农用肥对三峡库区紫色土小流域氨挥发及氮收支的影响
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摘要
农业面源氮素已成为影响三峡库区环境安全的主要因素,但有关农业面源氮污染研究并未深入区分氮污染主要来自何种农业用地,同时以什么方式进入三峡库区。以三峡库区紫色土农用坡地为研究对象,对典型农耕模式下碳铵、尿素和复合肥的氨挥发特征以及小流域内氮素收支平衡进行分析,以期探究氨挥发对三峡库区氮污染的影响。采用原位受控对照实验的范式进行研究,结果表明,在典型农耕模式下,三峡库区紫色土氨挥发速率表现为:复合肥最低,变化最平缓;尿素的峰值出现滞后,下降缓;碳铵的峰值出现较早,下降快。小流域内尿素的氨挥发率为8.82%～18.37%,碳铵为17.86%～30.70%,复合肥为2.56%～3.86%。施肥种类的氨挥发率大小为:碳铵>尿素>复合肥,典型用地的氨挥发率大小为:水田>果林>旱地。对流域内氮收支平衡分析,发现小流域内化肥是氮素最主要的输入,氨挥发是主要的输出,土壤氮素残留严重,增加了氮素流失风险。从环保角度考虑,降低三峡库区碳铵使用频率、减少旱地和果林施肥量、优化氮肥施用结构是减少氨挥发的有效途径,氨挥发率的减少对三峡库区氮污染防治具有重要意义。
Agricultural non-point source nitrogen has become the main source of environmental safety in the Three Gorges Reservoir.However,investigation on agricultural non-point source nitrogen pollution has not been studied in depth which agricultural land was the main source,and how to enter Three Gorges Reservoir.Purple soil sloping ploughland in Three Gorges Reservoir was taken as the studied object to explore the effect of ammonia volatilization on nitrogen pollution. The ammonia volatilization characteristics of ammonium bicarbonate,urea and compound fertilizer in typical farming modes,and the nitrogen budget in a small watershed were investigated.The study was conducted by using aparadigm of controlled experiments in situ.The results show that the ammonia volatilization flux of compound fertilizer is the lowest and the change is the most gradual.Meanwhile,the peak value of ammonia volatilization flux of urea lags behind and decreases slowly,while that of ammonium bicarbonate appears earlier and decreases faster.The ammonia volatilization loss ratio of urea,ammonium bicarbonate and compound fertilizer in the watershed are 8.82% ～18.37%,17.86% ～30.70% and 2.56% ～3.86%,respectively.Besides,the ammonia volatilization loss ratio is in order:ammonium bicarbonate>urea>compound fertilizer,and the ammonia volatilization loss ratio between typical land use is in order:paddy field>fruit forest>dry land.Moreover,it is found that chemical fertilizer and ammonia volatilization are the most important nitrogen inputs and outputs in the watershed,and soil nitrogen residues are serious,which increases the risk of nitrogen loss.From the perspective of environmental friendliness,reducing the frequency of ammonium bicarbonate use,reducing the amount of fertilizer applied to dry land and fruit forest,and optimizing the application structure of nitrogen fertilizer in the Three Gorges Reservoir are effective ways to reduce ammonia volatilization.The reduction of ammonia volatilization is of great significance for the prevention and control of nitrogen pollution in the Three Gorges Reservoir.
