表面流人工湿地长期运行后的底泥营养盐累积特征与释放规律
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摘要
底泥在表面流人工湿地污染物迁移转化中起到非常重要的载体作用,探究其营养盐的累积特征与释放规律对了解长期运行的表流湿地净化功能具有重要意义.以运行了5 a的盐龙湖表面流人工湿地底泥为研究对象,对不同位置底泥的总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量进行分析并开展柱状芯样静态释放实验.结果表明,盐龙湖表流湿地运行5 a后,底泥整体属于中度污染范畴,营养盐累积水平主要受进水条件、水深和植物作用等影响.(1)顺着水流方向,表流湿地底泥营养盐含量表现升高趋势;(2)随着上覆水水深增大,底泥营养盐含量升高,碳受影响程度较深;(3)表流湿地植物的生长情况越好,底泥中累积的营养盐含量也越高.底泥营养盐释放趋势呈现为先升后降,在20 d后基本达到平衡.释放速率主要受湿地底泥营养盐累积水平影响,其规律与轻度营养型水库底泥较为相似.表流湿地底泥中包含的植物残体会使营养盐释放更强烈,研究结果可为长期运行的表面流人工湿地提升净化能力提供科学依据.
Sediments serve as an important carrier during the migration and transformation of pollutants in surface-flow constructed wetlands. Exploring the accumulation characteristics and release patterns of nutrients is of great significance for assessing the purification functions of constructed wetlands after long-term operation. The contents of total organic carbon(TOC),total nitrogen(TN),and total phosphorus(TP) in sediments at various locations of the 5-year-old Yanlong Lake surface-flow constructed wetland were analyzed and static release experiments with cylindrical core samples were carried out. The results showed that after five years,sediments at this site have become moderately polluted and the nutrient accumulation level is mainly being affected by the influent flow,water depth,and plant effects. Additionally,(1) nutrients in sediments were found to increase along the flow direction; (2) they also increase as the depth of overlying water increases and are relatively affected by the carbon; (3) healthier growth of the wetland plants could lead to more nutrients being accumulated in sediments. The release trend of nutrients fell after a rise and basically reached equilibrium after 20 days,and the release rate was mainly affected by the accumulation level of nutrients,which is similar to the trend in light nutrient containing reservoirs. Plant residues contained in the sediments were associated with the stronger release of nutrients.These results can provide a scientific basis for solutions aimed at maintaining the purification capacity of long-running surface-flow constructed wetlands.
Sediments serve as an important carrier during the migration and transformation of pollutants in surface-flow constructed wetlands. Exploring the accumulation characteristics and release patterns of nutrients is of great significance for assessing the purification functions of constructed wetlands after long-term operation. The contents of total organic carbon(TOC),total nitrogen(TN),and total phosphorus(TP) in sediments at various locations of the 5-year-old Yanlong Lake surface-flow constructed wetland were analyzed and static release experiments with cylindrical core samples were carried out. The results showed that after five years,sediments at this site have become moderately polluted and the nutrient accumulation level is mainly being affected by the influent flow,water depth,and plant effects. Additionally,(1) nutrients in sediments were found to increase along the flow direction; (2) they also increase as the depth of overlying water increases and are relatively affected by the carbon; (3) healthier growth of the wetland plants could lead to more nutrients being accumulated in sediments. The release trend of nutrients fell after a rise and basically reached equilibrium after 20 days,and the release rate was mainly affected by the accumulation level of nutrients,which is similar to the trend in light nutrient containing reservoirs. Plant residues contained in the sediments were associated with the stronger release of nutrients.These results can provide a scientific basis for solutions aimed at maintaining the purification capacity of long-running surface-flow constructed wetlands.
引文
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[2] Lv J J,Hou L A,Zhang L Y,et al. Long-term performance of aerated and planted constructed wetland treatment on domestic wastewater[J]. Desalination and Water Treatment,2017,64:64-71.
[3] Mucha Z, Wójcik W, Jó'zwiakowski K, et al. Long-term operation of Kickuth-type constructed wetland applied to municipal wastewater treatment in temperate climate[J].Environmental Technology,2018,39(9):1133-1143.
[4]王琦.不同环境条件下辽河干流表层沉积物氮磷释放规律研究[D].沈阳:沈阳师范大学,2018.Wang Q. Study on the release of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface sediments of Liaohe River under different environmental conditions[D]. Shenyang:Shenyang Normal University,2018.
[5] Qualls R G,Heyvaert A C. Accretion of nutrients and sediment by a constructed stormwater treatment wetland in the Lake Tahoe Basin[J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2017,53(6):1495-1512.
[6] He J, Deng W M, Chen C Y, et al. Ammonia nitrogen adsorption and release characteristics of surface sediments in Dianchi Lake,China[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(5):3917-3927.
[7] Al-Rubaei A M,Engstrm M,Viklander M,et al. Long-term hydraulic and treatment performance of a 19-year old constructed stormwater wetland-Finally maturated or in need of maintenance?[J]. Ecological Engineering,2016,95:73-82.
[8]黄廷林,刘飞,史建超.水源水库沉积物中营养元素分布特征与污染评价[J].环境科学,2016,37(1):166-172.Huang T L,Liu F,Shi J C. Distribution characteristics and pollution status evaluation of sediments nutrients in a drinking water reservoir[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(1):166-172.
[9]金晓丹,吴昊,陈志明,等.长江河口水库沉积物磷形态、吸附和释放特性[J].环境科学,2015,36(2):448-456.Jin X D, Wu H, Chen Z M, et al. Phosphorus fractions,sorption characteristics and its release in the sediments of Yangtze Estuary Reservoir,China[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(2):448-456.
