沉积物有效态磷对湖库富营养化的指示及适用性
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摘要
为探究不同类型湖库沉积物有效态磷对富营养化的指示意义及适用范围,选取了12个不同水深、不同换水周期的湖泊和水库进行4季度的水样、沉积物样品采集,以SMT分级方法提取的氢氧化钠磷(Na OH-P)作为沉积物有效态磷,分析了湖库中沉积物和水相磷含量之间的关系.结果表明,12个湖库的沉积物和水相磷含量差别大,沉积物Na OH-P含量范围为86～584 mg·kg-1(均值263 mg·kg-1),总磷含量225～760 mg·kg-1(均值502 mg·kg-1);水体总磷含量范围为0. 02～0. 35mg·L-1(均值0. 11 mg·L-1); 12个湖库的水体叶绿素a含量差异也很大,分布范围为3～349μg·L-1(均值51μg·L-1);沉积物与对应的水相各形态磷含量之间的相关分析发现,沉积物有效态磷与水相磷含量之间的相关性高于沉积物总磷,Na OHP比总磷能更好地反映湖库的富营养化状态,然而只有在换水慢的浅水湖库中,这种沉积物Na OH-P与水相磷的相关性才达到显著水平,表明"换水周期"和"水体深度"是影响沉积物Na OH-P与水相磷含量相关关系的两个关键因子:在换水快或是深水的湖库中,即使沉积物有效态磷含量较高,但是受多种因素影响,沉积物Na OH-P与水相磷含量的相关关系可能并不显著,而在换水慢的浅水湖库中,沉积物作为源和汇频繁与水体磷进行交换,尤其是在夏季藻类暴发时期,对水相磷升高贡献大,成为该类水体富营养化问题易发生、难治理的潜在缓冲因子.
Twelve lakes and reservoirs with different water depths and different water residence times were studied to identify the applicability of bioavailable phosphorus of sediments in indicating trophic levels. Water and sediment samples were collected in these12 lakes and reservoirs to analyze the relationship of nutrient levels between the sediment and the water column. Sodium hydroxide extracted phosphorus( Na OH-P) determined using the SMT classification method is defined as the bioavailable phosphorus of sediment.The results showed that total phosphorus levels in sediments in different lakes and reservoirs ranged from 225 to 760 mg·kg-1( mean value 502 mg·kg-1); the Na OH-P levels in sediments ranged from 86 to 584 mg·kg-1( mean value 263 mg·kg-1); the total phosphorus concentrations in the water was 0. 02-0. 35 mg·L-1( mean value 0. 11 mg·L-1),and the chlorophyll a concentrations in the water were 3-349 μg·L-1( mean value 51 μg·L-1). It was found that Na OH-P was more effective than total phosphorus in indicating the trophic status of the lakes and reservoirs. However,the Na OH-P levels were significantly related to the phosphorus concentrations in the water column only in shallow water with a long residence time. It was revealed that water residence time and water depth are two key factors that affect the relationship of the phosphorus content between the sediment and the water column. In deep waters or waters with short residence time,the Na OH-P content in the sediment hardly influenced the phosphorus concentration in the water columns,even at high levels. However,in shallow waters with long residence time,the sediment acted as both sources and sinks and frequently exchanged nutrients with the overlying water,especially during bloom periods in summer. Thus Na OH-P could be a potential risk of eutrophication in such waters.
