环境流体动力学模拟优选人工湿地设计中隔板湿地长度比
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摘要
采用环境流体动力学模型(environmental fluid dynamics code,EFDC)建立表面流人工湿地水动力-水质耦合模型,研究隔板长度与湿地长度比值(简称隔长比)对表面流人工湿地水力性能及净化效果的影响规律,优选适宜的隔长比。结果表明:1)率定和验证的12组结果中,水动力模型模拟评价结果为中等及以上,即相关系数>0.7、纳什系数>0.4、相对误差<20%,的有7组,水质模型模拟评价结果为中等及以上,即相对误差<20%,的有10组。2)表面流人工湿地适宜隔长比随长宽比的增加而增大,当长宽比由1、2、4变为4、8、16时,对应的适宜隔长比分别为0.675、0.850、0.938。3)表面流人工湿地主要水力指标随适宜隔长比的增大而增加,对净化效果指标的提升不明显。4)在适宜隔长比不变的情况下增加湿地的表面积能明显提升水质净化效果(>50%)。研究可为表面流人工湿地实际工程设计提供依据。
In practical engineering design, obstruction baffles are usually used in free-water-surface constructed wetlands(FWS CWs) to cut the width in half and double the length, thus the aspect ratio(length/width) increased fourfold. The length of the obstruction is often set to difference between boundary length and half the boundary width. In order to explore the design method's reasonability and get an optimal value, the tests of FWS CWs under different aspect ratios are needed. In this study, we explored the influence of obstruction length-to-wetland length ratio(OL/WL) and aspect ratio on the hydraulic performance of FWS CWs. The environmental fluid dynamics code(EFDC) was used to establish the hydrodynamic model and water quality model of FWS CWs. Based on the tracer data and pollutant data of 12 FWS CWs, the calibration and verification of model parameters were carried out through sensitivity analysis and manual parameter adjustment. 2 kinds of wetlands named model wetlands and actual wetlands were established. 6 different areas and aspect ratios were set for the model wetlands, and the same as the actual wetlands. Each model wetland was provided with an obstruction, while the actual wetlands had no obstruction. The actual wetland corresponded to the model wetland one by one, that was, the aspect ratio of actual wetland was 4 times of the corresponding model wetland. The purpose of the simulation was to find an appropriate OL/WL that increased the aspect ratio of the model wetland to 4 times by comparing the hydraulic and treatment performance of the model wetlands and actual wetlands. The model wetland was simulated with multiple OL/WL to find the ratio that could make the model wetland and the actual wetland had the closest hydraulic and treatment performance. In addition, the hydraulic index, namely effective volume ratio, short circuit indicator, Morril dispersion index and moment index, were used to evaluate the similarity between the hydraulic performance of the 2 kinds wetlands. Similarly, the removal rates of total nitrogen and total phosphorous were used to evaluate the treatment performance's similarity. The results showed that: 1) The sensitive parameters affecting the hydraulic performance were background horizontal eddy viscosity, dimensionless horizontal momentum diffusion, wall roughness and bottom roughness, and those affecting the treatment performance were maximum nitrification rate, reference temperature for nitrification and constant benthic flux rate of phosphorous. Among the 12 groups, 7 groups were satisfactory or better in hydrodynamic model with correlation coefficient higher than 0.7, Nash-Suttcliffe higher than 0.4, and relative error smaller than 20%; and 10 groups were satisfactory or better in water quality model. The calibrated and verified EFDC model could be used to simulate the hydrodynamic process and purification process of FWS CWs. 2) The 4 hydraulic index had good consistencies. As the increase of OL/WL, effective volume ratio, short circuit indicator and moment index increased and Morril dispersion index decreased. The larger the effective volume ratio, short circuit indicator and moment index would lead to smaller morril dispersion index and better hydraulic performance, which indicated the hydraulic performance increased with the increase of OL/WL. 3) The removal rate of total nitrogen and the phosphorous didn't change greatly as the OL/WL increased. 4) Changing the area had great impact on the treatment performance. 5) When the aspect ratio ranged from 1, 2, 4 to 4, 8, 16, the appropriate OL/WL was 0.675, 0.850, 0.938, which was different from the values of 0.5, 0.75, 0.875 in the traditional test design or engineering application.
