黑河中游绿洲化地表特征参数研究
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摘要
绿洲化影响地表水热传输和植被生长等能量物质的变化。以空间代替时间的方法,选择绿洲内部、荒漠绿洲过渡带及荒漠的不同演化阶段,采用地面调查和遥感反演的方法,定量分析了土壤水分、植被覆盖度、地表温度、地表反照率及地表净辐射等参数的变化及其之间的关系,为该地区地气系统能量与水分交换提供理论基础。结果表明,(1)绿洲化改变了地表的植被类型和土壤水分,依次为裸露沙丘(2.1%)-泡泡刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)+沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)(2.4%)-梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)+柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)(2.2%)-沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)+沙柳(Salix psammophila)(3.8%)-杨树(Populus tremula)(4.6%)-制种玉米(7.8%)。(2)绿洲化增加了地表的植被覆盖度和净辐射,植被覆盖度由8%增加到85%,净辐射由480 W·m~(-2)增加到756 W·m~(-2),而降低了地表温度和地表反照率,地表温度由325 K降低到302 K,地表反照率由0.235降低到0.125。(3)植被覆盖度决定了地表能量的分配,改变了地表温度、地表反照率、地表净辐射,即植被盖度每增加1%,地表净辐射增加3.64 W·m~(-2),地表温度降低0.31 K,地表反射率降低0.002。绿洲化地表能量、水分和植被生长等参数的变化研究有助于理解绿洲可持续发展及水土气生相互作用,对荒漠绿洲过渡带生态系统稳定健康发展具有重要的参考价值。
The processes of oases development influence the changes of land surface water heat transport, water and vegetation growth. Based on the method of space instead of time, this paper choose the different processes of oases development from desert to oasis, getting soil moisture through the ground investigation, and obtain land surface parameters of vegetation coverage, the surface temperature, surface albedo and net radiation from remote sensing inversion, which determined the quantitative relationship among these parameters in the processes of oasis development, to find the inherent law of land surface characteristic parameters in the oasis development processes in the middle Heihe River Basin. The results showed that:(1), Oasification changes vegetation types on the surface and soil moisture, which was in turn bare sand dunes(2.1%) Nitraria sphaerocarpa+Calligonum mongolicum(2.4%), Haloxylon ammodendron+Tamarix chinensis(2.2%), Elaeagnus angustifolia+Salix psammophila(3.8%), Populus tremula(4.6), corn for see(7.8%).(2) Oases increase the vegetation coverage(from 8% to 85%) and net radiation(from 480 W·m~(-2) to 756 W·m~(-2)) of the land surface, and reduce the land surface temperature(from 325 K to 302 K) and land surface albedo(from 0.235 to 0.125).(3) Vegetation coverage determines the distribution of surface energy and changes surface temperature, surface albedo and surface net radiation. For every 1% increase in vegetation coverage, and the net radiation increased by 3.64 W·m~(-2), the surface temperature decreased 0.31 K, and the surface reflectivity was reduced by 0.002. The changes of land surface water heat transport, water and vegetation growth in the processes of oases development helps understand the oasis sustainable development and water, soil aerial interaction. The research has important reference for steady and healthy development of the desert oasis ecotone ecosystem.
The processes of oases development influence the changes of land surface water heat transport, water and vegetation growth. Based on the method of space instead of time, this paper choose the different processes of oases development from desert to oasis, getting soil moisture through the ground investigation, and obtain land surface parameters of vegetation coverage, the surface temperature, surface albedo and net radiation from remote sensing inversion, which determined the quantitative relationship among these parameters in the processes of oasis development, to find the inherent law of land surface characteristic parameters in the oasis development processes in the middle Heihe River Basin. The results showed that:(1), Oasification changes vegetation types on the surface and soil moisture, which was in turn bare sand dunes(2.1%) Nitraria sphaerocarpa+Calligonum mongolicum(2.4%), Haloxylon ammodendron+Tamarix chinensis(2.2%), Elaeagnus angustifolia+Salix psammophila(3.8%), Populus tremula(4.6), corn for see(7.8%).(2) Oases increase the vegetation coverage(from 8% to 85%) and net radiation(from 480 W·m~(-2) to 756 W·m~(-2)) of the land surface, and reduce the land surface temperature(from 325 K to 302 K) and land surface albedo(from 0.235 to 0.125).(3) Vegetation coverage determines the distribution of surface energy and changes surface temperature, surface albedo and surface net radiation. For every 1% increase in vegetation coverage, and the net radiation increased by 3.64 W·m~(-2), the surface temperature decreased 0.31 K, and the surface reflectivity was reduced by 0.002. The changes of land surface water heat transport, water and vegetation growth in the processes of oases development helps understand the oasis sustainable development and water, soil aerial interaction. The research has important reference for steady and healthy development of the desert oasis ecotone ecosystem.
