天津市郊区土壤重金属的污染评价与来源解析
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摘要
为了研究城市郊区土壤重金属的污染水平与来源,选取天津市郊区——西青区和滨海新区为研究区域,采集了农田、水塘/河边附近土地、道路绿化带、居民区和工厂附近土地等约2000 km~2范围内三类用地类型(农业用地、居住用地和工业用地)的286个土壤样品,调查了Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb和Cd 7种重金属的含量水平;通过多种污染和风险评估方法探讨土壤重金属的污染和风险水平;并通过多元统计分析方法进行重金属的来源解析。结果表明:该区域土壤中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb和Cd的含量分别为71.47±20.49、32.15±19.66、27.77±12.77、99.78±53.20、17.59±8.69、30.27±9.72 mg·kg~(-1)和0.19±0.17 mg·kg~(-1);天津郊区土壤整体处于中度污染和低风险水平,以Cd和As为主要的污染物质;Cr和Ni主要为自然源,Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd来自自然源和人为源,As则主要为人为源。具有人为输入的土壤Cd和As占研究区土壤的半数以上,因此需要对当地土壤中的Cd和As进行重点监控。
To research the contamination level and sources of heavy metals in soil in suburban areas of Tianjin City, a total of 286 soil samples were collected from three land types(agricultural land, residential land, and industrial land)of soil over an area of 2000 km~2, such as farmland, ponds, rivers, green belts, residential land, and manufacturing land. The contents of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, and Cd were determined. In addition, the contamination and risk level of heavy metals were discussed using several contamination evaluation and risk assessment methods. Moreover, the source apportionment of heavy metals was carried out by multivariate statistical analysis. The contents of sev-en heavy metals in these soil samples were 71.47±20.49, 32.15±19.66, 27.77±12.77, 99.78±53.20, 17.59±8.69, 30.27±9.72 mg·kg~(-1) and 0.19±0.17 mg·kg~(-1) for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb and Cd, respectively. The results of the contamination level and ecological risk assessment showed that the soils in the suburbs of Tianjin were generally at moderate pollution and low ecological risk levels, with Cd and As as the main contaminants. The results of the multivariate statistical analysis revealed that Cr and Ni mainly originated from lithogenic sources, the origins of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd were a combination of lithogenic sources and anthropogenic sources, and As mainly originated from anthropogenic sources. Our results indicate that the soils with anthropogenic inputs of Cd and As accounted for more than half of the soil samples in the study area; therefore, it is necessary to focus on the monitoring of Cd and As in the local soil.
To research the contamination level and sources of heavy metals in soil in suburban areas of Tianjin City, a total of 286 soil samples were collected from three land types(agricultural land, residential land, and industrial land)of soil over an area of 2000 km~2, such as farmland, ponds, rivers, green belts, residential land, and manufacturing land. The contents of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, and Cd were determined. In addition, the contamination and risk level of heavy metals were discussed using several contamination evaluation and risk assessment methods. Moreover, the source apportionment of heavy metals was carried out by multivariate statistical analysis. The contents of sev-en heavy metals in these soil samples were 71.47±20.49, 32.15±19.66, 27.77±12.77, 99.78±53.20, 17.59±8.69, 30.27±9.72 mg·kg~(-1) and 0.19±0.17 mg·kg~(-1) for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb and Cd, respectively. The results of the contamination level and ecological risk assessment showed that the soils in the suburbs of Tianjin were generally at moderate pollution and low ecological risk levels, with Cd and As as the main contaminants. The results of the multivariate statistical analysis revealed that Cr and Ni mainly originated from lithogenic sources, the origins of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd were a combination of lithogenic sources and anthropogenic sources, and As mainly originated from anthropogenic sources. Our results indicate that the soils with anthropogenic inputs of Cd and As accounted for more than half of the soil samples in the study area; therefore, it is necessary to focus on the monitoring of Cd and As in the local soil.