In practical engineering design, obstruction baffles are usually used in free-water-surface constructed wetlands(FWS CWs) to cut the width in half and double the length, thus the aspect ratio(length/width) increased fourfold. The length of the obstruction is often set to difference between boundary length and half the boundary width. In order to explore the design method's reasonability and get an optimal value, the tests of FWS CWs under different aspect ratios are needed. In this study, we explored the influence of obstruction length-to-wetland length ratio(OL/WL) and aspect ratio on the hydraulic performance of FWS CWs. The environmental fluid dynamics code(EFDC) was used to establish the hydrodynamic model and water quality model of FWS CWs. Based on the tracer data and pollutant data of 12 FWS CWs, the calibration and verification of model parameters were carried out through sensitivity analysis and manual parameter adjustment. 2 kinds of wetlands named model wetlands and actual wetlands were established. 6 different areas and aspect ratios were set for the model wetlands, and the same as the actual wetlands. Each model wetland was provided with an obstruction, while the actual wetlands had no obstruction. The actual wetland corresponded to the model wetland one by one, that was, the aspect ratio of actual wetland was 4 times of the corresponding model wetland. The purpose of the simulation was to find an appropriate OL/WL that increased the aspect ratio of the model wetland to 4 times by comparing the hydraulic and treatment performance of the model wetlands and actual wetlands. The model wetland was simulated with multiple OL/WL to find the ratio that could make the model wetland and the actual wetland had the closest hydraulic and treatment performance. In addition, the hydraulic index, namely effective volume ratio, short circuit indicator, Morril dispersion index and moment index, were used to evaluate the similarity between the hydraulic performance of the 2 kinds wetlands. Similarly, the removal rates of total nitrogen and total phosphorous were used to evaluate the treatment performance's similarity. The results showed that: 1) The sensitive parameters affecting the hydraulic performance were background horizontal eddy viscosity, dimensionless horizontal momentum diffusion, wall roughness and bottom roughness, and those affecting the treatment performance were maximum nitrification rate, reference temperature for nitrification and constant benthic flux rate of phosphorous. Among the 12 groups, 7 groups were satisfactory or better in hydrodynamic model with correlation coefficient higher than 0.7, Nash-Suttcliffe higher than 0.4, and relative error smaller than 20%; and 10 groups were satisfactory or better in water quality model. The calibrated and verified EFDC model could be used to simulate the hydrodynamic process and purification process of FWS CWs. 2) The 4 hydraulic index had good consistencies. As the increase of OL/WL, effective volume ratio, short circuit indicator and moment index increased and Morril dispersion index decreased. The larger the effective volume ratio, short circuit indicator and moment index would lead to smaller morril dispersion index and better hydraulic performance, which indicated the hydraulic performance increased with the increase of OL/WL. 3) The removal rate of total nitrogen and the phosphorous didn't change greatly as the OL/WL increased. 4) Changing the area had great impact on the treatment performance. 5) When the aspect ratio ranged from 1, 2, 4 to 4, 8, 16, the appropriate OL/WL was 0.675, 0.850, 0.938, which was different from the values of 0.5, 0.75, 0.875 in the traditional test design or engineering application.
引文
[1]吴晓磊.人工湿地废水处理机理[J].环境科学，1995(3):83-86.Wu Xiaolei.Mechanism of wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands[J].Chinese Journal of Enviromental Science,1995(3):83-86.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]万玉文，郭长强，茆智，等.多级串联表面流人工湿地净化生活污水效果[J].农业工程学报，2016,32(3):220-227.Wan Yuwen,Guo Changqiang,Mao Zhi,et al.Sewage purification effect of multi-series surface flow constructed wetland[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(3):220-227.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]Guo C,Cui Y,Dong B,et al.Test study of the optimal design for hydraulic performance and treatment performance of free water surface flow constructed wetland[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,238:461-471.