引文
JIA J H,ZHAO W Z,LI S B,2013.Regional evapotranspiration rate of oasis and surrounding desert[J].Hydrological Processes,27(24):3409-3414.
KARNIELI A,AGAM N,PINKER R T,et al.,2010.Use of NDVI and land surface temperature for drought assessment:Merits and limitations[J].Journal of Climate,23(3):618-633.
LI S B,ZHAO W Z,2010.Satellite-based actual evapotranspiration estimation in the middle reach of the Heihe River Basin using the SEBAL method[J].Hydrological Processes,24(23):3337-3344.
LIANG S L,2001.Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo I:algorithms[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,76(2):213-238.
MORSE A T,TASUMI G,RICHARD A,et al.,2000.Application of the sebal methodology for estimating consumptive use of water and streamflow depletion in the Bear river basin of idaho through remote sensing.Waltham[R],MA:The Raytheon Systems Company-Earth Observation System Data and Information System Project.
MOSTOVAY G V,ANANTHARAJ V,KING R L,2008.Interpretation of the relationship between skin temperature and vegetation fraction:Effect of subpixel soil temperature variability[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,29(10):2819-2831.
SHEN Q,GAO G Y,FU B J,et al.,2014.Soil water content variations and hydrological relations of the cropland-treebelt-desert land use pattern in an oasis-desert ecotone of the Heihe River Basin,China[J].Catena,123:52-61.
WANG J M,BASTIAANSSEN W G M,MA Y M,et al.,1998.Aggregation of land surface parameters in the oasis-desert systems of northwest China[J].Hydrological Processes,12(13-14):2133-2147.
ZHANG F,KUNG H,JOHNSON V C,et al.,2018.Change detection of land surface temperature(LST)and some related parameters using landsat image:a case study of the Ebinur Lake watershed,Xinjiang,China[J].Wetlands,38(1):65-80.
ZHANG Y Y,ZHAO W Z,2015.Effects of variability in land surface characteristics on the summer radiation budget across desert-oasis region in northwestern China[J].Theoretical and applied climatology,119(3-4):771-780.
陈曦,罗格平,2008.干旱区绿洲生态研究及其进展[J].干旱区地理,31(4):487-495.CHEN X,LUO G P,2008.Researches and progress of oasis ecology in arid areas[J].Arid Land Geography,31(4):487-495.
樊自立,马英杰,艾力西尔·库尔班,等,2004.试论中国荒漠区人工绿洲生态系统的形成演变和可持续发展[J].中国沙漠,24(1):12-18.FAN Z L,MA Y J,ALISHIR K,et al.,2004.On formation,evolution and sustainable development of artificial oasis ecosystem in desert area in China[J].Journal of Desert Research,24(1):12-18.
管延龙,王让会,李成,等,2015.基于MODIS数据的天山区域地表温度时空特征[J].应用生态学报,26(3):681-688.GUAN Y L,WANG R H,LI C,et al.,2015.Spatial-temporal characteristics of land surface temperature in Tianshan Mountains area based on MODIS data[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,26(3):681-688.
贾宝全,慈龙骏,韩德林,等,2000.干旱区绿洲研究回顾与问题分析[J].地球科学进展,14(4):381-388.JIA B Q,CI L J,HAN D L,et al.,2000.Review and problem analysis of oasis[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,14(4):381-388.
角媛梅,马明国,肖笃宁,2003.黑河流域中游张掖绿洲景观格局研究[J].冰川冻土,25(1):94-99.JIAO Y M,MA M G,XIAO D N,2003.Research on the landscape pattern of Zhangye Oasis in the middle reaches of Heihe River[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,25(1):94-99.
