铅在不同污染级土壤中的环境风险
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摘要
根据EuropeanCommunitiesBureauofReference提出的BCR法加以改进,对不同铅污染程度土壤中Pb的有效态和4种化学形态含量进行分析,比较红壤和水稻土两种土壤类型之间有效态及分级中存在的差异;利用污染因子风险评价法(Cf)和风险评价代码法(RAC)评估土壤污染的环境风险。结果表明,红壤和水稻土中铅的有效态含量均随着污染程度加深而显著提高,但在污染为重度时其占总量的比例较之低度污染分别下降了18.7%和23.0%。对土壤进行BCR分级后,不同形态含量随污染程度的加深而有所增加,在比例上呈现可还原态>残渣态>可氧化态>酸可提取态,在重度级污染时,残渣态所占比例大幅提高,生物有效性降低。Cf值和RAC环境风险评估中,低、中、重度铅污染土壤均为轻度和中度风险,特别是重度污染红壤与水稻土Cf、RAC环境风险均为轻度。另外,pH值影响重金属形态的分布,pH值降低,生物有效性提高。
In this study, we investigated the differences in bioavailable state and classification between two different soil types(red soil and paddy soil) by analyzing the bioavailable state content in soils with different Pb pollution levels and the four chemical forms of Pb in soil obtained with a three-step extraction method(BCR) proposed by European Communities Bureau of Reference; environmental risks of soil pollution were assessed by the contamination factors evaluation method(Cf) and the risk assessment code method(RAC). The results indicated that the bioavailable state content of Pb in both red soil and paddy soil rose significantly with the increase of contamination degree, but compared severe pollution with low pollution, its proportion in total content decreased by 18.7% and 23.0%, respectively. The four different forms contents increased with the increase of contamination degree, revealing the trend of proportion as reducible > residual > oxidizable > acid-extractable after classifying the soil with BCR. The proportion of the residual state was greatly increased and the biological availability decreased in severe pollution condition. After environmental risk assessment with Cf and RAC method, the risks were mild or moderate regardless of the Pb pollution degree being low, medium or heavy, especially for heavily polluted red soil and paddy soil, the environmental risks were relatively mild. In addition, the pH values affected the chemical forms distribution of heavy metal, and the biological availability increased while the pH value decreased.
In this study, we investigated the differences in bioavailable state and classification between two different soil types(red soil and paddy soil) by analyzing the bioavailable state content in soils with different Pb pollution levels and the four chemical forms of Pb in soil obtained with a three-step extraction method(BCR) proposed by European Communities Bureau of Reference; environmental risks of soil pollution were assessed by the contamination factors evaluation method(Cf) and the risk assessment code method(RAC). The results indicated that the bioavailable state content of Pb in both red soil and paddy soil rose significantly with the increase of contamination degree, but compared severe pollution with low pollution, its proportion in total content decreased by 18.7% and 23.0%, respectively. The four different forms contents increased with the increase of contamination degree, revealing the trend of proportion as reducible > residual > oxidizable > acid-extractable after classifying the soil with BCR. The proportion of the residual state was greatly increased and the biological availability decreased in severe pollution condition. After environmental risk assessment with Cf and RAC method, the risks were mild or moderate regardless of the Pb pollution degree being low, medium or heavy, especially for heavily polluted red soil and paddy soil, the environmental risks were relatively mild. In addition, the pH values affected the chemical forms distribution of heavy metal, and the biological availability increased while the pH value decreased.
引文
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[21]王图锦,潘瑾,刘雪莲.三峡库区澎溪河消落带土壤中重金属形态分布与迁移特征研究[J].岩矿测试,2016,35(4):425-432.
[2]CAO D J,SHI X D,LI H,et al.Effects of lead on tolerance,bioaccumulation,and antioxidative defense system of green algae,Cladophora[J].Ecotox Environ Safe,2015,112:231-237.
[3]刘丹丹,刘菲,缪德仁.土壤重金属连续提取方法的优化[J].现代地质,2015,29(2):390-396.
[4]高瑞丽,唐茂,付庆灵,等.生物炭、蒙脱石及其混合添加对复合污染土壤中重金属形态的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(1):361-367.
[5]FERNáNDEZ-ONDO?O E,BACCHETTA G,LALLENAA M,et al.Use of BCR sequential extraction procedures for soils and plant metal transfer predictions in contaminated mine tailings in Sardinia[J].J Geochem Explor,2017,172:133-141.
[6]陈璐,文方,程艳,等.铅锌尾矿库周边土壤重金属污染特征及环境风险[J].中国环境监测,2017,33(1):82-87.
[7]李敦柱,管运涛,刘安,等.典型材料屋面积尘重金属形态分布与风险评估[J].环境科学,2015,36(9):3269-3277.
[8]中国人民共和国农业部.土壤质量有效态铅和镉的测定原子吸收法:GB/T 23739-2009[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009.
[9]张朝阳,彭平安,宋建中,等.改进BCR法分析国家土壤标准物质中重金属化学形态[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(11):1881-1884.
[10]NEMATI K,BAKAR N K A,ABAS M R,et al.Speciation of heavy metals by modified BCR sequential extraction procedure in different depths of sediments from Sungai Buloh,Selangor,Malaysia[J].J Hazard Mater,2011:192(1):402-410.
[11]ZHAO S,FENG C H,WANG D X,et al.Salinity increases the mobility of Cd,Cu,Mn,and Pb in the sediments of Yangtze Estuary:Relative role of sediments’properties and metal speciation[J].Chemosphere,2013,91(7):977-984.
[12]袁波.北碚区菜地土壤铅、镉全量与有效态含量分析与评价[D].重庆:西南大学,2012.
[13]VANDER SLOOT H A,HEASMAN L,QUEVAUVILLERP H.Harmonization of leaching extraction tests[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier,1997.
[14]唐豆豆,袁旭音,汪宜敏,等.地质高背景农田土壤中水稻对重金属的富集特征及风险预测[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(1):18-26.
[15]王佳佳,李翔,罗楠,等.以设计精准修复方案为目标的土壤重金属形态分布研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,2018,34(1):87-95.
[16]江培龙,方凤满,张杰琼,等.淮南煤矿复垦区土壤重金属形态分布及污染评价[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(5):178-182.
[17]李宇庆,陈玲,仇雁翎,等.上海化学工业区土壤重金属元素形态分析[J].生态环境,2004,13(2):154-155.
[18]MA X L,ZUO H,TIAN M J,et al.Assessment of heavy metals contamination in sediments from three adjacent regions of the Yellow River using metal chemical fractions and multivariate analysis techniques[J].Chemosphere,2016,144:264-272.
[19]MONTERROSO C,RODRíGUEZ F,CHAVES R,et al.Heavy metal distribution in mine-soils and plants growing in a Pb/Zn-mining area in NW Spain[J].Appl Geochem,2014,44(3):3-11.
[20]HUANG Z Y,XIE H,CAO Y L,et al.Assessing of distribution,mobility and bioavailability of exogenous Pb in agricultural soils using isotopic labeling method coupled with BCR approach[J].J Hazard Mater,2014,266(4):182-188.
[21]王图锦,潘瑾,刘雪莲.三峡库区澎溪河消落带土壤中重金属形态分布与迁移特征研究[J].岩矿测试,2016,35(4):425-432.
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