肇庆市一次典型污染天气的污染物来源解析
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摘要
利用污染物及气象观测数据对肇庆市2018年12月17～23日大气污染过程进行了分析,采用了CMAQ-ISAM模型以及混合受体模型对本次大气污染来源进行了解析研究.结果表明,12月19～21日肇庆地区受近地面弱气压影响而形成的较为不利的污染物扩散条件,是肇庆大气污染过程的诱导因素;在本次污染发生前的清洁时段,肇庆污染主要来自于本地及清远,其贡献率分别为19. 2%和10. 7%,而受江西、湖南、湖北以及陕西等地的远距离污染物传输作用影响约为64. 5%;在污染时段,随着地面高气压场南移,肇庆地区受珠三角主要城市和粤东城市的区域传输贡献明显,肇庆、佛山、东莞、广州和惠州贡献率依次为25. 5%、14. 8%、9. 8%、9. 5%和5. 3%,河源、梅州、汕尾、揭阳、汕头和潮州这6个广东省东部城市贡献率共计13. 7%,而受福建、江西以及长江三角洲等地的远距离污染物传输作用影响约为32. 9%,且经过海上通道传输的污染物贡献更为显著.因此,输送到海面上的气溶胶颗粒经吸湿增长后回到陆地,是本次肇庆污染天气的主要成因之一.
Based on observational data for pollutants and meteorology,this study analyzed the pollution episode that occurred during Dec 17 th to 23 th in 2018 in Zhaoqing,Guangdong Province,China. Using the source apportionment model CMAQ-ISAM and the hybrid receptor model,the regional contributions to air pollution were examined. The results showed that low-pressure conditions had an adverse effect on the diffusion of pollutants during this pollution episode in Zhaoqing. Prior to the pollution episode,pollutants were mainly derived from Zhaoqing and Qingyuan,accounting for 19. 2% and 10. 7% of pollutants,respectively. As well as pollutants from Guangdong Province,long-distance transport of pollutants from Jiangxi,Hunan,Hubei,and Shaanxi accounted for approximately64. 5% of the total during the non-pollution period. During the polluted episode,major cities in Pearl River Delta and the eastern part of Guangdong Province contributed more pollutants as a surface high-pressure field moved southward. Zhaoqing,Foshan,Dongguan,Guangzhou,and Huizhou contributed 25. 5%,14. 8%,9. 8%,9. 5%,and 5. 3% of the pollutants,respectively. Cities in the eastern part of Guangdong Province including Heyuan,Meizhou,Shanwei,Jieyang,Shantou,and Chaozhou contributed 13. 7% of the total pollutants. In addition,pollutants from Fujian,Jiangxi,and the Yangtze River Delta accounted for approximately 32. 9%.Furthermore,pollutants transported under marine influences were one of the main causes of this pollution episode in Zhaoqing.
Based on observational data for pollutants and meteorology,this study analyzed the pollution episode that occurred during Dec 17 th to 23 th in 2018 in Zhaoqing,Guangdong Province,China. Using the source apportionment model CMAQ-ISAM and the hybrid receptor model,the regional contributions to air pollution were examined. The results showed that low-pressure conditions had an adverse effect on the diffusion of pollutants during this pollution episode in Zhaoqing. Prior to the pollution episode,pollutants were mainly derived from Zhaoqing and Qingyuan,accounting for 19. 2% and 10. 7% of pollutants,respectively. As well as pollutants from Guangdong Province,long-distance transport of pollutants from Jiangxi,Hunan,Hubei,and Shaanxi accounted for approximately64. 5% of the total during the non-pollution period. During the polluted episode,major cities in Pearl River Delta and the eastern part of Guangdong Province contributed more pollutants as a surface high-pressure field moved southward. Zhaoqing,Foshan,Dongguan,Guangzhou,and Huizhou contributed 25. 5%,14. 8%,9. 8%,9. 5%,and 5. 3% of the pollutants,respectively. Cities in the eastern part of Guangdong Province including Heyuan,Meizhou,Shanwei,Jieyang,Shantou,and Chaozhou contributed 13. 7% of the total pollutants. In addition,pollutants from Fujian,Jiangxi,and the Yangtze River Delta accounted for approximately 32. 9%.Furthermore,pollutants transported under marine influences were one of the main causes of this pollution episode in Zhaoqing.
