生物质炭与草炭混配基质的养分状况及其对凤仙花生长的影响
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摘要
为减少无土栽培对草炭等不可再生资源的依赖,促进农业废弃物资源化利用,本研究探讨以生物质炭替代传统栽培基质进行凤仙花栽培,通过盆栽试验研究了生物质炭及草炭不同比例混配作为生长基质对凤仙花生长的影响。试验设置了生物质炭与草炭不同的混配比例,分别是单一草炭基质(B0P5),生物质炭与草炭体积比为1∶4(B1P4)、2∶3(B2P3)、3∶2(B3P2)、4∶1(B4P1)和单一生物质炭基质(B5P0)共6个处理,分析了不同配比基质的化学性质,并对各处理凤仙花生长情况及观赏指标进行了统计分析。结果表明,随着生物质炭添加量的增加基质pH逐步升高,添加生物质炭的基质(B1P4、B2P3、B3P2、B4P1、B5P0)pH分别为7.01、6.90、7.34、7.83和9.05,较单一草炭基质提高了18.76%～55.77%,且差异均达显著水平;B1P4处理和B2P3处理的基质有效磷含量分别为292.10、266.53 mg·kg-1,较单一草炭基质提高28.57%、17.32%,差异达显著水平。适量添加生物质炭可有效调节基质pH、并提高基质有效磷含量,并促进凤仙花生长,其中B1P4处理株高在苗期、生长期、开花期和成熟期分别较单一草炭基质提高42.39%、81.83%、23.66%、24.72%。B2P3处理开花数最多,整个花期分别较单一草炭基质处理增加21.05%～133.33%,且差异显著。研究表明,草炭混配适量生物质炭可有效促进凤仙花生长,增加凤仙花观赏价值。
In order to promote the utilization of agricultural waste and reduce the dependence on non-renewable resources such as peat in soilless culture, the corn stalks were converted into biochar and replaced the traditional substrate for Impatiens cultivation. Pot experiments including 6 treatments as B0 P5(single peat matrix), B1 P4(biochar to peat was 1∶4), B2 P3(biochar to peat was 2∶3), B3 P2(biochar to peat was 3∶2),B4 P1(biochar to peat was 4∶1)and B5 P0(the single biochar matrix)were conducted to study the effects of different ratios of biochar and peat as growth substrate on the growth of Impatiens balsamina. The chemical properties and nutrient status of the substrates with different proportions were studied, and statistical analysis was performed on the growth and ornamental indicators of Impatiens balsamina. The results showed that the pH of the substrate increased with the increase of biochar addition, reached at 7.01(B1 P4), 6.90(B2 P3),7.34(B3 P2), 7.83(B4 P1)and 9.05(B5 P0), respectively, which was 18.76%～55.77% higher than that of the sole peat substrate, and the difference was significant.The effective phosphorus content of B1 P4 and B2 P3 was 292.10 mg·kg-1 and 266.53 mg·kg-1, respectively,which was higher than that of the single peat substrate. The content increased by 28.57% and 17.32%, and the difference reached a significant level. Appropriate addition of biochar could effectively adjust the pH of the matrix and increase the available phosphorus content of the matrix and promote the growth of Impatiens balsamina. In the flowering and maturation stage, the plant height of Impatiens balsamina increased first and then decreased with the addition of biochar in the substrate. B1 P4 treatment was 42.39%(seedling), 81.83%(growth),23.66%(flowering)and 24.72%(maturity)higher than that of single peat substrate in each growth period, the flowering number of B2 P3 was the most, and the whole flowering period increased by 21.05%～133.33% compared with the single peat substrate treatment, and the difference was significant. The appropriate addition of biochar to peat effectively improved the physicochemical properties of the substrate and thus increased plant height and stem diameter of Impatiens balsamina, delayed leaf chlorosis, prolonged flowering period, and effectively increasedtheornamentalvalueof Impatiens balsamina.