[4]潘乐，茆智，董斌，等.塘堰湿地减少农田面源污染的试验研究[J].农业工程学报，2012,28(4):130-135.Pan Le,Mao Zhi,Dong Bin,et al.Experimental research on reduction of agricultural non-point source pollution using pond wetland[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(4):130-135.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]Ji Z G,Jin K R.An integrated environmental model for a surface flow constructed wetland:Water quality processes[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,86:247-261.
[6]Persson J,Somes N L G,Wong T H F.Hydraulics efficiency of constructed wetlands and ponds[J].Water Science&Technology,1999,40(3):291-300.
[7]Thackston E L,Shields F D,Schroeder P R.Residence time distributions of shallow basins[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,1987,113(6):1319-32.
[8]Koskiaho J.Flow velocity retardation and sediment retention in two constructed wetland ponds[J].Ecological Engineering,2003,19(5):325-337.
[9]朱永青.人工湿地净化机制数学模型模拟及应用[D].上海：东华大学，2006.Zhu Yongqing.Simulation and Application of Constructed Wetlands Pollutant Removal Mechanism Mathematical Model[D].Shanghai:Donghua University,2006.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]蒲红杰，许士国，苏广宇.滨库带多级表面流湿地水污染控制[J].东北水利水电，2016,34(9):25-27.Pu Hongjie,Xu Shiguo,Su Guangyu.Multi-level surface flow wetland water pollution control in Bin Kuta[J].Water Resources&Hydropower of Northeast China,2016,34(9):25-27.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Worman A,Kronnas V.Effect of pond shape and vegetation heterogeneity on flow and treatment performance of constructed wetlands[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,301(1/2/3/4):0-138.
[12]German J,Jansons K,Svensson G,et al.Modelling of different measures for improving removal in a storm pond[J].Water Science and Technology,2005,52:105-112.
[13]Su T,Yang S,Shih S,et al.Optimal design for hydraulic efficiency performance of free-water-surface constructed wetlands[J].Ecological Engineering,2009,35(8):1200-1207.
[14]Cui L,Ouyang Y,Yang W,et al.Removal of nutrients from septic tank effluent with baffle subsurface-flow constructed wetlands[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2015,153:33-39.
[15]马震，崔远来，郭长强，等.基于水力性能和净化效果的表面流人工湿地设计参数优化[J].农业工程学报，2019,35(12):157-164.Ma Zhen,Cui Yuanlai,Guo Changqiang,et al.Optimization of design parameters of surface flow constructed wetland based on hydraulic performance and pollutant purification effect[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2019,35(12):157-164.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]季振刚.水动力学和水质-河流、湖泊及河口数值模拟[M].北京：海洋出版社，2012.
[17]江春波，张明武，杨晓蕾.华北衡水湖湿地的水质评价[J].清华大学学报：自然科学版，2010,50(6):848-851.Jiang Chunbo,Zhang Mingwu,Yang Xiaolei.Water quality evaluation for the Hengshui Lake wetland in northern China[J].Journal of Tsinghua University:Science and Technology,2010,50(6):848-851.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]赖秋英，李一平，张文一，等.基于EFDC模型的湿地生物塘水质净化效果模拟与优化设计[J].四川环境，2017,36(1):6-10.Lai Qiuying,Li Yiping,Zhang Wenyi,et al.Study on the purification effect and optimization design of biological ponds in wetland based on EFDC Model[J].Sichuan Environment,2017,36(1):6-10.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Meng X,Craig P M,Wallen C M,et al.Numerical simulation of salinity and dissolved oxygen at perdido bay and adjacent coastal ocean[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2011,27(1):73-86.
