况琪军)，MA Peiming(马沛明)，HU Zhengyu(胡征宇)，et al. Study on the evaluation and treatment of lake eutrophication by means of algae biology[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment(安全与环境学报)，2005,5(2):87-91.
[9] HU Hongjun(胡鸿钧)，WEI Yinxin(魏印心)．The freshwater algae of China systematics,taxonomy and ecology(中国淡水藻类———系统、分类及生态)[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2006:23-950.
[10] SIDIK M J,NABI M,HOQUE M A. Distribution of phytoplankton community in relation to environmental parameters in cage culture area of Sepanggar Bay,Sabah,Malaysia[J]. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2008,80(2):251-260.
[11] SABATER S,ARTIGAS J,DURáN C,et al. Longitudinal development of chlorophyll and phytoplankton assemblages in a regulated large river(the Ebro River)[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2008,404(1):196-206.
[12] QIN Jie(秦洁)，WU Xianhua(吴献花)，WANG Quan(王泉)，et al. Community structure and biodiversity of phytoplankton in Fuxian Lake[J]. Journal of Hydroecology(水生态学杂志)，2016,37(5):15-22.
[13] TAO Min(陶敏)，XIE Biwen(谢碧文)，QI Zemin(齐泽民)，et al. Phytoplankton community structure and water quality assessment in Tuojiang River[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica(海洋与湖沼)，2016,47(4):854-861.
[14] LI Shanghao(黎尚豪)，YU Minjuan(俞敏娟)，LI Guangzheng(李光正)，et al. Limnological survey of the lakes of Yunnan Plateau[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica(海洋与湖沼)，1963,5(2):87-114.
[15] WANG Yingcai(王英才)，WANG Zhicong(汪志聪)，WU Weiju(吴卫菊)，et al. Investigating and analyzing plankton and macrophytes in Xingyun Lake[C]//The Hubei Province Association for Science and Technology(湖北科学技术学会)．Proceedings of healthy lake and wild China—The Third Lake Forum of China and the Seventh Science and Technology Forum of Hubei Province(健康湖泊与美丽中国———第三届中国湖泊论坛暨第七届湖北科技论坛论文集)．Wuhan:Hubei Science and Technology Press,2013:473-482.
[16] ZHANG Min(张民)，YU Yang(于洋)，QIAN Shanqin(钱善勤)，et al. Phytoplankton community structure and biodiversity in summer Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Lakes[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences(湖泊科学)，2010,22(6):829-836.
[17] SHI Ze(施择)，LI Aijun(李爱军)，ZHANG Yuxia(张榆霞)，et al. Research on phytoplankton community of Dianchi Lake[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China(中国环境监测)，2014,30(5):121-124.
[18] Monitor and Analysis Methods of Water and Wastewater Editorial Committee(《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会)．Monitor and analysis methods of water and wastewater(水和废水监测分析方法)[M]. 4th ed.Beijing:Chinese Environmental Science Press,2002:649-655.
[19] YANG Suwen(杨苏文)，JIN Weidong(金位栋)，HE Jia(何佳)，et al. Environmental atlas of zooplankton and phytoplankton in Lake Dianchi and Erhai(滇池、洱海浮游动植物环境图谱)[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2015:7-202.
[20] ZHU Ying(朱英)，SHEN Genxiang(沈根祥)，QIAN Xiaoyong(钱晓雍)，et al. Characteristics of phytoplankton community structure and evaluation of water quality of Dalian Lake,Shanghai[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment(生态与农村环境学报)，2010,26(6):544-549.
[21] YANG Liangjie(杨亮杰)，YU Pengfei(余鹏飞)，ZHU Junquan(竺俊全)，et al. Community structure characteristics of phytoplankton and related affecting factors in Heng-shan Reservoir, Zhejiang, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报)，2014,25(2):569-576.
[22] ZHANG Qingtian(张青田)，WANG Xinhua(王新华)，LIN Chao(林超)，et al. Effects of temperature and illumination on the cell proliferation of Microcystis aeruginosa[J]. Journal of Tianjin University of Science﹠Technology(天津科技大学学报)，2011,26(2):24-27.
[23] CHEN Jianzhong(陈建中)，LIU Zhili(刘志礼)，LI Xiaoming(李晓明)，et al. Effects of temperature,p H,nitrogen and phosphorus on growth of Microcystis aeruginosa[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica(海洋与湖沼)，2010,41(5):714-718.
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