引文
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[18] Qin M M,Wang X S,Hu Y T,et al. Formation of particulate sulfate and nitrate over the Pearl River Delta in the fall:diagnostic analysis using the Community Multiscale Air Quality model[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2015,112:81-89.
[19] Kwok R H F,Napelenok S L,Baker K R. Implementation and evaluation of PM2. 5source contribution analysis in a photochemical model[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2013,80:398-407.
[20] Foley K M,Roselle S J,Appel K W,et al. Incremental testing of the community multiscale air quality(CMAQ)modeling system version 4. 7[J]. Geoscientific Model Development,2010,3(1):205-226.
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[22] Morrison H,Gettelman A. A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the community atmosphere model,version 3(CAM3). Part I:description and numerical tests[J].Journal of Climate,2008,21(15):3642-3659.
[23] Pleim J E. A combined local and nonlocal closure model for the atmospheric boundary layer. Part I:model description and testing[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,2007,46(9):1383-1395.
[24] Xiu A J,Pleim J E. Development of a land surface model. Part I:application in a mesoscale meteorological model[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology,2001,40(2):192-209.
[25] Zhang Q,He K B,Huo H. Policy:cleaning China's air[J].Nature,2012,484(7393):161-162.
[26] Zheng B,Zhang Q,Zhang Y,et al. Heterogeneous chemistry:a mechanism missing in current models to explain secondary inorganic aerosol formation during the January 2013 haze episode in North China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2015,15(4):2031-2049.
[27] Sala S,Benini L,Mancini L,et al. Integrated assessment of environmental impact of Europe in 2010:data sources and extrapolation strategies for calculating normalisation factors[J].The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2015,20(11):1568-1585.
[28]杨柳林,曾武涛,张永波,等.珠江三角洲大气排放源清单与时空分配模型建立[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(12):3521-3534.Yang L L,Zeng W T,Zhang Y B,et al. Establishment of emission inventory and spatial-temporal allocation model for air pollutant sources in the Pearl River Delta region[J]. China Environmental Science,2015,35(12):3521-3534.
[29] Guenther A,Hewitt C N,Erickson D,et al. A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1995,100(D5):8873-8892.
[30] Yu S C,Eder B,Dennis R,et al. New unbiased symmetric metrics for evaluation of air quality models[J]. Atmospheric Science Letters,2006,7(1):26-34.
[31]王郭臣,王珏,信玉洁,等.天津PM10和NO2输送路径及潜在源区研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(12):3009-3016.Wang G C,Wang J,Xin Y J,et al. Transportation pathways and potential source areas of PM10and NO2in Tianjin[J]. China Environmental Science,2014,34(12):3009-3016.
[32] Yu S C,Zhang Q Y,Yan R C,et al. Origin of air pollution during a weekly heavy haze episode in Hangzhou,China[J].Environmental Chemistry Letters,2014,12(4):543-550.
[33]王斯.应用观测数据及三维空气质量模型研究灰霾污染特征及成因———以南京为例[D].杭州:浙江大学,2017.Wang S. Characteristics and origins of haze pollution studied with observations and 3-D air quality model-taking Nanjing as an example[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2017.
[34] Boylan J W, Russell A G. PM and light extinction model performance metrics,goals,and criteria for three-dimensional air quality models[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(26):4946-4959.
[35]王渝,吴志军,胡敏.我国不同大气环境下亚微米颗粒物吸湿特性[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(5):1601-1609.Wang Y,Wu Z J,Hu M. Hygroscopicity of atmospheric submicrometer particles in various environments in China[J]. China Environmental Science,2017,37(5):1601-1609.
[2]翟华,朱彬,赵雪婷,等.长江三角洲初冬一次重污染天气成因分析[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(11):4001-4009.Zhai H,Zhu B,Zhao X T,et al. Analysis of a heavy air pollution event in early winter in the Yangtze River Delta[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(11):4001-4009.
[3]崔萌,安兴琴,范广洲,等.北京一次重污染过程的天气成因及来源分析[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(10):3628-3638.Cui M,An X Q,Fan G Z,et al. The analysis of weather causes and sources of a heavy pollution process in Beijing[J]. China Environmental Science,2018,38(10):3628-3638.