[20]李一平，逄勇，丁玲.太湖富营养化控制机理模拟[J].环境科学与技术，2004,27(3):1-3.Li Yiping,Pang Yong,Ding Ling.Ecological simulation of eutrophication for Taihu lake[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2004,27(3):1-3.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]涂佳敏.生态沟渠处理农田氮磷污水的实验与模拟研究[D].天津：天津大学，2014.Tu Jiamin.Experiment and Simulation on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal of Ecological Ditch[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]刘俊杰，董斌，郭长强，等.人工湿地水力效率指标一致性与稳定性分析[J].灌溉排水学报，2014,33(Z1):331-337.Liu Junjie,Dong Bin,Guo Changqiang,et al.Analysis oil consistency and stability of hydraulic index in constructed wetland[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2014,33(Z1):331-337.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Wahl M D,Brown L C,Soboyejo A O,et al.Quantifying the hydraulic performance of treatment wetlands using the moment index[J].Ecological Engineering,2010,36(12):1691-1699.
[24]Guo C Q,Dong B,Liu J J,et al.The best indicator of hydraulic short-circuiting and mixing of constructed wetlands[J].Water Practice and Technology,2015,10(3):505-516.
[25]程声通.环境系统分析[M].北京：化学工业出版社，1990:18-20.
[26]Moriasi D N,Arnold J G,Liew M W V,et al.Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations[J].Transactions of the ASABE,2007,3(50):885-900.
[27]Hamrick J M.A Three-dimensional Environmental Fluid Dynamics Computer Code:Theoretical and Computational Aspects[D].Williamsburg:Virginia Institute of Marine Science,1992.
[28]Wu G Z,Xu Z X.Prediction of algal blooming using EFDCmodel:Case study in the Daoxiang Lake[J].Ecological Modelling,2011,222(6):1245-1252.
[29]郭元裕.农田水利学[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社，2007:108-111.
[30]雒文生，宋新元.水环境分析及预测[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社，2000:28-30.
[31]Fathi-Moghadam M,Emamgholizadeh S.Drag coefficient of unsubmerged rigid vegetation stems in open channel flows[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,2009,47(6):691-699.
[32]Zhou J,Falconer R A,Lin B.Refinements to the EFDCmodel for predicting the hydro-environmental impacts of a barrage across the Severn Estuary[J].Renewable Energy,2014,62(3):490-505.
[33]李一平，王静雨，滑磊.基于EFDC模型的河道型水库藻类生长对流域污染负荷削减的响应：以广东长潭水库为例[J].湖泊科学，2015,27(5):811-818.Li Yiping,Wang Jingyu,Hua Lei.Response of algae growth to pollution reduction of drainage basin based on EFDCmodel or channel reservoirs:A case of channel reservoir,Guangdong Province[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2015,27(5):811-818.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[34]Li X,Zhang S L,Wang L X,et al.Coupling the EFDC and CE-QUAL-ICM models to simulate water quality of shallow lake in Inner Mongolia,China[C]//Sustainable Development:Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Sustainable Development(ICSD2015).2015.
[35]Guo C,Cui Y,Dong B.Tracer study of the hydraulic performance of constructed wetlands planted with three different aquatic plant species[J].Ecological Engineering,2017,102:433-442.
[36]Jenkins G A,Greenway M.The hydraulic efficiency of fringing versus banded vegetation in constructed wetlands[J].Ecological Engineering,2005,25(1):61-72.
[37]Sabokrouhiyeh N,Bottacin-Busolin A,Nepf H,et al.Effects of vegetation density and wetland aspect ratio variation on hydraulic efficiency of wetlands[M]//Hydrodynamic&Mass Transport at Freshwater Aquatic Interfaces.Switzerland:Springer Nature,2016:101-113.
[38]Guo C Q,Cui Y L,Shi Y Z,et al.Improved test to determine design parameters for optimization of free surface flow constructed wetlands[J].Bioresource Technology,2019,280:199-212.
[39]Jong-Hwa H,Yoon C G,Won-Seok K,et al.The effect of physical design parameters on the constructed wetland performance[J].Journal of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers,2005,47(5):87-97.