引文
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[29]Chai Y,Guo J,Chai S L,et al.Source identification of eight heavy metals in grassland soils by multivariate analysis from the BaichengSongyuan area,Jilin Province,Northeast China[J].Chemosphere,2015,134:67-75.
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[31]Liu P,Zhao H J,Wang L L,et al.Analysis of heavy metal sources for vegetable soils from Shandong Province,China[J].Agricultural Sciences in China,2011,10(1):109-119.
[32]Qin F X,Wei C F,Zhong S Q,et al.Soil heavy metal(loid)s and risk assessment in vicinity of a coal mining area from southwest Guizhou,China[J].Journal of Central South University,2016,23(9):2205-2213.
[33]李晓婧,郑向群,郑顺安.污灌区盐渍化土壤重金属Cd的形态分析及其影响因素[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(12):43-47.LI Xiao-jing,ZHENG Xiang-qun,ZHENG Shun-an.Soil heavy metal Cd in sewage-irrigated saline soil:Chemical forms and influencing factors[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2017,33(12):43-47.
[34]Yang Y,Christakos G,Guo M W,et al.Space-time quantitative source apportionment of soil heavy metal concentration increments[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,223:560-566.
[35]Wei B G,Yang L S.A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils,urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China[J].Microchemical Journal,2010,94(2):99-107.
[2]Barkett M O,Akün E.Heavy metal contents of contaminated soils and ecological risk assessment in abandoned copper mine harbor in Yedidalga,northern Cyprus[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2018,77(10):378.
[3]Tang Z,Zhang L,Huang Q,et al.Contamination and risk of heavy metals in soils and sediments from a typical plastic waste recycling area in north China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2015,122:343-351.
[4]Song B,Zeng G,Gong J,et al.Evaluation methods for assessing effectiveness of in situ remediation of soil and sediment contaminated with organic pollutants and heavy metals[J].Environment International,2017,105:43-55.
[5]He Z,Yang X,Zhang T,et al.Heavy metal contamination of soils:Sources,indicators and assessment[J].Journal of Environmental Indicators,2015,9:17-18.
[6]Chen R,Ye C.Land management:Resolving soil pollution in China[J].Nature,2014,505(7484):483.
[7]Shi R G,Xu M M,Liu A F,et al.Characteristics of PAHs in farmland soil and rainfall runoff in Tianjin,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2017,189(11):558.
[8]Han W,Gao G H,Geng J Y,et al.Ecological and health risks assessment and spatial distribution of residual heavy metals in the soil of an e-waste circular economy park in Tianjin,China[J].Chemosphere,2018,197:325-335.
[9]宇妍.天津市近郊叶菜类蔬菜和菜地土壤重金属含量调查及风险评估[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2013.YU Yan.The survey of heavy metal concentrations in vegetables and soils in Tianjin and the potential risks to human health[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2013.
[10]Han B,Liu Y T,Wu J H,et al.Characterization of industrial odor sources in Binhai New Area of Tianjin,China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2018,25(14):14006-14017.
[11]许萌萌,刘爱风,师荣光,等.天津农田重金属污染特征分析及降雨沥浸影响[J].环境科学,2018,39(3):1095-1101.XU Meng-meng,LIU Ai-feng,SHI Rong-guang,et al.Characteristics of heavy metals pollution of farmland and leaching effect of rainfall in Tianjin[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(3):1095-1101.
[12]中华人民共和国生态环境部.土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)GB 15618-2018[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2018.Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China.Soil environmental quality risk control standard for soil contamination of agriculture land GB 15618-2018[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2018.
[13]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990:330-381.China National Environmental Monitoring Centre.Background value of soil environment in China[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1990:330-381.
[14]Haris H,Looi L J,Aris A Z,et al.Geo-accumulation index and contamination factors of heavy metals(Zn and Pb)in urban river sediment[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2017,39(6):1259-1271.
[15]Hong H L,Dai M Y,Lu H L,et al.Risk assessment and driving factors for artificial topography on element heterogeneity:Case study at Jiangsu,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,233:246-260.