连晋姣,黄明斌,李杏鲜,等,2014.夏季黑河中游绿洲样带蒸散量遥感估算[J].农业工程学报,30(15):120-129,340.LIAN J J,HUANG M B,LI X X,et al.,2014.Evapotranspiration estimation for oasis transect in middle reach of Heihe river basin based on remote sensing[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,30(15):120-129,340.
孟宪红,吕世华,陈世强,等,2005.金塔绿洲地表特征参数遥感反演研究[J].高原气象,24(4):509-515.MENG X H,LU S H,CHEN S Q,et al.,2005.Retrieval of ground surface parameter over Jinta oasis using the satellite data[J].Plateau Meteorology,24(4):509-515.
潘竟虎,李天宇,2010.基于光谱混合分析和反照率-植被盖度特征空间的土地荒漠化遥感评价[J].自然资源学报,25(11):1960-1969.PANG J H,LI T Y,2010.Extracting desertification from landsat imagery based on spectral mixture analysis and albedo-vegetation feature space[J].Journal of Natural Resources,25(11):1960-1969.
王涛,2010.我国绿洲化及其研究的若干问题初探[J].中国沙漠,30(5):995-998.WANG T,2010.Some issues on oasification study in China[J].Journal of Desert Research,30(5):995-998.
曾丽红,宋开山,张柏,等,2008.应用Landsat数据和SEBAL模型反演区域蒸散发及其参数估算[J].遥感技术与应用,23(3):255-263.ZENG L H,SONG K S,ZHANG B,et al.,2008.Appliying Landsat data and SEBAL model to inverse regional evapotranspiration and its parameters estimation[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,23(3):255-263.
张帅普,邵明安,李丹凤,2017.绿洲-荒漠过渡带土壤蓄水量空间分布及其时间稳定性[J].应用生态学报,28(8):1-11.ZHANG S P,SHAO M A,LI D F,2017.Spatial distribution and temporal stability of soil water storage in an oasis-desert ecotone[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,28(8):1-11.
赵文智,杨荣,刘冰,等,2016.中国绿洲化及其研究进展[J].中国沙漠,36(1):1-5.ZHAO W Z,YANG R,LIU B,et al.,2016.Oasification of northwestern Chian:a review[J].Journal of Desert Research,36(1):1-5.
周剑,王根绪,李新,等,2008.高寒冻土地区草甸草地生态系统的能量-水分平衡分析[J].冰川动土,30(3):398-407.ZHOU J,WANG G X,LI X,et al.,2008.Energy-water balance of meadow ecosystem in cold frozen soil areas[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,30(3):398-407.
KARNIELI A,AGAM N,PINKER R T,et al.,2010.Use of NDVI and land surface temperature for drought assessment:Merits and limitations[J].Journal of Climate,23(3):618-633.
LI S B,ZHAO W Z,2010.Satellite-based actual evapotranspiration estimation in the middle reach of the Heihe River Basin using the SEBAL method[J].Hydrological Processes,24(23):3337-3344.
LIANG S L,2001.Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo I:algorithms[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,76(2):213-238.
MORSE A T,TASUMI G,RICHARD A,et al.,2000.Application of the sebal methodology for estimating consumptive use of water and streamflow depletion in the Bear river basin of idaho through remote sensing.Waltham[R],MA:The Raytheon Systems Company-Earth Observation System Data and Information System Project.
MOSTOVAY G V,ANANTHARAJ V,KING R L,2008.Interpretation of the relationship between skin temperature and vegetation fraction:Effect of subpixel soil temperature variability[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,29(10):2819-2831.
SHEN Q,GAO G Y,FU B J,et al.,2014.Soil water content variations and hydrological relations of the cropland-treebelt-desert land use pattern in an oasis-desert ecotone of the Heihe River Basin,China[J].Catena,123:52-61.
WANG J M,BASTIAANSSEN W G M,MA Y M,et al.,1998.Aggregation of land surface parameters in the oasis-desert systems of northwest China[J].Hydrological Processes,12(13-14):2133-2147.
ZHANG F,KUNG H,JOHNSON V C,et al.,2018.Change detection of land surface temperature(LST)and some related parameters using landsat image:a case study of the Ebinur Lake watershed,Xinjiang,China[J].Wetlands,38(1):65-80.