Agricultural non-point source nitrogen has become the main source of environmental safety in the Three Gorges Reservoir.However,investigation on agricultural non-point source nitrogen pollution has not been studied in depth which agricultural land was the main source,and how to enter Three Gorges Reservoir.Purple soil sloping ploughland in Three Gorges Reservoir was taken as the studied object to explore the effect of ammonia volatilization on nitrogen pollution. The ammonia volatilization characteristics of ammonium bicarbonate,urea and compound fertilizer in typical farming modes,and the nitrogen budget in a small watershed were investigated.The study was conducted by using aparadigm of controlled experiments in situ.The results show that the ammonia volatilization flux of compound fertilizer is the lowest and the change is the most gradual.Meanwhile,the peak value of ammonia volatilization flux of urea lags behind and decreases slowly,while that of ammonium bicarbonate appears earlier and decreases faster.The ammonia volatilization loss ratio of urea,ammonium bicarbonate and compound fertilizer in the watershed are 8.82% ～18.37%,17.86% ～30.70% and 2.56% ～3.86%,respectively.Besides,the ammonia volatilization loss ratio is in order:ammonium bicarbonate>urea>compound fertilizer,and the ammonia volatilization loss ratio between typical land use is in order:paddy field>fruit forest>dry land.Moreover,it is found that chemical fertilizer and ammonia volatilization are the most important nitrogen inputs and outputs in the watershed,and soil nitrogen residues are serious,which increases the risk of nitrogen loss.From the perspective of environmental friendliness,reducing the frequency of ammonium bicarbonate use,reducing the amount of fertilizer applied to dry land and fruit forest,and optimizing the application structure of nitrogen fertilizer in the Three Gorges Reservoir are effective ways to reduce ammonia volatilization.The reduction of ammonia volatilization is of great significance for the prevention and control of nitrogen pollution in the Three Gorges Reservoir.
引文
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[2]CHEN L,XU J J,WANG G B,et al.Influence of rainfall data scarcity on non-point source pollution prediction:Implications for physically based models[J].Journal of Hydrology,2018,562:1-16.
[3]ZHANG B,GUO J S,FANG F,et al.Concentration of nutrients in the soil in water-level-fluctuating zone of Three Gorges Reservoir[J]. Ecohydrology&Hydrobiology,2012,12(2):105-114.
[4]OUYANG W J,LI Z,LIU J,et al.Inventory of apparent nitrogen and phosphorus balance and risk of potential pollution in typical sloping cropland of purple soil in China:A case study in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region[J].Ecological Engineering,2017,106:620-628.
[5]郭劲松，刘京，方芳，等．三峡库区紫色土坡耕地小流域氮收支估算及污染潜势[J]．重庆大学学报，2011,34(11):141-147.GUO J S,LIU J,FANG F,et al.Input-output budgets for nitrogen in a typical purple soil sloping ploughland in Three Gorges Areas[J].Journal of Chongqing University,2011,34(11):141-147.(in Chinese)
[6]李哲，屈忠义，任中生，等．河套灌区滴灌施肥对土壤氨挥发及玉米氮肥利用率的影响[J]．灌溉排水学报，2018,37(11):37-42,49.LI Z,QU Z Y,REN Z S,et al.Nitrogen use efficiency and ammonia oxidation of corn field with drip irrigation in Hetao irrigation district[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2018,37(11):37-42,49.(in Chinese)
[7]崔键，周静，马友华，等．春季马唐-秋季冬萝卜红壤和黄壤中尿素氨挥发损失状况的研究[J]．安徽农业大学学报，2007,34(2):265-269.CUI J,ZHOU J,MA Y H,et al.N-loss of ammoniavolatilizing from urea applied in both red soil and yellow soil with the rotation of Digitaria ischaemum in spring and winter radish in autumn[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural University,2007,34(2):265-269.(in Chinese)
[8]OTTO R,MARIANO E,MULVANEY R L,et al.Effect of previous soil management on sugarcane response to nitrogen fertilization[J]. Scientia Agricola,2019,76(1):72-81.
[9] RAMANANTENASOA M M J, GILLIOT J M,MIGNOLET C,et al.A new framework to estimate spatio-temporal ammonia emissions due to nitrogen fertilization in France[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,645:205-219.
[10]赵蒙，曾科，姚元林，等．聚脲甲醛缓释肥对太湖稻麦轮作体系氨挥发及产量的影响[J]．植物营养与肥料学报，2019,25(1):1-10.ZHAO M,ZENG K,YAO Y L,et al.Effects of polyurea-formaldehyde on ammonia volatilization and yields underrice-wheat rotation in Taihu Region[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,2019,25(1):1-10.(in Chinese)
[11]BEDOS C, ALLETTO L, DURAND B,et al.Observed volatilization fluxes of S-metolachlor and benoxacor applied on soil with and without crop residues[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(4):3985-3996.