[2]万玉文，郭长强，茆智，等.多级串联表面流人工湿地净化生活污水效果[J].农业工程学报，2016,32(3):220-227.Wan Yuwen,Guo Changqiang,Mao Zhi,et al.Sewage purification effect of multi-series surface flow constructed wetland[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(3):220-227.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]Guo C,Cui Y,Dong B,et al.Test study of the optimal design for hydraulic performance and treatment performance of free water surface flow constructed wetland[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,238:461-471.
[4]潘乐，茆智，董斌，等.塘堰湿地减少农田面源污染的试验研究[J].农业工程学报，2012,28(4):130-135.Pan Le,Mao Zhi,Dong Bin,et al.Experimental research on reduction of agricultural non-point source pollution using pond wetland[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(4):130-135.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]Ji Z G,Jin K R.An integrated environmental model for a surface flow constructed wetland:Water quality processes[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,86:247-261.
[6]Persson J,Somes N L G,Wong T H F.Hydraulics efficiency of constructed wetlands and ponds[J].Water Science&Technology,1999,40(3):291-300.
[7]Thackston E L,Shields F D,Schroeder P R.Residence time distributions of shallow basins[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,1987,113(6):1319-32.
[8]Koskiaho J.Flow velocity retardation and sediment retention in two constructed wetland ponds[J].Ecological Engineering,2003,19(5):325-337.
[9]朱永青.人工湿地净化机制数学模型模拟及应用[D].上海：东华大学，2006.Zhu Yongqing.Simulation and Application of Constructed Wetlands Pollutant Removal Mechanism Mathematical Model[D].Shanghai:Donghua University,2006.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]蒲红杰，许士国，苏广宇.滨库带多级表面流湿地水污染控制[J].东北水利水电，2016,34(9):25-27.Pu Hongjie,Xu Shiguo,Su Guangyu.Multi-level surface flow wetland water pollution control in Bin Kuta[J].Water Resources&Hydropower of Northeast China,2016,34(9):25-27.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Worman A,Kronnas V.Effect of pond shape and vegetation heterogeneity on flow and treatment performance of constructed wetlands[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,301(1/2/3/4):0-138.
[12]German J,Jansons K,Svensson G,et al.Modelling of different measures for improving removal in a storm pond[J].Water Science and Technology,2005,52:105-112.
[13]Su T,Yang S,Shih S,et al.Optimal design for hydraulic efficiency performance of free-water-surface constructed wetlands[J].Ecological Engineering,2009,35(8):1200-1207.
[14]Cui L,Ouyang Y,Yang W,et al.Removal of nutrients from septic tank effluent with baffle subsurface-flow constructed wetlands[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2015,153:33-39.
[15]马震，崔远来，郭长强，等.基于水力性能和净化效果的表面流人工湿地设计参数优化[J].农业工程学报，2019,35(12):157-164.Ma Zhen,Cui Yuanlai,Guo Changqiang,et al.Optimization of design parameters of surface flow constructed wetland based on hydraulic performance and pollutant purification effect[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2019,35(12):157-164.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]季振刚.水动力学和水质-河流、湖泊及河口数值模拟[M].北京：海洋出版社，2012.
[17]江春波，张明武，杨晓蕾.华北衡水湖湿地的水质评价[J].清华大学学报：自然科学版，2010,50(6):848-851.Jiang Chunbo,Zhang Mingwu,Yang Xiaolei.Water quality evaluation for the Hengshui Lake wetland in northern China[J].Journal of Tsinghua University:Science and Technology,2010,50(6):848-851.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]赖秋英，李一平，张文一，等.基于EFDC模型的湿地生物塘水质净化效果模拟与优化设计[J].四川环境，2017,36(1):6-10.Lai Qiuying,Li Yiping,Zhang Wenyi,et al.Study on the purification effect and optimization design of biological ponds in wetland based on EFDC Model[J].Sichuan Environment,2017,36(1):6-10.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Meng X,Craig P M,Wallen C M,et al.Numerical simulation of salinity and dissolved oxygen at perdido bay and adjacent coastal ocean[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2011,27(1):73-86.
