模拟降雨下麻栎林地表径流和壤中流及氮素流失特征
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摘要
为探讨人工林地地表径流和壤中流产流机制及其氮素流失规律,选择鲁中南山区典型林地麻栎林为研究对象,采用模拟降雨试验方法,研究麻栎林与荒草地的产流及氮素流失特征。结果表明:(1)麻栎林的总产流量、地表径流量、壤中流量分别是荒草地的80.5%、61.4%、162.2%。地表径流产流呈不断增加且趋于稳定的特征;壤中流产流时间明显滞后于地表径流的,产流过程径流量波动比较小,保持相对稳定。地表径流量和壤中流量随时间的变化过程可分别通过对数函数和多项式函数进行模拟。(2)麻栎林的全氮总流失浓度、地表径流全氮流失浓度、壤中流全氮流失浓度为11.5、13.1、8.9 mg/L,分别比荒草地低19.0%、13.8%、8.2%。地表径流全氮流失浓度一般前期较大,而后递减并趋于稳定;壤中流全氮流失浓度在整个产流过程中保持相对稳定。地表径流和壤中流全氮流失浓度随降雨时间的变化过程可分别通过幂函数和多项式函数进行模拟。(3)在整个降雨产流过程中,麻栎林和荒草地的地表径流量分别占总产流量的61.8%和81.1%,麻栎林和荒草地的地表径流全氮流失量分别占全氮总流失量的70.4%和87.0%,径流、氮素的流失都以地表径流为主。与荒草地相比,麻栎林具有明显增加壤中流,减少氮素流失效果。
To explore the mechanism of runoff and loss of nitrogen in artificial forest surface flow and interflow, the typical Quercus acutissima forest in a hilly area of middle southern Shandong Province was evaluated as the research object. Simulated artificial rainfall experiments were carried out to examine the characteristics of runoff and nitrogen loss in Q. acutissima forest land and grassland. The results showed the following:(1) The total flow, surface flow, and interflow in the Q. acutissima forest land were 80.5%, 61.4%, and 162.2% of that in grassland, respectively. The surface flow process tended to increase and then were stable. The interflow generation time clearly lagged behind the surface flow, and the runoff fluctuation of interflow was relatively smaller and more stable than that of surface flow. The relationship between the logarithm function and polynomial function was determined from the surface flow and interflow and rainfall time.(2) The total nitrogen output density, total nitrogen output density of surface flow, and total nitrogen output density of interflow in the Q. acutissima forest land were 11.5, 13.1, and 8.9 mg/L, which were 19.0%, 13.8%, and 8.2% lower than those of grassland, respectively. The output density of nitrogen through surface flow was high at the initial time but was generally stable as simulated rainfall continued. The output density of nitrogen through interflow remained relatively stable throughout the runoff process. The concentration of runoff and total nitrogen loss in surface flow and interflow revealed a relationship between the power function and polynomial function.(3) Throughout the simulated rainfall process, the surface flow in Q. acutissima forest land and grassland accounted for 61.8% and 81.1% of the total runoff, respectively. Total nitrogen loss from the surface flow in Q. acutissima forest land and grassland accounted for 70.4% and 87.0% of the total nitrogen loss, respectively, and the runoff and nitrogen losses from the surface flow accounted for a high proportion. Compared to grassland, the Q. acutissima forest land showed significantly increased interflow and decreased surface flow and nitrogen loss.
To explore the mechanism of runoff and loss of nitrogen in artificial forest surface flow and interflow, the typical Quercus acutissima forest in a hilly area of middle southern Shandong Province was evaluated as the research object. Simulated artificial rainfall experiments were carried out to examine the characteristics of runoff and nitrogen loss in Q. acutissima forest land and grassland. The results showed the following:(1) The total flow, surface flow, and interflow in the Q. acutissima forest land were 80.5%, 61.4%, and 162.2% of that in grassland, respectively. The surface flow process tended to increase and then were stable. The interflow generation time clearly lagged behind the surface flow, and the runoff fluctuation of interflow was relatively smaller and more stable than that of surface flow. The relationship between the logarithm function and polynomial function was determined from the surface flow and interflow and rainfall time.(2) The total nitrogen output density, total nitrogen output density of surface flow, and total nitrogen output density of interflow in the Q. acutissima forest land were 11.5, 13.1, and 8.9 mg/L, which were 19.0%, 13.8%, and 8.2% lower than those of grassland, respectively. The output density of nitrogen through surface flow was high at the initial time but was generally stable as simulated rainfall continued. The output density of nitrogen through interflow remained relatively stable throughout the runoff process. The concentration of runoff and total nitrogen loss in surface flow and interflow revealed a relationship between the power function and polynomial function.(3) Throughout the simulated rainfall process, the surface flow in Q. acutissima forest land and grassland accounted for 61.8% and 81.1% of the total runoff, respectively. Total nitrogen loss from the surface flow in Q. acutissima forest land and grassland accounted for 70.4% and 87.0% of the total nitrogen loss, respectively, and the runoff and nitrogen losses from the surface flow accounted for a high proportion. Compared to grassland, the Q. acutissima forest land showed significantly increased interflow and decreased surface flow and nitrogen loss.
引文
[1] 孟红旗,赵同谦.降雨侵蚀力对河岸滩区耕地土壤养分流失的影响.水土保持通报,2009,29(1):28- 31.
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[3] 周林飞,郝利朋,孙中华.辽宁浑河流域不同土地类型地表径流和壤中流氮、磷流失特征.生态环境学报,2011,20(4):737- 742.
[4] 王国重,李中原,田颖超,屈建钢,徐建昭,刘占欣.雨强和土地利用对豫西南山区氮磷流失的影响.人民长江,2016,47(7):18- 22.