In order to promote the utilization of agricultural waste and reduce the dependence on non-renewable resources such as peat in soilless culture, the corn stalks were converted into biochar and replaced the traditional substrate for Impatiens cultivation. Pot experiments including 6 treatments as B0 P5(single peat matrix), B1 P4(biochar to peat was 1∶4), B2 P3(biochar to peat was 2∶3), B3 P2(biochar to peat was 3∶2),B4 P1(biochar to peat was 4∶1)and B5 P0(the single biochar matrix)were conducted to study the effects of different ratios of biochar and peat as growth substrate on the growth of Impatiens balsamina. The chemical properties and nutrient status of the substrates with different proportions were studied, and statistical analysis was performed on the growth and ornamental indicators of Impatiens balsamina. The results showed that the pH of the substrate increased with the increase of biochar addition, reached at 7.01(B1 P4), 6.90(B2 P3),7.34(B3 P2), 7.83(B4 P1)and 9.05(B5 P0), respectively, which was 18.76%～55.77% higher than that of the sole peat substrate, and the difference was significant.The effective phosphorus content of B1 P4 and B2 P3 was 292.10 mg·kg-1 and 266.53 mg·kg-1, respectively,which was higher than that of the single peat substrate. The content increased by 28.57% and 17.32%, and the difference reached a significant level. Appropriate addition of biochar could effectively adjust the pH of the matrix and increase the available phosphorus content of the matrix and promote the growth of Impatiens balsamina. In the flowering and maturation stage, the plant height of Impatiens balsamina increased first and then decreased with the addition of biochar in the substrate. B1 P4 treatment was 42.39%(seedling), 81.83%(growth),23.66%(flowering)and 24.72%(maturity)higher than that of single peat substrate in each growth period, the flowering number of B2 P3 was the most, and the whole flowering period increased by 21.05%～133.33% compared with the single peat substrate treatment, and the difference was significant. The appropriate addition of biochar to peat effectively improved the physicochemical properties of the substrate and thus increased plant height and stem diameter of Impatiens balsamina, delayed leaf chlorosis, prolonged flowering period, and effectively increasedtheornamentalvalueof Impatiens balsamina.
引文
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[4]朱优矫,李文庆,田晓飞.生物炭基质对番茄幼苗生长及光合特性的影响[J].长江蔬菜, 2016(22):18-21.ZHU You-jiao, LI Wen-qing, TIAN Xiao-fei. Effects of biochar substrate on growth and photosynthetic characteristics of tomato seedlings[J]. Journal of Changjiang Vegetables, 2016(22):18-21.
[5]王晓燕,方玉凤,庞荔丹,等.生物炭配合有机物料对水稻育秧基质的影响[J].安徽农业科学, 2015(36):188-191.WANG Xiao-yan, FANG Yu-feng, PANG Li-dan, et al. Effects of biochar combined with organic materials on rice seedling substrates[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2015(36):188-191.
[6]戚琳,马存琛,谢伟芳,等.不同比例生物炭替代泥炭栽培基质对西瓜幼苗生长的影响[J].安徽农业科学, 2017, 45(25):55-58.QI Lin, MA Cun-chen, XIE Wei-fang, et al. Effect of different substitution ratio of peat with biochar as substrates on growth of watermelon seedlings[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 45(25):55-58.
[7]刘光亮,王永利,吕国新,等.不同生物炭配比育苗基质对烟苗素质的影响[J].江苏农业科学, 2018, 46(5):84-87.LIU Guang-liang, WANG Yong-li, LüGuo-xin, et al. Effects of different ratios of biochar in culture media on tobacco seedling quality[J]. Jiangsu Agriculture Science, 2018, 46(5):84-87.
[8]陈慧玲,林向阳,罗登来,等.生物炭作为无土栽培基质的初步探究[J].福州大学学报（自然科学版）, 2017, 45(2):280-284.CHEN Hui-ling, LIN Xiang-yang, LUO Deng-lai, et al. Explore of bio carbon as matrix of soilless cultivation[J]. Journal of Fuzhou University(Natural Science Edition), 2017, 45(2):280-284.
[9]陈庆飞,石岩,刘玉学,等.生物炭替代泥炭栽培基质对铁皮石斛生长的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2015, 31(13):30-35.CHEN Qing-fei, SHI Yan, LIU Yu-xue, et al. Effects of biochar replacing peat in culture media on the growth of Dendrobium officinale[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2015, 31(13):30-35.
[10]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M]. 3版.北京：中国农业出版社, 2000.BAO Shi-dan. Soil agrochemical analysis[M]. 3rd Edition. Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2000.
