中国畜禽粪尿资源及其替代化肥潜力分析
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摘要
基于中国养殖业发展现状,以种植业化肥用量为参照,统计分析了包括固体和液体粪便在内的畜禽粪尿资源总量及其替代化肥潜力。结果显示:2015年中国畜禽粪尿排放总量为23.99亿t,养分总量2573.10万t,其中氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)养分总量分别为1278.50万t、366.16万t、928.44万t,可替代同年种植业化肥施用总量(6022.70万t)的42.73%;中国不同地区畜禽粪尿替代化肥潜力差异较大,其中华东、东北和西南地区等地畜禽粪尿养分总量最高,达1369.52万t,占全国畜禽粪尿养分总量的67.15%,可替代全国当年化肥用总量22.74%。经过堆肥和沼液发酵处理的畜禽粪尿,养分综合损失比例为19.43%,氮磷钾养分理论剩余总量为2055.11万t。研究结果可为中国畜禽粪尿资源化利用及化肥减施提供数据支撑和决策支持。
Based on the present situation of livestock and poultry breeding industry and the annual chemical fertilizer consumption in China, the authors analyzed China's total nutrient in livestock and poultry manure and their potential for being applied as alternative fertilizer. The results showed that the total amount of animal manure and urine discharged in China in 2015 was 2.399 billion tons, and the total nutrient content was 25.72 million tons, the total amount of nitrogenous, phosphate and potash in livestock and poultry manure was 12.78 million tons, 3.66 million tons and 9.28 million tons, respectively, which could replace 42.73% of the annual chemical fertilizer consumed in crop farming(60.22 million tons) in the same year. The potential of livestock manure for being applied as alternative fertilizer in different regions was quite different, the total amount of livestock manure nutrient in east China, northeast China and southwest China was 13.70 million tons,accounting for 67.15% of the total livestock and poultry manure nutrient, which could replace 22.74% of the annual chemical fertilizer consumed in crop farming of the same year. The theoretical total nutrient loss ratio was 19.43% after composting and biogas fermentation of livestock manure, decreased to 20.55 million tons.This study provides data support and decision making reference for improving the utilization of livestock manures and the reduction of chemical fertilizers in China.
Based on the present situation of livestock and poultry breeding industry and the annual chemical fertilizer consumption in China, the authors analyzed China's total nutrient in livestock and poultry manure and their potential for being applied as alternative fertilizer. The results showed that the total amount of animal manure and urine discharged in China in 2015 was 2.399 billion tons, and the total nutrient content was 25.72 million tons, the total amount of nitrogenous, phosphate and potash in livestock and poultry manure was 12.78 million tons, 3.66 million tons and 9.28 million tons, respectively, which could replace 42.73% of the annual chemical fertilizer consumed in crop farming(60.22 million tons) in the same year. The potential of livestock manure for being applied as alternative fertilizer in different regions was quite different, the total amount of livestock manure nutrient in east China, northeast China and southwest China was 13.70 million tons,accounting for 67.15% of the total livestock and poultry manure nutrient, which could replace 22.74% of the annual chemical fertilizer consumed in crop farming of the same year. The theoretical total nutrient loss ratio was 19.43% after composting and biogas fermentation of livestock manure, decreased to 20.55 million tons.This study provides data support and decision making reference for improving the utilization of livestock manures and the reduction of chemical fertilizers in China.
引文
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[31]李建国.畜牧学概论(第1版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.
[32]赖力,黄贤金,王辉,等.中国化肥施用的环境成本估算[J].土壤学报,2009,46(1):63-69.
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[35]耿维,胡林,崔建宇,等.中国区域畜禽粪便能源潜力及总量控制研究[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(1):171-179,295.
[36]路国斌,王夏晖.基于养分平衡的有机肥替代化肥潜力评估[J].资源与环境,2016(11):15-18.
[37]仇焕广,莫海霞,白军飞,等.中国农村畜禽粪便处理方式及其影响因素—基于五省调查数据的实证分析[J].中国农村经济,2012(3):78-87.
