土壤盐碱化对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)生物学特征的影响
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摘要
松嫩草地由于自然及人为因素的影响,出现了严重的次生盐碱化现象。盐碱化与次生盐渍化导致草地生物量急剧下降,许多优质牧草(如羊草等)消失,严重影响该区域畜牧业的发展,因此改良盐碱土,发展人工草地已成为该区域畜牧业可持续发展的重要途径。鉴于吉林西部草地的气候与土壤特点,本研究选择砂土改良之后建植的人工草地,开展了土壤盐碱化对紫花苜蓿生物学特征影响的研究。采用大地电导率仪(EM38)将研究区域分成3个盐碱程度(轻度、中度与重度);测定土壤(1. 0 m深度)盐碱指标,并对紫花苜蓿生物学特征进行长期调查。结果显示,紫花苜蓿的生长速率、生物量、鲜干比(FWR)、Na/K和叶绿素(SPAD)与土壤盐碱化程度呈负相关关系。随着土壤盐碱程度的增加,紫花苜蓿第一茬的生长速率由1. 70 cm·d~(-1)显著降低到0. 40 cm·d~(-1)(P <0. 05),而第二茬的生长速率则由1. 40 cm·d~(-1)降低到0. 45 cm·d~(-1); SPAD由62. 3下降到53. 2; Na/K由1. 49减小到0. 78;生物量(干重)由1. 88 t·hm~(-2)降低到0. 20 t·hm~(-2);鲜干比由2. 59降低到1. 80;而随着土壤盐碱化程度的增加,紫花苜蓿的茎叶比由1. 72增加到了2. 61。因此,土壤盐碱化降低了紫花苜蓿产量与品质。本研究结果可为盐碱化土地的利用以及盐碱化人工草地生产力提升提供理论依据。
The salinity-alkalinity of Songnen grasslands in Northeast China is aggravated due to natural and other human activities. Therefore,the local livestock husbandry is significantly hindered by decline of grassland biomass and the disappearance of high-quality forage species, thus salinity-alkalinity soil needs to be improved for sustainable animal husbandry development. Considering the soil,climate and water resources,we selected artificial grassland,which was set up on saline-sodic soils and ameliorated by sandy soils,to investigate the effects of soil salinity-alkalinity on alfalfa( Medicago sativa L.) bio-characteristics. Three degrees of soil salinity-alkalinity( mild,moderate and severe) were detected by EM 38,and soil samples( 1. 0 m depth)were collected for measuring the soil background of the field in 2015; in addition,alfalfa samples were collected twice for revealing the dynamics of alfalfa characteristics from 2016 to 2017. The results showed that there were negative correlations between soil salinity-alkalinity degrees and the growth rate,biomass,ratio of dry/fresh,Na/K and SPAD. With increasing salinity-alkalinity degrees,the growth rate of first and second harvests declined from 1. 70 to 0. 40 cm·d~(-1) and from 1. 40 to 0. 45 cm·d~(-1),respectively; SPAD diminished from 62. 2 to 52. 8; the Na/K decreased from 1. 49 to 0. 78; the forage biomass( dry weight) reduced from 1. 88 to0. 20 t·hm~(-2); the ratio of fresh and dry weight decreased from 2. 59 to 1. 80; while,the stem/leaf ratio increased from 1. 72 to2. 61. Finally,results of this study indicated that the alfalfa dry yield and quality could be impacted by soil salinity-alkalinity. This study would offer basic theory support of the utilizations of saline-sodic lands and the promotion of saline-alkali artificial grassland productivity.
The salinity-alkalinity of Songnen grasslands in Northeast China is aggravated due to natural and other human activities. Therefore,the local livestock husbandry is significantly hindered by decline of grassland biomass and the disappearance of high-quality forage species, thus salinity-alkalinity soil needs to be improved for sustainable animal husbandry development. Considering the soil,climate and water resources,we selected artificial grassland,which was set up on saline-sodic soils and ameliorated by sandy soils,to investigate the effects of soil salinity-alkalinity on alfalfa( Medicago sativa L.) bio-characteristics. Three degrees of soil salinity-alkalinity( mild,moderate and severe) were detected by EM 38,and soil samples( 1. 0 m depth)were collected for measuring the soil background of the field in 2015; in addition,alfalfa samples were collected twice for revealing the dynamics of alfalfa characteristics from 2016 to 2017. The results showed that there were negative correlations between soil salinity-alkalinity degrees and the growth rate,biomass,ratio of dry/fresh,Na/K and SPAD. With increasing salinity-alkalinity degrees,the growth rate of first and second harvests declined from 1. 70 to 0. 40 cm·d~(-1) and from 1. 40 to 0. 45 cm·d~(-1),respectively; SPAD diminished from 62. 2 to 52. 8; the Na/K decreased from 1. 49 to 0. 78; the forage biomass( dry weight) reduced from 1. 88 to0. 20 t·hm~(-2); the ratio of fresh and dry weight decreased from 2. 59 to 1. 80; while,the stem/leaf ratio increased from 1. 72 to2. 61. Finally,results of this study indicated that the alfalfa dry yield and quality could be impacted by soil salinity-alkalinity. This study would offer basic theory support of the utilizations of saline-sodic lands and the promotion of saline-alkali artificial grassland productivity.
引文
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[2]林年丰，汤洁.EIS-GIS联合系统在第四纪研究中的作用及意义[J].第四纪研究，2001,21(2):100-107.LIN N F,TANG J.The functions of combined system EIS-GIS and its significance in quaternary studies[J].Quaternary Sciences,2001,21(2):100-107.