[4]刘爱君,杜尧东,王惠英.广州灰霾天气的气候特征分析[J].气象,2004,30(12):68-71.Liu A J,Du Y D,Wang H Y. Climatic characteristics of haze in Guangzhou[J]. Meteorological Monthly,2004,30(12):68-71.
[5]赵卉卉,王明旭,张永波.广东省“十三五”环境保护战略思考[J].环境保护科学,2016,42(1):28-32.Zhao H H,Wang M X,Zhang Y B. Strategic ideas of the 13th five-year environmental protection plan in Guangdong province[J]. Environmental Protection Science,2016,42(1):28-32.
[6]潘月云,陈多宏,叶斯琪,等. 2015年9月珠江三角洲一次区域大气污染过程特征分析[J].环境科学与技术,2017,40(1):188-192.Pan Y Y,Chen D H,Ye S Q,et al. Analysis on characteristics of a regional air pollution incident in Pearl River Delta[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,40(1):188-192.
[7]潘月云,李楠,郑君瑜,等.广东省人为源大气污染物排放清单及特征研究[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(9):2655-2669.Pan Y Y,Li N,Zheng J Y,et al. Emission inventory and characteristics of anthropogenic air pollutant sources in Guangdong province[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(9):2655-2669.
[8]张浩月,王雪松,陆克定,等.珠江三角洲秋季典型气象条件对O3和PM10污染的影响[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2014,50(3):565-576.Zhang H Y,Wang X S,Lu K D,et al. Impact of typical meteorological conditions on the O3and PM10pollution episodes in the pearl river delta in autumn[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2014,50(3):565-576.
[9]郭媚媚,范绍佳,李文辉,等.三种方法统计肇庆灰霾日数的结果比较和特征分析[J].广东气象,2017,39(4):28-32.Guo M M,Fan S J,Li W H,et al. Comparison of the results of hazy days of Zhaoqing by three methods and analysis of their characteristics[J]. Guangdong Meteorology,2017,39(4):28-32.
[10] Huang Z J,Hu Y T,Zheng J Y,et al. An optimized data fusion method and its application to improve lateral boundary conditions in winter for Pearl River Delta regional PM2. 5modeling,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2018,180:59-68.
[11] Zhang Q,Chang M,Zhou S Z,et al. Evaluate dry deposition velocity of the nitrogen oxides using Noah-MP physics ensemble simulations for the Dinghushan Forest,Southern China[J]. AsiaPacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2017,53(4):519-536.
[12]赖安琪,陈晓阳,刘一鸣,等.珠江三角洲PM2. 5和O3复合污染过程的数值模拟[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(11):4022-4031.Lai A Q,Chen X Y,Liu Y M,et al. Numerical simulation of a complex pollution episode with high concentrations of PM2. 5and O3over the Pearl River Delta region, China[J]. China Environmental Science,2017,37(11):4022-4031.
[13]沈劲,王雪松,李金凤,等. Models-3/CMAQ和CAMx对珠江三角洲臭氧污染模拟的比较分析[J].中国科学:化学,2011,41(11):1750-1762.Shen J,Wang X S,Li J F,et al. Evaluation and intercomparison of ozone simulations by Models-3/CMAQ and CAMx over the Pearl River Delta[J]. Science China Chemistry,2011,54(11):1789-1800.
[14]吴洛林,周柳艺,王雪梅,等.肇庆市PM2. 5重污染天气形势及冬季典型污染过程输送特征研究[J].热带气象学报,2017,33(5):782-792.Wu L L,Zhou L Y,Wang X M,et al. Synoptic situations of PM2. 5pollution episodes and transportation characteristics during a typical winter severe pollution event in Zhaoqing[J]. Journal of Tropical Meteorology,2017,33(5):782-792.
[15]王文丁,陈焕盛,吴其重,等.珠三角冬季PM2. 5重污染区域输送特征数值模拟研究[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(8):2741-2751.Wang W D,Chen H S,Wu Q Z,et al. Numerical study of PM2. 5regional transport over Pearl River Delta during a winter heavy haze event[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(8):2741-2751.