[11]姜卫兵,徐莉莉,翁忙玲.环境因子及外源化学物质对植物花色素苷的影响[J].生态环境学报, 2009, 18(4):1546-1552.JIANG Wei-bing, XU Li-li, WENG Mang-ling. Effects of environmental factors and exogenous chemicals on anthocyanins in plants:A review[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2009, 18(4):1546-1552.
[12]王京元,阎俊崎,陈霞,等,土壤pH值对盆栽大豆幼苗的影响[J].江西农业学报, 2012, 24(2):96-97.WANG Jing-yuan, YAN Jun-qi, CHEN Xia, et al. Effect of soil pH value on seedling of potted soybean[J]. Acta Agricultural Jiangxi,2012, 24(2):96-97
[13]李庆军,林英,李俊良,等.土壤pH和不同酸化土壤改良剂对苹果果实品质的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2010, 26(14):209-213.LI Qing-jun, LIN Ying, LI Jun-liang, et al. Effects of soil pH and some meliorators of acidified soil on fruit qualities of apples(Mulus domestica)[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2010, 26(14):209-213.
[14]张硕,余宏军,蒋卫杰.发酵玉米芯或甘蔗渣基质的黄瓜育苗效果[J].农业工程学报, 2015, 31(11):236-242.ZHANG Shuo, YU Hong-jun, JIANG Wei-jie. Seedling effects of corncob and bagasse composting substrates in cucumber[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2015, 31(11):236-242.
[15]许小伟,樊剑波,陈晏,等.不同有机无机肥配施比例对红壤旱地花生产量、土壤速效养分和生物学性质的影响[J].生态学报,2014, 34(18):5182-5190.XU Xiao-wei, FAN Jian-bo, CHEN Yan, et al. Effects of combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers on the yield of peanut,soil available nutrient and biological properties in the upland red soil in subtropical China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(18):5182-5190.
[16]张国全,聂立水,罗盼盼,等.缓释肥翠筠一号与等养分速效肥拉多美复合肥对盆栽鸡冠花的肥效[J].东北林业大学学报, 2014, 42(5):52-55.ZHANG Guo-quan, NIE Li-shui, LUO Pan-pan, et al. Effects of slow-release fertilizer cuiyun No.1 and equal nutrition of fast-release fertilizer on Celosia cristata L. by pot experiment[J]. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 2014, 42(5):52-55.
[17]赵华,马玲,龚萍,等.施用污泥堆肥对凤仙花生长和土壤的影响[J].湖北农业科学, 2010, 49(6):1317-1319.ZHAO Hua, MA Ling, GONG Ping, et al. Effects of land utilization of sewage sludge compost on Impatiens balsamina growth and soil environment[J]. Hubei Agricultural Sciences, 2010, 49(6):1317-1319.
[18]李仁英,吴洪生,黄利东,等.不同来源生物炭对土壤磷吸附解吸的影响[J].土壤通报, 2017, 48(6):1398-1403.LI Ren-ying, WU Hong-sheng, HUANG Li-dong, et al. Effect of biochar of different sources on adsorption and desorption of phosphorus in soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2017, 48(6):1398-1403.
[19]郎印海,王慧,刘伟.柚皮生物炭对土壤中磷吸附能力的影响[J].中国海洋大学学报（自然科学版）, 2015, 45(4):78-84.LANG Yin-hai, WANG Hui, LIU Wei. Effect of pomelo peel biochars on adsorption performance of phosphorus in soil[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2015, 45(4):78-84.
[20] Chintala R, Schumacher T E, Mcdonald L M, et al. Phosphorus sorption and availability from biochars and soil/biochar mixtures[J].CLEAN-Soil, Air, Water, 2014, 42(5):626-634.
[21]彭靖.对我国农业废弃物资源化利用的思考[J].生态环境学报,2009, 18(2):794-798.PENG Jing. Review and discussion on utilization of agricultural waste resources in China[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2009, 18(2):794-798.
[22]陈温福,张伟明,孟军.农用生物炭研究进展与前景[J].中国农业科学, 2013, 46(16):3324-3333.CHEN Wen-fu, ZHANG Wei-ming, MENG Jun. Advances and prospects in research of biochar utilization in agriculture[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013, 46(16):3324-3333.
[23]李力,刘娅,陆宇超,等.生物炭的环境效应及其应用的研究进展[J].环境化学, 2011, 30(8):1411-1421.LI Li, LIU Ya, LU Yu-chao, et al. Review on environmental effects and applications of biochar[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2011, 30(8):1411-1421.