[12]肖娇，樊建凌，叶桂萍，等．不同施肥处理下小麦季潮土氨挥发损失及其影响因素研究[J]．农业环境科学学报，2016,35(10):2011-2018.XIAO J,FAN J L, YE G P,et al. Ammonia volatilization from fluvo-aquic clay soil and its influencing factors during wheat growing season under different fertilization[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016,35(10):2011-2018.(in Chinses)
[13]GARCIA L,BEDOS C,GENERMOET S,et al.Assessing the ability of mechanistic volatilization models to simulate soil surface conditions a study with the Volt'Air model[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2011,409(19):3980-3992.
[14]LEI T,GUO X H, MA J J,et al.Kinetic and thermodynamic effects of moisture content and temperature on the ammonia volatilization of soil fertilized with urea[J].International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering,2017,10(6):134-143.
[15]王桂良，崔振岭，陈新平，等．南方稻田活性氮损失途径及其影响因素[J]．应用生态学报，2015,26(8):2337-2345.WANG G L,CUI Z L,CHEN X P,et al.Reactive nitrogen loss pathways and their effective factors in paddy field in southern China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(8):2337-2345.(in Chinese)
[16]CHEN Z,GE H X,CHANG Z Q,et al.Nitrogen budget in recirculating aquaculture and water exchange systems for culturing litopenaeus vannamei[J].Journal of Ocean University of China,2018,17(4):905-912.
[17]ZHANG W S,LI H P,LI Y L.Spatio-temporal dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus input budgets in a global hotspot of anthropogenic inputs[J].Science of the Total Environment,2019,656:1108-1120.
[18]张千千，缪丽萍，孙继朝，等．稳定同位素识别水体硝酸盐污染来源的研究进展[J]．长江流域资源与环境，2015,24(5):742-749.ZHANG Q Q,MIAO L P,SUN J C,et al.Research advances in identifying nitrate pollution sources of water environment by using stable isotopes[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24(5):742-749.(in Chinese)
[19]MENTZAFOU A,DIMITRIOU E.Nitrogen loading and natural pressures on the water quality of a shallow Mediterranean lake[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2019,646:134-143.
[20]WANG X,FOX A D,ZHUANG X L,et al.Shifting to an energy-poor diet for nitrogen?Not the case for wintering herbivorous Lesser White-fronted Geese in China[J].Journal of Ornithology,2014,155(3):707-712.
[21]张彬，陈猷鹏，方芳，等．三峡库区淹没消落区土壤氮素形态及分布特征[J]．环境科学学报，2012,32(5):1126-1133.ZHANG B,CHEN Y P,FANG F,et al.Nitrogen forms and their distribution characteristics in the soils of water-level-fluctuationg zone in the central Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(5):1126-1133.(in Chinese)
[22]李宗新，王庆成，刘开昌，等．不同施肥模式下夏玉米田间土壤氨挥发规律[J]．生态学报，2009,29(1):307-314.LI Z X,WANG Q C,LIU K C,et al.Law of field soil ammonia volatilization in summer maize under different fertilizer patterns[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(1):307-314.(in Chinese)
[23]CHEN A,LEI B,HU W,et al.Characteristics of ammonia volatilization on rice grown under different nitrogen application rates and its quantitative predictions in Erhai Lake Watershed,China[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2015,101(1):139-152.
[24]MANDAL S,THANGARAJAN R,BOLAN N S,et al.Biochar-induced concomitant decrease in ammonia volatilization and increase in nitrogen use efficiency by wheat[J].Chemosphere,2016,142:120-127.
[25]刘京．三峡紫色土坡耕地小流域氮磷收支及流失风险研究[D]．重庆：重庆大学，2011.LIU J.Input-output budgets for N and P in a typical purple soil sloping ploughland in three gorges areas[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2011.(in Chinese)
[26]马志超，张明学，周仓军，等．关中西部玉米氮磷钾养分丰缺指标及经济最佳施肥量研究[J]．西北农林科技大学学报（自然科学版），2015,43(11):145-151.MA Z C,ZHANG M X,ZHOU C J,et al.Abundant/lack index of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium for maize in Western Guanzhong and determination of economic optimum fertilization rate[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2015,43(11):145-151.(in Chinese)
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