[16]沈劲,汪宇,潘月云,等.广东省气象与源排放因素对PM2. 5浓度影响的数值模拟研究[J].安全与环境工程,2017,24(1):45-50.Shen J,Wang Y,Pan Y Y,et al. Numerical simulation of the impact of meteorology and emission on PM2. 5concentration in Guangdong province[J]. Safety and Environmental Engineering,2017,24(1):45-50.
[17] Che W W,Zheng J Y,Wang S S,et al. Assessment of motor vehicle emission control policies using Model-3/CMAQ model for the Pearl River Delta region, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(9):1740-1751.
[18] Qin M M,Wang X S,Hu Y T,et al. Formation of particulate sulfate and nitrate over the Pearl River Delta in the fall:diagnostic analysis using the Community Multiscale Air Quality model[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2015,112:81-89.
[19] Kwok R H F,Napelenok S L,Baker K R. Implementation and evaluation of PM2. 5source contribution analysis in a photochemical model[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2013,80:398-407.
[20] Foley K M,Roselle S J,Appel K W,et al. Incremental testing of the community multiscale air quality(CMAQ)modeling system version 4. 7[J]. Geoscientific Model Development,2010,3(1):205-226.
[21] Skamarock W C,Klemp J B,Dudhia J,et al. A description of the advanced research WRF version 3[R]. Boulder:NCAR,2008.
[22] Morrison H,Gettelman A. A new two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics scheme in the community atmosphere model,version 3(CAM3). Part I:description and numerical tests[J].Journal of Climate,2008,21(15):3642-3659.
[23] Pleim J E. A combined local and nonlocal closure model for the atmospheric boundary layer. Part I:model description and testing[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,2007,46(9):1383-1395.
[24] Xiu A J,Pleim J E. Development of a land surface model. Part I:application in a mesoscale meteorological model[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorology,2001,40(2):192-209.
[25] Zhang Q,He K B,Huo H. Policy:cleaning China's air[J].Nature,2012,484(7393):161-162.
[26] Zheng B,Zhang Q,Zhang Y,et al. Heterogeneous chemistry:a mechanism missing in current models to explain secondary inorganic aerosol formation during the January 2013 haze episode in North China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2015,15(4):2031-2049.
[27] Sala S,Benini L,Mancini L,et al. Integrated assessment of environmental impact of Europe in 2010:data sources and extrapolation strategies for calculating normalisation factors[J].The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2015,20(11):1568-1585.
[28]杨柳林,曾武涛,张永波,等.珠江三角洲大气排放源清单与时空分配模型建立[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(12):3521-3534.Yang L L,Zeng W T,Zhang Y B,et al. Establishment of emission inventory and spatial-temporal allocation model for air pollutant sources in the Pearl River Delta region[J]. China Environmental Science,2015,35(12):3521-3534.
[29] Guenther A,Hewitt C N,Erickson D,et al. A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1995,100(D5):8873-8892.
[30] Yu S C,Eder B,Dennis R,et al. New unbiased symmetric metrics for evaluation of air quality models[J]. Atmospheric Science Letters,2006,7(1):26-34.
[31]王郭臣,王珏,信玉洁,等.天津PM10和NO2输送路径及潜在源区研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(12):3009-3016.Wang G C,Wang J,Xin Y J,et al. Transportation pathways and potential source areas of PM10and NO2in Tianjin[J]. China Environmental Science,2014,34(12):3009-3016.
[32] Yu S C,Zhang Q Y,Yan R C,et al. Origin of air pollution during a weekly heavy haze episode in Hangzhou,China[J].Environmental Chemistry Letters,2014,12(4):543-550.
[33]王斯.应用观测数据及三维空气质量模型研究灰霾污染特征及成因———以南京为例[D].杭州:浙江大学,2017.Wang S. Characteristics and origins of haze pollution studied with observations and 3-D air quality model-taking Nanjing as an example[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2017.
[34] Boylan J W, Russell A G. PM and light extinction model performance metrics,goals,and criteria for three-dimensional air quality models[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(26):4946-4959.
[35]王渝,吴志军,胡敏.我国不同大气环境下亚微米颗粒物吸湿特性[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(5):1601-1609.Wang Y,Wu Z J,Hu M. Hygroscopicity of atmospheric submicrometer particles in various environments in China[J]. China Environmental Science,2017,37(5):1601-1609.