[24]丁文川,曾晓岚,王永芳,等.生物炭载体的表面特征和挂膜性能研究[J].中国环境科学, 2011, 31(9):1451-1455.DING Wen-chuan, ZENG Xiao-lan, WANG Yong-fang, et al. Characteristics and performances of biofilm carrier prepared from agrobased biochar[J]. China Environmental Science, 2011, 31(9):1451-1455.
[2]高继平,隋阳辉,霍轶琼,等.生物炭用作水稻育苗基质的研究进展[J].作物杂志, 2014(2):16-21.GAO Ji-ping, SUI Yang-hui, HUO Yi-qiong, et al. The research progress and prospects on biochar used as matrix in rice seedling[J]. Crops,2014(2):16-21.
[3]武春成,李天来,曹霞,等.添加生物炭对连作营养基质理化性质及黄瓜生长的影响[J].核农学报, 2014, 28(8):1534-1539.WU Chun-cheng, LI Tian-lai, CAO Xia, et al. Physicochemical properties of nutrition medium and cucumber growth under continuous cropping[J]. Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, 2014, 28(8):1534-1539.
[4]朱优矫,李文庆,田晓飞.生物炭基质对番茄幼苗生长及光合特性的影响[J].长江蔬菜, 2016(22):18-21.ZHU You-jiao, LI Wen-qing, TIAN Xiao-fei. Effects of biochar substrate on growth and photosynthetic characteristics of tomato seedlings[J]. Journal of Changjiang Vegetables, 2016(22):18-21.
[5]王晓燕,方玉凤,庞荔丹,等.生物炭配合有机物料对水稻育秧基质的影响[J].安徽农业科学, 2015(36):188-191.WANG Xiao-yan, FANG Yu-feng, PANG Li-dan, et al. Effects of biochar combined with organic materials on rice seedling substrates[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2015(36):188-191.
[6]戚琳,马存琛,谢伟芳,等.不同比例生物炭替代泥炭栽培基质对西瓜幼苗生长的影响[J].安徽农业科学, 2017, 45(25):55-58.QI Lin, MA Cun-chen, XIE Wei-fang, et al. Effect of different substitution ratio of peat with biochar as substrates on growth of watermelon seedlings[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 45(25):55-58.
[7]刘光亮,王永利,吕国新,等.不同生物炭配比育苗基质对烟苗素质的影响[J].江苏农业科学, 2018, 46(5):84-87.LIU Guang-liang, WANG Yong-li, LüGuo-xin, et al. Effects of different ratios of biochar in culture media on tobacco seedling quality[J]. Jiangsu Agriculture Science, 2018, 46(5):84-87.
[8]陈慧玲,林向阳,罗登来,等.生物炭作为无土栽培基质的初步探究[J].福州大学学报（自然科学版）, 2017, 45(2):280-284.CHEN Hui-ling, LIN Xiang-yang, LUO Deng-lai, et al. Explore of bio carbon as matrix of soilless cultivation[J]. Journal of Fuzhou University(Natural Science Edition), 2017, 45(2):280-284.
[9]陈庆飞,石岩,刘玉学,等.生物炭替代泥炭栽培基质对铁皮石斛生长的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2015, 31(13):30-35.CHEN Qing-fei, SHI Yan, LIU Yu-xue, et al. Effects of biochar replacing peat in culture media on the growth of Dendrobium officinale[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2015, 31(13):30-35.
[10]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M]. 3版.北京：中国农业出版社, 2000.BAO Shi-dan. Soil agrochemical analysis[M]. 3rd Edition. Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2000.
[11]姜卫兵,徐莉莉,翁忙玲.环境因子及外源化学物质对植物花色素苷的影响[J].生态环境学报, 2009, 18(4):1546-1552.JIANG Wei-bing, XU Li-li, WENG Mang-ling. Effects of environmental factors and exogenous chemicals on anthocyanins in plants:A review[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2009, 18(4):1546-1552.