[10] Zhang Y,He F,Liu Z S,et al. Release characteristics of sediment phosphorus in all fractions of West Lake,Hang Zhou,China[J]. Ecological Engineering,2016,95:645-651.
[11]苏鸿洋.中国村镇分散生活污水处理技术现状[J].给水排水,2015,41(S1):197-201.
[12]黄训强.晋安区人工湿地设计负荷与处理能力关系的研究[J].环境与发展,2017,(4):11-13.Huang X Q. Study on the relationship between design load and processing capacity of constructed wetland in Jin'an District[J].Environment and Development,2017,(4):11-13.
[13]钟小燕,王船海,庾从蓉,等.流速对太湖河道底泥泥沙、营养盐释放规律影响实验研究[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(8):2862-2869.Zhong X Y,Wang C H,Yu C R,et al. Characteristics of sediments and nutrient release under different flow velocity[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(8):2862-2869.
[14] Ding Y Q,Sun L M,Qin B Q,et al. Characteristics of sediment resuspension in Lake Taihu,China:a wave flume study[J].Journal of Hydrology,2018,561:702-710.
[15] Yu Z B,Zhong X Y,Yu C R,et al. Characteristics of nutrient release from sediments under different flow conditions[J].Chemical Speciation&Bioavailability, 2017, 29(1):70-77.
[16]李传红,谭镇,刘正文,等.惠州西湖沉积物营养盐的释放[J].生态环境,2008,17(2):537-541.Li C H, Tan Z, Liu Z W, et al. Nutrient release in the sediments of Huizhou West Lake[J]. Ecology and Environment,2008,17(2):537-541.
[17]王莉君,吴思麟.南京黑臭河道底泥污染特征及评价[J].科学技术与工程,2018,18(3):117-122.Wang L J,Wu S L. Pollution characteristics and contamination assessment of sediment from black-odor rivers in Nanjing city[J]. Science Technology and Engineering,2018,18(3):117-122.
[18] Mudroch A,Azcue J M. Manual of aquatic sediment sampling[M]. Boca Raton,Florida:Lewis Publishers,1995.
[19]李青芹,霍守亮,昝逢宇,等.我国湖泊沉积物营养盐和粒度分布及其关系研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(12):2390-2397.Li Q Q,Huo S L,Zan F Y,et al. The distribution of nutrients and particle size, their correlations in surface sediments of different lakes, China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2010,29(12):2390-2397.
[20] Di Luca G A,Maine M A,Mufarrege M M,et al. Phosphorus distribution pattern in sediments of natural and constructed wetlands[J]. Ecological Engineering,2017,108:227-233.
[21]关秀婷.水生植物对石佛寺人工湿地营养物质含量影响研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2017.Guan X T. Research for the influence of aquatic plants to nutritions in Shifosi constructed wetland[D]. Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University,2017.
[22]张金勇,张建,刘建,等.水深对表面流人工湿地污染河水处理系统运行效果的影响[J].环境工程学报,2012,6(3):799-803.Zhang J Y,Zhang J,Liu J,et al. Influence of depth on running effect of surface-flow constructed wetland treating polluted river water[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2012,6(3):799-803.
[23]周林飞,关秀婷,王铁良.几种水生植物对湿地底泥中营养物质含量变化的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(1):278-284.Zhou L F,Guan X T,Wang T L. Influence of several aquatic plants on nutrient content in bottom mud of wetland[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(1):278-284.
[24] Vergeles Y,Butenko N,Ishchenko A,et al. Formation and properties of sediments in constructed wetlands for treatment of domestic wastewater[J]. Urban Water Journal,2016,13(3):293-301.
[25]郭红兵,陈荣,王晓昌.不同补水方式下翠湖沉积物氮磷释放特性研究[J].环境科学与技术,2016,39(2):18-23.Guo H B,Chen R,Wang X C. Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus release from urban water sediment of Cuihu Lake regarding different water replenishment approaches[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,39(2):18-23.
[26]周成.湖泊受污底泥营养物释放机理及水质影响试验研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2017.Zhou C. Experimental study on mechanism of nutrient release from lake polluted sediment and impact on water quality[D].Wuhan:Wuhan University,2017.
[27]雷沛,张洪,王超,等.沉积物-水界面污染物迁移扩散的研究进展[J].湖泊科学,2018,30(6):1489-1508.Lei P,Zhang H,Wang C,et al. Migration and diffusion for pollutants across the sediment-water interface in lakes:a review[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2018,30(6):1489-1508.
[28]亓鹏玉,刘金明.挺水植物芦苇的腐解对水体水质的影响[J].环境工程技术学报,2016,6(6):591-599.Qi P Y,Liu J M. The influence of bulrush litter decomposition on water quality[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2016,6(6):591-599.
[29]林志军.三种挺水植物腐烂分解及其污染物释放规律的研究[D].镇江:江苏大学,2017.Lin Z J. A study on the decomposition of three kinds of emerged plants and the release of pollutants[D]. Zhenjiang:Jiangsu University,2017.
[30]高湘,刘海滨,赵欣悦,等.博斯腾湖底泥污染物释放的模拟实验研究[J].西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),2013,45(1):121-125.Gao X,Liu H B,Zhao X Y,et al. Simulation test of pollutants release from sediments of the Bosten Lake[J]. Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture&Technology(Natural Science Edition),2013,45(1):121-125.
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