长沙市秋季PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子特征及其来源解析
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摘要
为探究长沙市秋季PM_(2.5)水溶性无机离子组成特征和来源,于2017年9月～11月在长沙城区连续采集大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)样品共85个,并用离子色谱仪分析样品中的9种水溶性无机离子(F~-、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、NH_4~+)。结果表明,长沙市秋季PM_(2.5)质量浓度的平均值为56. 3±39. 6μg/m~3,总水溶性无机离子质量浓度平均值为29. 47±19. 10μg/m~3,占PM_(2.5)的52. 3%,其中NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+是PM_(2.5)中最主要的离子成分。霾天PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度约是清洁天的3倍,NO_3~-、NH_4~+、K~+、Cl~-四种离子的快速增长对霾天PM_(2.5)中离子的贡献最大。由PMF模型解析可知,秋季大气PM_(2.5)主要来源于机动车尾气和燃煤源,而扬尘、生物质燃烧源、工业源和海盐的贡献不到30%。长沙市秋季大气污染呈现机动车尾气等移动源和燃煤等固定源的混合型污染为主。
To research the characteristics and sources of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM_(2.5) during autumn,in Changsha city,85 samples of PM_(2.5) were collected from September to November 2017,and 9 kinds of water-soluble inorganic ions( F~-,Cl~-,NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-),K~+,Na~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+) and NH_4~+) in the samples were analyzed by the ion chromatograph. The results showed that the average mass concentration of PM_(2.5) in autumn in Changsha city was 56. 3±39. 6 μg/m~3,and the total mass concentration of water-soluble inorganic ions was average 29. 47±19. 10 μg/m3,accounting for 52. 3% of PM_(2.5),in which NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-) and NH_4~+ were major ionic compositions.The average mass concentration of PM_(2.5) was about 3 times during the hazy days than that during the clean days,and the fast growing concentrations of NO_3~-、NH_4~+、K~+ and Cl~- were principal contributors to the ions of PM_(2.5). Based on positive matrix factorization( PMF),it was found that the water-soluble inorganic ions in PM_(2.5) during autumn mainly came from vehicle exhaust and coal combustion,while flying dust,biomass burning,industrial sources and sea salt also contribute to less than 30% of these ions. The air pollution during autumn in Changsha city was the mixture of movable sources as vehicle exhaust and fixed sources as coal combustion.
To research the characteristics and sources of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM_(2.5) during autumn,in Changsha city,85 samples of PM_(2.5) were collected from September to November 2017,and 9 kinds of water-soluble inorganic ions( F~-,Cl~-,NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-),K~+,Na~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+) and NH_4~+) in the samples were analyzed by the ion chromatograph. The results showed that the average mass concentration of PM_(2.5) in autumn in Changsha city was 56. 3±39. 6 μg/m~3,and the total mass concentration of water-soluble inorganic ions was average 29. 47±19. 10 μg/m3,accounting for 52. 3% of PM_(2.5),in which NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-) and NH_4~+ were major ionic compositions.The average mass concentration of PM_(2.5) was about 3 times during the hazy days than that during the clean days,and the fast growing concentrations of NO_3~-、NH_4~+、K~+ and Cl~- were principal contributors to the ions of PM_(2.5). Based on positive matrix factorization( PMF),it was found that the water-soluble inorganic ions in PM_(2.5) during autumn mainly came from vehicle exhaust and coal combustion,while flying dust,biomass burning,industrial sources and sea salt also contribute to less than 30% of these ions. The air pollution during autumn in Changsha city was the mixture of movable sources as vehicle exhaust and fixed sources as coal combustion.
引文
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[27]周子航,邓也,吴柯颖,等.成都市道路移动源排放清单与空间分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2018,38(1):79-91.
[28]王琴,张大伟,刘保献,等.基于PMF模型的北京市PM2. 5来源的时空分布特征[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(10):2917-2924.
[2]张棕巍,胡恭任,于瑞莲,等.厦门市大气PM2. 5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源解析[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(7):1947-1954.
[3]王琴,张大伟,刘保献,等.基于PMF模型的北京市PM2. 5来源的时空分布特征[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(10):2917-2924.