[12]王京元,阎俊崎,陈霞,等,土壤pH值对盆栽大豆幼苗的影响[J].江西农业学报, 2012, 24(2):96-97.WANG Jing-yuan, YAN Jun-qi, CHEN Xia, et al. Effect of soil pH value on seedling of potted soybean[J]. Acta Agricultural Jiangxi,2012, 24(2):96-97
[13]李庆军,林英,李俊良,等.土壤pH和不同酸化土壤改良剂对苹果果实品质的影响[J].中国农学通报, 2010, 26(14):209-213.LI Qing-jun, LIN Ying, LI Jun-liang, et al. Effects of soil pH and some meliorators of acidified soil on fruit qualities of apples(Mulus domestica)[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2010, 26(14):209-213.
[14]张硕,余宏军,蒋卫杰.发酵玉米芯或甘蔗渣基质的黄瓜育苗效果[J].农业工程学报, 2015, 31(11):236-242.ZHANG Shuo, YU Hong-jun, JIANG Wei-jie. Seedling effects of corncob and bagasse composting substrates in cucumber[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2015, 31(11):236-242.
[15]许小伟,樊剑波,陈晏,等.不同有机无机肥配施比例对红壤旱地花生产量、土壤速效养分和生物学性质的影响[J].生态学报,2014, 34(18):5182-5190.XU Xiao-wei, FAN Jian-bo, CHEN Yan, et al. Effects of combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers on the yield of peanut,soil available nutrient and biological properties in the upland red soil in subtropical China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(18):5182-5190.
[16]张国全,聂立水,罗盼盼,等.缓释肥翠筠一号与等养分速效肥拉多美复合肥对盆栽鸡冠花的肥效[J].东北林业大学学报, 2014, 42(5):52-55.ZHANG Guo-quan, NIE Li-shui, LUO Pan-pan, et al. Effects of slow-release fertilizer cuiyun No.1 and equal nutrition of fast-release fertilizer on Celosia cristata L. by pot experiment[J]. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 2014, 42(5):52-55.
[17]赵华,马玲,龚萍,等.施用污泥堆肥对凤仙花生长和土壤的影响[J].湖北农业科学, 2010, 49(6):1317-1319.ZHAO Hua, MA Ling, GONG Ping, et al. Effects of land utilization of sewage sludge compost on Impatiens balsamina growth and soil environment[J]. Hubei Agricultural Sciences, 2010, 49(6):1317-1319.
[18]李仁英,吴洪生,黄利东,等.不同来源生物炭对土壤磷吸附解吸的影响[J].土壤通报, 2017, 48(6):1398-1403.LI Ren-ying, WU Hong-sheng, HUANG Li-dong, et al. Effect of biochar of different sources on adsorption and desorption of phosphorus in soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2017, 48(6):1398-1403.
[19]郎印海,王慧,刘伟.柚皮生物炭对土壤中磷吸附能力的影响[J].中国海洋大学学报（自然科学版）, 2015, 45(4):78-84.LANG Yin-hai, WANG Hui, LIU Wei. Effect of pomelo peel biochars on adsorption performance of phosphorus in soil[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2015, 45(4):78-84.
[20] Chintala R, Schumacher T E, Mcdonald L M, et al. Phosphorus sorption and availability from biochars and soil/biochar mixtures[J].CLEAN-Soil, Air, Water, 2014, 42(5):626-634.
[21]彭靖.对我国农业废弃物资源化利用的思考[J].生态环境学报,2009, 18(2):794-798.PENG Jing. Review and discussion on utilization of agricultural waste resources in China[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2009, 18(2):794-798.
[22]陈温福,张伟明,孟军.农用生物炭研究进展与前景[J].中国农业科学, 2013, 46(16):3324-3333.CHEN Wen-fu, ZHANG Wei-ming, MENG Jun. Advances and prospects in research of biochar utilization in agriculture[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013, 46(16):3324-3333.
[23]李力,刘娅,陆宇超,等.生物炭的环境效应及其应用的研究进展[J].环境化学, 2011, 30(8):1411-1421.LI Li, LIU Ya, LU Yu-chao, et al. Review on environmental effects and applications of biochar[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2011, 30(8):1411-1421.
[24]丁文川,曾晓岚,王永芳,等.生物炭载体的表面特征和挂膜性能研究[J].中国环境科学, 2011, 31(9):1451-1455.DING Wen-chuan, ZENG Xiao-lan, WANG Yong-fang, et al. Characteristics and performances of biofilm carrier prepared from agrobased biochar[J]. China Environmental Science, 2011, 31(9):1451-1455.
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