[3]李取生，裘善文，邓伟.松嫩平原土地次生盐碱化研究[J].地理科学，1998,18(3):268-272.LI Q S,QIU S W,DENG W.Study on the secondary saline-alkalization of land in Songnen Plain[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,1998,18(3):268-272.
[4]廉毅，高枞亭，任红玲，等.20世纪90年代中国东北地区荒漠化的发展与区域气候变化[J].气象学报，2001,59(6):730-736.LIAN Y,GAO Z T,REN H L,et al.Desertification development and regional climatic change in northeast China in the 1990s[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2001,59(6):730-736.
[5]慈龙骏.全球变化对我国荒漠化的影响[J].自然资源学报，1994,9(4):289-303.CI L J.The impact of global change on desertification in China[J].Journal of Natural Resources,1994,9(4):289-303.
[6]王遵亲.中国盐渍土[M].北京:科学出版社，1993:470-494.WANG Z Q.Salt soils of China[M].Beijing:Science Press,1993:470-494．
[7]刘兴土.松嫩平原退化土地整治与农业发展[M].北京:科学出版社，2001.LIU X T.The reclamation of degraded lands and development of agriculture in Songnen Plain[M].Beijing:Science Press,2001:140-200．
[8]章祖同，刘起.中国重点牧草草地资源及其开发利用[M].北京:科学出版社，1992.ZHANG Z T,LIU Q.The development and utilization of key grasslands resources in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,1992:30-100.
[9]郑慧莹，李建东.松嫩平原的草地植被及其利用保护[M].北京:科学出版社，1993.ZHENG H Y,LI J D.The protection and utilization of Songnen Plain grassland vegetation[M].Beijing:Science Press,1993:30-66.
[10]李彬，王志春，孙志高，等.中国盐碱地资源与可持续利用研究[J].干旱地区农业研究，2005,23(2):154-158.LI B,WANG Z C,SUN Z G,et al.Resources and sustainable resource exploitation of salinized land in China[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2005,23(2):154-158.
[11]田丰，王凤荣，王润霞，等.谈松嫩草地的开发利用[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医，1996(7):22-24.TIAN F,WANG F R,WANG R X,et al.Discussion on the development and utilization of Songnen grassland[J].Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,1996(7):22-24.
[12]赵玉兰，叶占胜，崔国文.松嫩草地的可持续利用和发展[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医，2004(8):56-57.ZHAO Y L,YE Z S,CUI G W.The development and sustainable utilization of Songnen grassland[J].Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2004(8):56-57.
[13]洪绂曾.草业与西部大开发[M].北京:中国农业出版社，2001:33-42.HONG F Z.The grassland and development of the western region in China[M].Beijing,China Agriculture Press,2001:33-42.
[14]孙启忠，桂荣，韩建国.赤峰地区敖汉苜蓿冻害及其防御技术[J].草地学报，2001,9(1):50-57.SUN Q Z,GUI R,HAN J G.Research on winter injury and prevent technique of alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.cv.'Aohan')in Chifeng Region[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,2001,9(1):50-57.
[15]MAAS E V,HOFFMAN G J.Crop salt tolerance,evaluation of existing data[J].Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division,1977,103,115-134.
[16]王中凯.基于系统动力学理论的白城市水资源优化配置研究[D].长春:吉林大学，2015:9-10.WANG Z K.Research on optimal allocation of water resources in Baicheng City based on system dynamics theory[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2015:9-10.
[17]刘健卫，李想，张柏良，等.白城市水资源现状及洪水资源利用对策[J].吉林水利，2014(7):51-54.LIU J W,LI X,ZHANG B L,et al.The current water resource situation and strategies of flood utilization in Baicheng City[J].Jilin Water Resources,2014(7):51-54.
[18]杜桂娟，刘晓宏，侯志研，等.紫花苜蓿品种比较与性状分析初报[J].草业科学，2005,22(9):45-48.DU G J,LIU X H,HOU Z Y,et al.Initial report on study of variety comparison and character analysis of alfalfa[J].Pratacultural Science,2005,22(9):45-48.
[19]ZHANG J,BLACKMER A M,ELLSWORTH J W,et al.Sensitivity of chlorophyll meters for diagnosing nitrogen deficiencies of corn in production agriculture[J].Agronomy Journal,2008,100(3):543-550.
[20]NAKANO H,MORITA S,KUSUDA O.Effect of nitrogen application rate and timing on grain yield and protein content of the bread wheat cultivar'Minaminokaori'in southwestern Japan[J].Plant Production Science,2008,11(1):151-157.
[21]石岳，马殷雷，马文红，等.中国草地的产草量和牧草品质:格局及其与环境因子之间的关系[J].科学通报，2013,58(3):226-239.SHI Y,MA Y L,MA W H,et al.Large scale pattern of forage yield and quality across Chinese grasslands[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58:1187-1199.
[22]CONANT R T,PAUSTIAN K.Potential soil carbon sequencetration in overgrazed grassland ecosystems[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2002,16(4),1143.
[23]邓飞，李晓兵，王宏，等.内蒙古锡林郭勒盟人工草地发展现状及制约因素[J].草原与草坪，2013,33(6):14-18.DENG F,LI X B,WANG H,et al.Analysis on the development status and restriction factors of sown grassland in Xinlin Gol League in Inner Mongolia[J].Grassland and Turf,2013,33(6):14-18.
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