[20]李一平，逄勇，丁玲.太湖富营养化控制机理模拟[J].环境科学与技术，2004,27(3):1-3.Li Yiping,Pang Yong,Ding Ling.Ecological simulation of eutrophication for Taihu lake[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2004,27(3):1-3.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]涂佳敏.生态沟渠处理农田氮磷污水的实验与模拟研究[D].天津：天津大学，2014.Tu Jiamin.Experiment and Simulation on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal of Ecological Ditch[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]刘俊杰，董斌，郭长强，等.人工湿地水力效率指标一致性与稳定性分析[J].灌溉排水学报，2014,33(Z1):331-337.Liu Junjie,Dong Bin,Guo Changqiang,et al.Analysis oil consistency and stability of hydraulic index in constructed wetland[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2014,33(Z1):331-337.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Wahl M D,Brown L C,Soboyejo A O,et al.Quantifying the hydraulic performance of treatment wetlands using the moment index[J].Ecological Engineering,2010,36(12):1691-1699.
[24]Guo C Q,Dong B,Liu J J,et al.The best indicator of hydraulic short-circuiting and mixing of constructed wetlands[J].Water Practice and Technology,2015,10(3):505-516.
[25]程声通.环境系统分析[M].北京：化学工业出版社，1990:18-20.
[26]Moriasi D N,Arnold J G,Liew M W V,et al.Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations[J].Transactions of the ASABE,2007,3(50):885-900.
[27]Hamrick J M.A Three-dimensional Environmental Fluid Dynamics Computer Code:Theoretical and Computational Aspects[D].Williamsburg:Virginia Institute of Marine Science,1992.
[28]Wu G Z,Xu Z X.Prediction of algal blooming using EFDCmodel:Case study in the Daoxiang Lake[J].Ecological Modelling,2011,222(6):1245-1252.
[29]郭元裕.农田水利学[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社，2007:108-111.
[30]雒文生，宋新元.水环境分析及预测[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社，2000:28-30.
[31]Fathi-Moghadam M,Emamgholizadeh S.Drag coefficient of unsubmerged rigid vegetation stems in open channel flows[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,2009,47(6):691-699.
[32]Zhou J,Falconer R A,Lin B.Refinements to the EFDCmodel for predicting the hydro-environmental impacts of a barrage across the Severn Estuary[J].Renewable Energy,2014,62(3):490-505.
[33]李一平，王静雨，滑磊.基于EFDC模型的河道型水库藻类生长对流域污染负荷削减的响应：以广东长潭水库为例[J].湖泊科学，2015,27(5):811-818.Li Yiping,Wang Jingyu,Hua Lei.Response of algae growth to pollution reduction of drainage basin based on EFDCmodel or channel reservoirs:A case of channel reservoir,Guangdong Province[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2015,27(5):811-818.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[34]Li X,Zhang S L,Wang L X,et al.Coupling the EFDC and CE-QUAL-ICM models to simulate water quality of shallow lake in Inner Mongolia,China[C]//Sustainable Development:Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Sustainable Development(ICSD2015).2015.
[35]Guo C,Cui Y,Dong B.Tracer study of the hydraulic performance of constructed wetlands planted with three different aquatic plant species[J].Ecological Engineering,2017,102:433-442.
[36]Jenkins G A,Greenway M.The hydraulic efficiency of fringing versus banded vegetation in constructed wetlands[J].Ecological Engineering,2005,25(1):61-72.
[37]Sabokrouhiyeh N,Bottacin-Busolin A,Nepf H,et al.Effects of vegetation density and wetland aspect ratio variation on hydraulic efficiency of wetlands[M]//Hydrodynamic&Mass Transport at Freshwater Aquatic Interfaces.Switzerland:Springer Nature,2016:101-113.
[38]Guo C Q,Cui Y L,Shi Y Z,et al.Improved test to determine design parameters for optimization of free surface flow constructed wetlands[J].Bioresource Technology,2019,280:199-212.
[39]Jong-Hwa H,Yoon C G,Won-Seok K,et al.The effect of physical design parameters on the constructed wetland performance[J].Journal of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers,2005,47(5):87-97.
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