[4] Liu X,Duan L,Mo J,et al. Nitrogen deposition and its ecological impact in China:An overview.[J]. Environmental Pollution,2011,159(10):2251-2264.
[5] Bouwman A F,Vuuren D P V,Derwent R G,et al. A global analysis of acidification and eutrophication of terrestrial ecosystems[J]. Water Air&Soil Pollution,2002,141(1-4):349-382.
[6]李彩霞,李彩亭,曾光明,等.长沙市夏季PM10和PM2. 5中水溶性离子的污染特征[J].中国环境科学,2007,27(5):599-603.
[7]杨天智.长沙市大气颗粒物PM2. 5化学组分特征及来源解析[D].长沙:中南大学,2010.
[8]张小红.长沙市PM2. 5污染特征及其影响因素分析[J].企业技术开发,2015,34(19):7-10.
[9]李巧云,廖菊阳,刘艳,等.长沙市PM2. 5质量浓度及其变化特征[J].江西农业学报,2017,29(4):89-93.
[10] Zhou D,Li B,Huang X,et al. The impacts of emission control and regional transport on PM2. 5ions and carbon components in Nanjing during the2014 Nanjing Youth Olympic Games[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2017.
[11] Hsu C Y,Chiang H C,Chen M J,et al. Ambient PM2. 5in the residential area near industrial complexes:Spatiotemporal variation,source apportionment,and health impact[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,590:204-214.
[12]杨毅红,瞿群,刘随心,等.夏季珠江三角洲地区PM2. 5化学组分特征及其对大气能见度的影响[J].环境科学,2015(8):2758-2767.
[13] Ming L,Jin L,Li J,et al. PM2. 5in the Yangtze River Delta,China:Chemical compositions,seasonal variations,and regional pollution events[J]. Environmental Pollution,2017,223:200-212.
[14]范美益,曹芳,张园园,等.徐州市冬季大气细颗粒物水溶性无机离子污染特征及来源解析[J].环境科学,2017(11):4478-4485.
[15]王晓琦,周颖,程水源,等.典型城市冬季PM2. 5水溶性离子污染特征与传输规律研究[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(8):2289-2296.
[16]吴耕晨.广州大气气溶胶水溶性组分分布特征的研究[D].广州:暨南大学,2015.
[17]李英红,谭吉华,饶志国,等.兰州市大气细颗粒物中水溶性离子的污染特征[J].环境化学,2016,35(9):1799-1807.
[18]刘晓慧,朱彬,高晋徽,等.长江三角洲地区霾判别方法的对比分析[J].环境科学,2014(9):3239-3246.
[19] Tian M,Wang H B,Chen Y,et al. Characteristics of aerosol pollution during heavy haze events in Suzhou,China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2015,16(11):7357-7371.
[20] Li L,An J Y,Zhou M,et al. Source apportionment of fine particles and its chemical components over the Yangtze River Delta,China during a heavy haze pollution episode[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2015,123:415-429.
[21]蒋琳,朱彬,王红磊,等.霾与轻雾天气下水溶性离子的组分特征—冬季长江三角洲地区一次污染过程分析[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(10):3601-3610.
[22] Huang K,Zhuang G,Wang Q,et al. Extreme haze pollution in Beijing during January 2013:Chemical characteristics,formation mechanism and role of fog processing[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics Discussions,2014,14(6):479-486.
[23] Cheng H,Gong W,Wang Z,et al. Ionic composition of submicron particles PM1. 0during the long-lasting haze period in January 2013 in Wuhan,central China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2014,26(4):810-817.
[24]钱文惟,朱彬,王红磊,等.使用RCFP-IC对南京市不同污染状况下PM2. 5中水溶性离子的观测分析[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(10):3300-3308.
[25]高晓梅.我国典型地区大气PM2. 5水溶性离子的理化特征及来源解析[D].济南:山东大学,2012.
[26]蒋轶伦.中国城市典型大气污染物的来源、形成机制及其对大气质量和近海生产力的影响[D].上海:复旦大学,2011.
[27]周子航,邓也,吴柯颖,等.成都市道路移动源排放清单与空间分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2018,38(1):79-91.
[28]王琴,张大伟,刘保献,等.基于PMF模型的北京市PM2. 5来源的时空分布特征[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(10):2917-2924.