ZHANG Y Y,ZHAO W Z,2015.Effects of variability in land surface characteristics on the summer radiation budget across desert-oasis region in northwestern China[J].Theoretical and applied climatology,119(3-4):771-780.
陈曦,罗格平,2008.干旱区绿洲生态研究及其进展[J].干旱区地理,31(4):487-495.CHEN X,LUO G P,2008.Researches and progress of oasis ecology in arid areas[J].Arid Land Geography,31(4):487-495.
樊自立,马英杰,艾力西尔·库尔班,等,2004.试论中国荒漠区人工绿洲生态系统的形成演变和可持续发展[J].中国沙漠,24(1):12-18.FAN Z L,MA Y J,ALISHIR K,et al.,2004.On formation,evolution and sustainable development of artificial oasis ecosystem in desert area in China[J].Journal of Desert Research,24(1):12-18.
管延龙,王让会,李成,等,2015.基于MODIS数据的天山区域地表温度时空特征[J].应用生态学报,26(3):681-688.GUAN Y L,WANG R H,LI C,et al.,2015.Spatial-temporal characteristics of land surface temperature in Tianshan Mountains area based on MODIS data[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,26(3):681-688.
贾宝全,慈龙骏,韩德林,等,2000.干旱区绿洲研究回顾与问题分析[J].地球科学进展,14(4):381-388.JIA B Q,CI L J,HAN D L,et al.,2000.Review and problem analysis of oasis[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,14(4):381-388.
角媛梅,马明国,肖笃宁,2003.黑河流域中游张掖绿洲景观格局研究[J].冰川冻土,25(1):94-99.JIAO Y M,MA M G,XIAO D N,2003.Research on the landscape pattern of Zhangye Oasis in the middle reaches of Heihe River[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,25(1):94-99.
连晋姣,黄明斌,李杏鲜,等,2014.夏季黑河中游绿洲样带蒸散量遥感估算[J].农业工程学报,30(15):120-129,340.LIAN J J,HUANG M B,LI X X,et al.,2014.Evapotranspiration estimation for oasis transect in middle reach of Heihe river basin based on remote sensing[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,30(15):120-129,340.
孟宪红,吕世华,陈世强,等,2005.金塔绿洲地表特征参数遥感反演研究[J].高原气象,24(4):509-515.MENG X H,LU S H,CHEN S Q,et al.,2005.Retrieval of ground surface parameter over Jinta oasis using the satellite data[J].Plateau Meteorology,24(4):509-515.
潘竟虎,李天宇,2010.基于光谱混合分析和反照率-植被盖度特征空间的土地荒漠化遥感评价[J].自然资源学报,25(11):1960-1969.PANG J H,LI T Y,2010.Extracting desertification from landsat imagery based on spectral mixture analysis and albedo-vegetation feature space[J].Journal of Natural Resources,25(11):1960-1969.
王涛,2010.我国绿洲化及其研究的若干问题初探[J].中国沙漠,30(5):995-998.WANG T,2010.Some issues on oasification study in China[J].Journal of Desert Research,30(5):995-998.
曾丽红,宋开山,张柏,等,2008.应用Landsat数据和SEBAL模型反演区域蒸散发及其参数估算[J].遥感技术与应用,23(3):255-263.ZENG L H,SONG K S,ZHANG B,et al.,2008.Appliying Landsat data and SEBAL model to inverse regional evapotranspiration and its parameters estimation[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,23(3):255-263.
张帅普,邵明安,李丹凤,2017.绿洲-荒漠过渡带土壤蓄水量空间分布及其时间稳定性[J].应用生态学报,28(8):1-11.ZHANG S P,SHAO M A,LI D F,2017.Spatial distribution and temporal stability of soil water storage in an oasis-desert ecotone[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,28(8):1-11.
赵文智,杨荣,刘冰,等,2016.中国绿洲化及其研究进展[J].中国沙漠,36(1):1-5.ZHAO W Z,YANG R,LIU B,et al.,2016.Oasification of northwestern Chian:a review[J].Journal of Desert Research,36(1):1-5.
周剑,王根绪,李新,等,2008.高寒冻土地区草甸草地生态系统的能量-水分平衡分析[J].冰川动土,30(3):398-407.ZHOU J,WANG G X,LI X,et al.,2008.Energy-water balance of meadow ecosystem in cold frozen soil areas[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,30(3):398-407.
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