[38]孙铁珩,宋雪英.中国农业环境问题与对策[J].农业现代化研究,2008(6):646-648,652.
[39]刘忠,段增强.中国主要农区畜禽粪尿资源分布及其环境负荷[J].资源科学,2010,32(5):946-950.
[40]饲料行业信息网,2017[EB/OL].http://www.feedtrade.com.cn/.
[41]张维理,武淑霞,冀宏杰,等.中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策I.21世纪初期中国农业面源污染的形势估计[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(7):1008-1017.
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[47]中国环境年鉴编辑委员会.中国环境年鉴2010[M].北京:中国环境年鉴出版社,2011:511-513.
[48]李宁,中国养殖业可持续发展战略研究综合报告课题组.中国养殖业可持续发展战略研究综合报告[J].中国家禽,2012,34(11):5-7.
[2]王方浩,马文奇,张福锁,等.中国畜禽粪便产生量估算及环境效应[J].中国环境科学,2006,26(5):614-617.
[3]张卫峰,季玥秀,马文奇,等.中国化肥资源供需矛盾及调控策略[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(5):754-763.
[4]李太平,张锋,胡浩.中国化肥面源污染EKC验证及其驱动因素[J].中国人口.资源与环境,2011,21(11):118-123.
[5]常维娜,周慧平,种养平衡——农业污染减排模式探讨[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(1):2118-2124.
[6] Nennich T D, Harrison J H, Van Wieringen L M, et al. Prediction of manure and nutrient excretion from dairy cattle[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2005,88(10):3721-3733.
[7] Higgs R J, Chase L E, Van Amburgh M E. Development and evaluation of equations in the Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system to predict nitrogen excretion in lactating dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(4):2004-2014.
[8] Dragun W. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of manure from closed cycle pig farms[C].Proceedings of The Rural Design Official Association, Szczecin, Poland:1978.
[9] Moral R, Perez-Murcia M D, Perez-Espinosa A, et al. Estimation of nutrient values of pig slurries in southeast Spain using easily determined properties[J].Waste Management,2005,25(7):719-725.
[10] Suresh A, Choi H L, Oh D I, et al. Prediction of the nutrients value and biochemical characteristics of swine slurry by measurement of EC-Electrical conductivity[J].Bioresource Technology,2009,100(20):4683-4689.
[11]渠清博,杨鹏,翟中葳,等.规模化畜禽养殖粪便主要污染物产生量预测方法研究进展[J].农业资源与环境学报,2016,33(5):397-406.
[12]国家统计局,中国统计年鉴—2015[EB/OL].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2015/indexch.htm.
[13]中国畜牧业年鉴编辑委员会,中国畜牧业年鉴[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2004:184-237.
[14]农业部畜牧业司,全国畜牧总站编.中国畜牧业统计[M].北京:中国农业出版社:2015.
[15]马林,王方浩,范明生,等.中国东北地区中长期畜禽粪尿资源与污染潜势估算[J].农业工程学报,2006(8):170-174.
[16]贾伟.我国粪肥养分资源现状及其合理利用分析[D].北京:中国农业大学,2014.
[17]全国农业技术推广服务中心编著.中国有机肥料养分志(第1版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.
[18] Fukumoto Y, Suzuki K, Kuroda K, et al. Effects of struvite formation and nitratation promotion on nitrogenous emissions such as NH3, N2O and NO during swine manure composting[J].Bioresource technology,2011,102(2):1468-1474.
[19] Liang Y, Leonard J J, Feddes J J R, et al. Influence of carbon and buffer amendment on ammonia volatilization in composting[J].Bioresource Technology,2006,97(5):748-761.
[20] Luebbe M K, Erickson G E, Klopfenstein T J, et al. Composting or stockpiling of feedlot manure in Nebraska:Nutrient concentration and mass balance1[J].The Professional Animal Scientist,2011,27(2):83-91.