[16]Ghrefat H,Yusuf N.Assessing Mn,Fe,Cu,Zn,and Cd pollution in bottom sediments of Wadi Al-Arab Dam,Jordan[J].Chemosphere,2006,65(11):2114-2121.
[17]Burges A,Epelde L,Garbisu C.Impact of repeated single-metal and multi-metal pollution events on soil quality[J].Chemosphere,2015,120:8-15.
[18]Hakanson L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control:Asedimentological approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[19]Zou J,Liu X,Dai W,et al.Pollution assessment of heavy metal accumulation in the farmland soils of Beijing's suburbs[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2018,25(27):27483-27492.
[20]Hu B,Zhou J,Liu L,et al.Assessment of heavy metal pollution and potential ecological risk in soils of Tianjin sewage irrigation region,north China[J].Journal of Environmental&Analytical Toxicology,2017,7(1):1000425.
[21]Lever J H.Paget's disease of bone in Lancashire and arsenic pesticide in cotton mill wastewater:A speculative hypothesis[J].Bone,2002,31(3):434-436.
[22]Meharg A A,Rahman M M.Arsenic contamination of bangladesh paddy field soils:Implications for rice contribution to arsenic consumption[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2003,37(2):229-234.
[23]Liu J W,Chen Y J,Chao S H,et al.Emission control priority of PM2.5-bound heavy metals in different seasons:A comprehensive analysis from health risk perspective[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,644:20-30.
[24]Jiang Y X,Chao S H,Liu J W,et al.Source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil for a township in Jiangsu Prov-1077ince,China[J].Chemosphere,2017,168:1658-1668.
[25]Chen T,Chang Q R,Liu J,et al.Identification of soil heavy metal sources and improvement in spatial mapping based on soil spectral information:A case study in northwest China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,565:155-164.
[26]Alloway B J.Heavy metals in soils:Trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability[M].Dordrecht:Springer Netherlands,2013:15-45.
[27]Wang X L,Sato T,Xing B S,et al.Health risks of heavy metals to the general public in Tianjin,China via consumption of vegetables and fish[J].Science of the Total Environment,2005,350(1/2/3):28-37.
[28]Pan Y P,Wang Y S.Atmospheric wet and dry deposition of trace elements at 10 sites in northern China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2015,15(2):951-972.
[29]Chai Y,Guo J,Chai S L,et al.Source identification of eight heavy metals in grassland soils by multivariate analysis from the BaichengSongyuan area,Jilin Province,Northeast China[J].Chemosphere,2015,134:67-75.
[30]Sungur A,Soylak M,Yilmaz E,et al.Characterization of heavy metal fractions in agricultural soils by sequential extraction procedure:The relationship between soil properties and heavy metal fractions[J].Soil1078385and Sediment Contamination:An International Journal,2015,24(1):1-15.
[31]Liu P,Zhao H J,Wang L L,et al.Analysis of heavy metal sources for vegetable soils from Shandong Province,China[J].Agricultural Sciences in China,2011,10(1):109-119.
[32]Qin F X,Wei C F,Zhong S Q,et al.Soil heavy metal(loid)s and risk assessment in vicinity of a coal mining area from southwest Guizhou,China[J].Journal of Central South University,2016,23(9):2205-2213.
[33]李晓婧,郑向群,郑顺安.污灌区盐渍化土壤重金属Cd的形态分析及其影响因素[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(12):43-47.LI Xiao-jing,ZHENG Xiang-qun,ZHENG Shun-an.Soil heavy metal Cd in sewage-irrigated saline soil:Chemical forms and influencing factors[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2017,33(12):43-47.
[34]Yang Y,Christakos G,Guo M W,et al.Space-time quantitative source apportionment of soil heavy metal concentration increments[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,223:560-566.
[35]Wei B G,Yang L S.A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils,urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China[J].Microchemical Journal,2010,94(2):99-107.