Twelve lakes and reservoirs with different water depths and different water residence times were studied to identify the applicability of bioavailable phosphorus of sediments in indicating trophic levels. Water and sediment samples were collected in these12 lakes and reservoirs to analyze the relationship of nutrient levels between the sediment and the water column. Sodium hydroxide extracted phosphorus( Na OH-P) determined using the SMT classification method is defined as the bioavailable phosphorus of sediment.The results showed that total phosphorus levels in sediments in different lakes and reservoirs ranged from 225 to 760 mg·kg-1( mean value 502 mg·kg-1); the Na OH-P levels in sediments ranged from 86 to 584 mg·kg-1( mean value 263 mg·kg-1); the total phosphorus concentrations in the water was 0. 02-0. 35 mg·L-1( mean value 0. 11 mg·L-1),and the chlorophyll a concentrations in the water were 3-349 μg·L-1( mean value 51 μg·L-1). It was found that Na OH-P was more effective than total phosphorus in indicating the trophic status of the lakes and reservoirs. However,the Na OH-P levels were significantly related to the phosphorus concentrations in the water column only in shallow water with a long residence time. It was revealed that water residence time and water depth are two key factors that affect the relationship of the phosphorus content between the sediment and the water column. In deep waters or waters with short residence time,the Na OH-P content in the sediment hardly influenced the phosphorus concentration in the water columns,even at high levels. However,in shallow waters with long residence time,the sediment acted as both sources and sinks and frequently exchanged nutrients with the overlying water,especially during bloom periods in summer. Thus Na OH-P could be a potential risk of eutrophication in such waters.
引文
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[10] Ruban V,López-Sánchez J F,Pardo P,et al. Harmonized protocol and certified reference material for the determination of extractable contents of phosphorus in freshwater sediments:A synthesis of recent works[J]. Fresenius'Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2001,370(2-3):224-228.
[11] Zhu M Y,Zhu G W,Zhao L L,et al. Influence of algal bloom degradation on nutrient release at the sediment-water interface in Lake Taihu,China[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2013,20(3):1803-1811.
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[13] Khoshmanesh A,Hart B T,Duncan A,et al. Biotic uptake and release of phosphorus by a wetland sediment[J]. Environmental Technology,1999,20(1):85-91.
[14]黎睿.滇池沉积物磷负荷及沉积物-水界面控释材料研发[D].宜昌:三峡大学,2015.Li R. Internal phosphorus loading in Lake Dianchi and synthetic material for controlling its Sediment-Water interface flux[D].Yichang:China Three Gorges University,2015.
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[17]金晓丹,吴昊,陈志明,等.长江河口水库沉积物磷形态、吸附和释放特性[J].环境科学,2015,36(2):448-456.Jin X D, Wu H, Chen Z M, et al. Phosphorus fractions,sorption characteristics and its release in the sediments of Yangtze Estuary Reservoir,China[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(2):448-456.
[18]刘一帆.通江湖泊沉积物中有效态磷的释放研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2013.Liu Y F. Reactive phosphate phosphorus release in sediment in Lakes linked with the Yangtze River[D]. Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013.
[19]张路,范成新,朱广伟,等.长江中下游湖泊沉积物生物可利用磷分布特征[J].湖泊科学,2006,18(1):36-42.Zhang L,Fan C X,Zhu G W,et al. Distribution of bioavailable phosphorus(BAP)in lake sediments of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2006,18(1):36-42.
[20]朱焕潮,沈建国,王兆德,等.杭嘉湖平原湿地底泥-上覆水磷素状况及其水质响应研究[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2009,35(4):450-459.Zhu H C,Shen J G,Wang Z D,et al. Phosphorus status on overlying water-sediment of typical riparian wetlands in Hangjiahu plain region and its impact to water quality[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University(Agriculture&Life Sciences),2009,35(4):450-459.
[21]朱广伟,秦伯强,高光,等.长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物中磷的形态及其与水相磷的关系[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(3):381-388.Zhu G W,Qin B Q,Gao G,et al. Fractionation of phosphorus in sediments and its relation with soluble phosphorus contents in shallow lakes located in the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River,China[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2004,24(3):381-388.
[22]姜伟.三峡库区澎溪河高阳平湖水环境及内源磷释放关系研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2017.Jiang W. Relationship of water environment and internal sediment nutrient release in Gaoyang Lake of Pengxi River in the Three Gorges Reservoir[D]. Chongqing:Southwest University,2017.
[23]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].(第四版).北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002. 248,250,368-370.
[24]陈宇炜,陈开宁,胡耀辉.浮游植物叶绿素a测定的"热乙醇法"及其测定误差的探讨[J].湖泊科学,2006,18(5):550-552.Chen Y W,Chen K N,Hu Y H. Discussion on possible error for pbytoplankton chlorophyll-a concentration analysis using hotethanol extraction method[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2006,18(5):550-552.
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