[21]魏宗强,罗一鸣,吴绍华,等.添加沸石对鸡粪高温堆肥磷钾径流及淋洗损失的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(12):2486-2492.
[22]罗一鸣,李国学,Frank S,等.过磷酸钙添加剂对猪粪堆肥温室气体和氨气减排的作用[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(22):235-242.
[23]魏宗强,李吉进,吴绍华.露天鸡粪好氧堆肥氮素的径流及淋洗损失[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(2):44-47.
[24]杨宇,魏源送,刘俊新.镁盐添加对猪粪堆肥过程中氮、磷养分保留的影响[J].环境科学,2008(9):2672-2677.
[25]杨兴明,徐阳春,黄启为,等.有机(类)肥料与农业可持续发展和生态环境保护[J].土壤学报,2008(5):925-932.
[26] Ouyang W, Hao F, Wei X, et al. Spatial and temporal trend of Chinese manure nutrient pollution and assimilation capacity of cropland and grassland[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2013,20(7):5036-5046.
[27]单英杰,章明奎.不同来源畜禽粪的养分和污染物组成[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(1):80-86.
[28]李书田,刘荣乐,陕红.我国主要畜禽粪便养分含量及变化分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(1):179-184.
[29] Schievano A, D’Imporzano G, Salati S, et al. On-field study of anaerobic digestion full-scale plants(Part I):An on-field methodology to determine mass, carbon and nutrients balance[J].Bioresource technology,2011,102(17):7737-7744.
[30]靳红梅,付广青,常志州,等.猪、牛粪厌氧发酵中氮素形态转化及其在沼液和沼渣中的分布[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(21):208-214.
[31]李建国.畜牧学概论(第1版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.
[32]赖力,黄贤金,王辉,等.中国化肥施用的环境成本估算[J].土壤学报,2009,46(1):63-69.
[33]杨帆,孟远夺.2013年我国种植业化肥施用状况分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):217-225.
[34]林源,马骥,秦富,等.中国畜禽粪便资源结构分布及发展展望[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(32):1-5.
[35]耿维,胡林,崔建宇,等.中国区域畜禽粪便能源潜力及总量控制研究[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(1):171-179,295.
[36]路国斌,王夏晖.基于养分平衡的有机肥替代化肥潜力评估[J].资源与环境,2016(11):15-18.
[37]仇焕广,莫海霞,白军飞,等.中国农村畜禽粪便处理方式及其影响因素—基于五省调查数据的实证分析[J].中国农村经济,2012(3):78-87.
[38]孙铁珩,宋雪英.中国农业环境问题与对策[J].农业现代化研究,2008(6):646-648,652.
[39]刘忠,段增强.中国主要农区畜禽粪尿资源分布及其环境负荷[J].资源科学,2010,32(5):946-950.
[40]饲料行业信息网,2017[EB/OL].http://www.feedtrade.com.cn/.
[41]张维理,武淑霞,冀宏杰,等.中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策I.21世纪初期中国农业面源污染的形势估计[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(7):1008-1017.
[42]杨帆,李荣,崔勇,等.我国有机肥料资源利用现状与发展建议[J].中国土壤与肥料,2010(4).
[43]朱建春,张增强,樊志民,等.中国畜禽粪便的能源潜力与氮磷耕地负荷及总量控制[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(3):435-445.
[44]朱建春.陕西农业废弃物资源化利用问题研究[D].杨林:西北农林科技大学,2014.
[45]许振成,吴根义.“十二五”农业源减排对策与措施[N].中国环境报,2011-05-17.
[46]国家环境保护总局自然生态保护司.全国规模化畜禽养殖业污染情况调查及防治对策[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002,25:77-78.
[47]中国环境年鉴编辑委员会.中国环境年鉴2010[M].北京:中国环境年鉴出版社,2011:511-513.
[48]李宁,中国养殖业可持续发展战略研究综合报告课题组.中国养殖业可持续发展战略研究综合报告[J].中国家禽,2012,34(11):5-7.
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