太湖流域河流沉积物重金属分布及污染评估
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摘要
为阐明经济发达地区河流表层沉积物重金属的污染特征,本研究分析了太湖流域典型水系94个样点沉积物中8种重金属(Zn、Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb、As、Cd和Hg)含量,评估了重金属的生态风险以及辨析了污染来源.结果表明,太湖流域河流表层沉积物中Zn、Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb、As、Cd和Hg的平均含量分别为163. 62、102. 46、45. 50、44. 71、37. 00、13. 34、0. 479和0. 109 mg·kg~(-1),均高于其对应的背景值(Hg除外).地累积指数评价中,Pb、Ni、Zn、Cu和Cd整体上处于低污染状态;在污染负荷指数评价中,Pb、Ni、Zn和Cu整体上处于中度污染状态,Cd、Cr、As处于低污染状态;在潜在生态风险评价中,Cd和Hg处于中等潜在生态风险,其余重金属均处于低潜在生态风险.多元统计分析表明,Pb主要来自于生活污水、农业废水排放;除受自然因素影响外,Cr、Ni和Zn还受到电镀及合金制造行业的影响; Cu和As主要来自于农药、工业废水; Cd主要来自于冶炼工业; Hg主要来源于化石燃料和石油产品的燃烧.
To clarify the pollution characteristics of heavy metals in the surface sediments of rivers in economically developed areas,analysis of the contents of eight heavy metals,assessment of ecological risks,and identification of the source of heavy metals in surface sediments from typical rivers of Lake Taihu Basin were carried out in this study. The results showed that the average contents of Zn,Cr,Ni,Cu,Pb,As,Cd,and Hg in the surface sediments of Lake Taihu Basin were 163. 62,102. 46,45. 50,44. 71,37. 00,13. 34,0. 479,and 0. 109 mg·kg~(-1),respectively. Except for Hg,the average contents of other 7 heavy metals were higher than their background values. The geo-accumulation index indicated that Pb,Ni,Zn,Cu,and Cd amount to a low pollution state. According to the pollution load index,Pb,Ni,Zn,and Cu represent a moderately polluted state,while Cd,Cr,and As a low degree pollution state. Based on the potential ecological risk index,Cd and Hg represent moderate potential ecological risk,and the others low potential ecological risk. Source identification of heavy metals by multivariate statistical analysis showed that Pb was largely from non-point pollutions; Cr,Ni,and Zn stemmed from electroplating,alloy manufacturing industries,and nature; Cu and As were mainly from pesticides and discharge of industrial wastewater; Cd was dominantly from smelting industry; and Hg was mainly derived from fossil fuel combustion and petroleum products.
To clarify the pollution characteristics of heavy metals in the surface sediments of rivers in economically developed areas,analysis of the contents of eight heavy metals,assessment of ecological risks,and identification of the source of heavy metals in surface sediments from typical rivers of Lake Taihu Basin were carried out in this study. The results showed that the average contents of Zn,Cr,Ni,Cu,Pb,As,Cd,and Hg in the surface sediments of Lake Taihu Basin were 163. 62,102. 46,45. 50,44. 71,37. 00,13. 34,0. 479,and 0. 109 mg·kg~(-1),respectively. Except for Hg,the average contents of other 7 heavy metals were higher than their background values. The geo-accumulation index indicated that Pb,Ni,Zn,Cu,and Cd amount to a low pollution state. According to the pollution load index,Pb,Ni,Zn,and Cu represent a moderately polluted state,while Cd,Cr,and As a low degree pollution state. Based on the potential ecological risk index,Cd and Hg represent moderate potential ecological risk,and the others low potential ecological risk. Source identification of heavy metals by multivariate statistical analysis showed that Pb was largely from non-point pollutions; Cr,Ni,and Zn stemmed from electroplating,alloy manufacturing industries,and nature; Cu and As were mainly from pesticides and discharge of industrial wastewater; Cd was dominantly from smelting industry; and Hg was mainly derived from fossil fuel combustion and petroleum products.
引文
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[19]Li F,Huang J H,Zeng G M,et al.Spatial risk assessment and sources identification of heavy metals in surface sediments from the Dongting Lake,Middle China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2013,132:75-83.
[20]Deng J C,Wang Y S,Liu X,et al.Spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals and As pollution in the sediments of a shallow lake[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2016,188(5):296.
[21]Yang Z P,Lu W X,Long Y Q,et al.Assessment of heavy metals contamination in urban topsoil from Changchun City,China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2011,108(1):27-38.
[22]Liu Y Z,Engel B A,Collingsworth P D,et al.Optimal implementation of green infrastructure practices to minimize influences of land use change and climate change on hydrology and water quality:Case study in Spy Run Creek watershed,Indiana[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,601-602:1400-1411.
[23]Putro B,Kjeldsen T R,Hutchins M G,et al.An empirical investigation of climate and land-use effects on water quantity and quality in two urbanising catchments in the southern United Kingdom[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,548-549:164-172.
[24]Ke X,Gui S F,Huang H,et al.Ecological risk assessment and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediment from the Liaohe River protected area,China[J].Chemosphere,2017,175:473-481.
[25]Liao J B,Chen J,Ru X,et al.Heavy metals in river surface sediments affected with multiple pollution sources,South China:Distribution,enrichment and source apportionment[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2017,176:9-19.
[26]Islam S,Ahmed K,Raknuzzaman M,et al.Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment:A preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country[J].Ecological Indicators,2015,48:282-291.
[27]李少华,王学全,高琪,等.青海湖流域河流生态系统重金属污染特征与风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(9):1288-1296.Li S H,Wang X Q,Gao Q,et al.Distribution characteristics and pollution evaluation of heavy metals in river ecosystems of Qinghai Lake Basin.[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(9):1288-1296.
[28]Yin H B,Deng J C,Shao S G,et al.Distribution characteristics and toxicity assessment of heavy metals in the sediments of Lake Chaohu,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2011,179(1-4):431-442.
[29]魏大成.环境中砷的来源[J].国外医学:医学地理分册,2003,24(4):173-175.
[30]王栋,孔繁翔,刘爱菊,等.生态疏浚对太湖五里湖湖区生态环境的影响[J].湖泊科学,2005,17(3):263-268.Wang D,Kong F X,Liu A J,et al.Analysis of the influence of the ecological dredging to ecosystem of Lake Wuli,Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2005,17(3):263-268.
[31]毛志刚,谷孝鸿,陆小明,等.太湖东部不同类型湖区底泥疏浚的生态效应[J].湖泊科学,2014,26(3):385-392.Mao Z G,Gu X H,Lu X M,et al.Ecological effects of dredging on aquatic ecosystem in the different regions of eastern Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2014,26(3):385-392.
[2]熊春晖,张瑞雷,吴晓东,等.滆湖表层沉积物营养盐和重金属分布及污染评价[J].环境科学,2016,37(3):925-934.Xiong C H,Zhang R L,Wu X D,et al.Distribution and pollution assessment of nutrient and heavy metals in surface sediments from Lake Gehu in southern Jiangsu Province,China[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(3):925-934.
[3]张家泉,田倩,许大毛,等.大冶湖表层水和沉积物中重金属污染特征与风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(6):2355-2363.Zhang J Q,Tian Q,Xu D M,et al.Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of heavy metals in water and sediment from Daye Lake[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(6):2355-2363.
[4]于佳佳,尹洪斌,高永年,等.太湖流域沉积物营养盐和重金属污染特征研究[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(6):2287-2294.Yu J J,Yin H B,Gao Y N,et al.Characteristics of nutrient and heavy metals pollution in sediments of Taihu watershed[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(6):2287-2294.
[5]边博,周燕,张琴.太湖西岸河网沉积物中重金属污染特征及风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(4):1442-1450.Bian B,Zhou Y,Zhang Q.Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of heavy metals from river network sediment in western area of Taihu Lake[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(4):1442-1450.
[6]Wu Z S,Wang X L,Chen Y W,et al.Assessing river water quality using water quality index in Lake Taihu Basin,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,612:914-922.
[7]Muller G.Index of Geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J].Geo Journal,1969,2(3):108-118.
[8]Bhuiyan M A H,Parvez L,Islam M A,et al.Heavy metal pollution of coal mine-affected agricultural soils in the northern part of Bangladesh[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,173(1-3):384-392.
[9]Tomlinson D L,Wilson J G,Harris C R,et al.Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index[J].Helgoland Meeresuntersuchungen,1980,33(1-4):566-575.
[10]张珍明,林绍霞,张清海,等.草海湖湿地重金属分布特征及污染负荷[J].水土保持研究,2014,21(2):279-284.Zhang Z M,Lin S X,Zhang Q H,et al.Distribution pattern of the heavy metals and its pollution load in Caohai wetland[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,21(2):279-284.
[11]Hkanson L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.A sedimentological approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[12]Zhang Y,Shi T R,Zhang Y,et al.Spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments from a hypertrophic plateau lake Dianchi,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2014,186(2):1219-1234.
[13]Mac Donald D D,Ingersoll C G,Berger T A.Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2000,39(1):20-31.
[14]Hahladakis J,Smaragdaki E,Vasilaki G,et al.Use of Sediment quality guidelines and pollution indicators for the assessment of heavy metal and PAH contamination in Greek surficial sea and lake sediments[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2013,185(3):2843-2853.
[15]Wang L F,Yang L Y,Kong L H,et al.Spatial distribution,source identification and pollution assessment of metal content in the surface sediments of Nansi Lake,China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2014,140:87-95.
[16]Han Y M,Du P X,Cao J J,et al.Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi'an,Central China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,355(1-3):176-186.
[17]Varol M.Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Tigris River(Turkey)using pollution indices and multivariate statistical techniques[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,195:355-364.
[18]Lee C S L,Li X D,Shi W Z,et al.Metal contamination in urban,suburban,and country park soils of Hong Kong:A study based on GIS and multivariate statistics[J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,356(1-3):45-61.
[19]Li F,Huang J H,Zeng G M,et al.Spatial risk assessment and sources identification of heavy metals in surface sediments from the Dongting Lake,Middle China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2013,132:75-83.
[20]Deng J C,Wang Y S,Liu X,et al.Spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals and As pollution in the sediments of a shallow lake[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2016,188(5):296.
[21]Yang Z P,Lu W X,Long Y Q,et al.Assessment of heavy metals contamination in urban topsoil from Changchun City,China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2011,108(1):27-38.
[22]Liu Y Z,Engel B A,Collingsworth P D,et al.Optimal implementation of green infrastructure practices to minimize influences of land use change and climate change on hydrology and water quality:Case study in Spy Run Creek watershed,Indiana[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,601-602:1400-1411.
[23]Putro B,Kjeldsen T R,Hutchins M G,et al.An empirical investigation of climate and land-use effects on water quantity and quality in two urbanising catchments in the southern United Kingdom[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,548-549:164-172.
[24]Ke X,Gui S F,Huang H,et al.Ecological risk assessment and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediment from the Liaohe River protected area,China[J].Chemosphere,2017,175:473-481.
[25]Liao J B,Chen J,Ru X,et al.Heavy metals in river surface sediments affected with multiple pollution sources,South China:Distribution,enrichment and source apportionment[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2017,176:9-19.
[26]Islam S,Ahmed K,Raknuzzaman M,et al.Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment:A preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country[J].Ecological Indicators,2015,48:282-291.
[27]李少华,王学全,高琪,等.青海湖流域河流生态系统重金属污染特征与风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(9):1288-1296.Li S H,Wang X Q,Gao Q,et al.Distribution characteristics and pollution evaluation of heavy metals in river ecosystems of Qinghai Lake Basin.[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(9):1288-1296.
[28]Yin H B,Deng J C,Shao S G,et al.Distribution characteristics and toxicity assessment of heavy metals in the sediments of Lake Chaohu,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2011,179(1-4):431-442.
[29]魏大成.环境中砷的来源[J].国外医学:医学地理分册,2003,24(4):173-175.
[30]王栋,孔繁翔,刘爱菊,等.生态疏浚对太湖五里湖湖区生态环境的影响[J].湖泊科学,2005,17(3):263-268.Wang D,Kong F X,Liu A J,et al.Analysis of the influence of the ecological dredging to ecosystem of Lake Wuli,Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2005,17(3):263-268.
[31]毛志刚,谷孝鸿,陆小明,等.太湖东部不同类型湖区底泥疏浚的生态效应[J].湖泊科学,2014,26(3):385-392.Mao Z G,Gu X H,Lu X M,et al.Ecological effects of dredging on aquatic ecosystem in the different regions of eastern Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2014,26(3):385-392.
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