[5] 吕婷,廖敏,叶照金,方至萍,黄小辉,张云,施海龙,沈杰.长兴县合溪水库集水区不同土地利用方式下径流氮流失特征研究.农业环境科学学报,2017,36(7):1369- 1377.
[6] 王萍.拦截草带对坡耕地水土流失及氮磷输出的控制作用研究[D].昆明:西南林业大学,2011.
[7] 王全九,赵光旭,刘艳丽,张鹏宇,柴晶.植被类型对黄土坡地产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响.农业工程学报,2016,32(14):195- 201.
[8] Choi K S,Lee S G,Jang J R.Vegetative filter strip (Vfs) applications for runoff and pollution management in the Saemangeum Area of Korea.Irrigation and Drainage,2016,65(S2):168- 174.
[9] 马东,杜志勇,吴娟,周震峰,史衍玺.崂山水库流域不同土地利用类型地表径流的氮磷流失特征.水土保持学报,2011,25(6):31- 33,39- 39.
[10] 唐佐芯.不同措施对坡地产流产沙和氮磷迁移的控制作用研究[D].昆明:西南林业大学,2012.
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[12] 马骞,于兴修,刘前进,吕国安,张含玉.沂蒙山区不同覆被棕壤理化特征对径流溶解态氮磷输出的影响.环境科学学报,2011,31(7):1526- 1536.
[13] Wang G Q,Wu B B,Zhang L,Jiang H,Xu Z X.Role of soil erodibility in affecting available nitrogen and phosphorus losses under simulated rainfall.Journal of Hydrology,2014,514:180- 191.
[14] 陈玲,宋林旭,崔玉洁,张彪,朱晓明,刘德富.模拟降雨条件下黄棕壤坡耕地磷素流失规律研究.农业环境科学学报,2013,32(1):49- 55.
[15] 胡雪琴,蒋平,彭旭东,史东梅.紫色丘陵区不同土地利用类型径流泥沙及氮磷流失特征.水土保持学报,2015,29(2):35- 39.
[16] Wu X Y,Zhang L P,Yu X X.Impacts of surface runoff and sediment on nitrogen and phosphorus loss in red soil region of southern China.Environmental Earth Sciences,2012,67(7):1939- 1949.
[17] 张梦娇,王震洪.模拟地表径流冲刷下大冲流域不同土地利用类型地表氮和磷流失特征.农业与技术,2012,32(2):3- 6.
[18] 庹刚,李恒鹏,金洋,李燕.模拟暴雨条件下农田磷素迁移特征.湖泊科学,2009,21(1):45- 52.
[19] 钱婧.模拟降雨条件下红壤坡面菜地侵蚀产沙及土壤养分流失特征研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2015.
[20] Mardamootoo T,Preez C C D,Sharpley A N.Phosphorus mobilization from sugarcane soils in the tropical environment of Mauritius under simulated rainfall.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2015,103(1):29- 43.
[21] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999:28- 35.
[22] 陈晓冰,王克勤.不同竹林地氮磷径流流失特征研究.林业资源管理,2012,(6):105- 111.
[23] 陈安磊,王卫,张文钊,王飞,尹春梅,李雁勇,魏文学,谢小立.土地利用方式对红壤坡地地表径流氮素流失的影响.水土保持学报,2015,29(1):101- 106.
[24] Hosseini M,Geissen V,González-Pelayo O,Serpa D,Machado A I,Ritsema C,Keizer J J.Effects of fire occurrence and recurrence on nitrogen and phosphorus losses by overland flow in maritime pine plantations in north-central Portugal.Geoderma,2017,289:97- 106.
[25] 沈紫燕.几种关键因素对红壤中溴、磷随径流迁移机制的影响[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2014.
[26] 杜祥运,梁永哲,夏振尧,夏栋,许文年,王英琨.碎石土坡地不同植被配置下的养分流失途径.水土保持学报,2017,31(1):61- 67.
[27] 唐柄哲.不同施肥类型及耕作方式下紫色土坡耕地径流氮、磷流失研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2016.
[28] Forsyth A R,Bubb K A,Cox M E.Sediment and nutrient losses from exotic Pinus plantation management operations under simulated rainfall.Australian Forestry,2006,69(1):58- 67.
[29] Suescún D,Villegas J C,León J D,Flórez C P,García-Leoz V,Correa-Londoňo G A.Vegetation cover and rainfall seasonality impact nutrient loss via runoff and erosion in the Colombian Andes.Regional Environmental Change,2017,17(3):827- 839.
[30] 王茹.不同坡度条件下紫色土坡面土壤侵蚀特征研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2013.
[31] 常龙飞,王晓龙,李恒鹏,胡锋.巢湖典型低山丘陵区不同土地利用类型壤中流养分流失特征.生态与农村环境学报,2012,28(5):511- 517.
[2] Lewis W M Jr.Nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses from a nutrient-poor tropical moist forest.Ecology,1986,67(5):1275- 1282.
[3] 周林飞,郝利朋,孙中华.辽宁浑河流域不同土地类型地表径流和壤中流氮、磷流失特征.生态环境学报,2011,20(4):737- 742.
[4] 王国重,李中原,田颖超,屈建钢,徐建昭,刘占欣.雨强和土地利用对豫西南山区氮磷流失的影响.人民长江,2016,47(7):18- 22.
[5] 吕婷,廖敏,叶照金,方至萍,黄小辉,张云,施海龙,沈杰.长兴县合溪水库集水区不同土地利用方式下径流氮流失特征研究.农业环境科学学报,2017,36(7):1369- 1377.
[6] 王萍.拦截草带对坡耕地水土流失及氮磷输出的控制作用研究[D].昆明:西南林业大学,2011.
[7] 王全九,赵光旭,刘艳丽,张鹏宇,柴晶.植被类型对黄土坡地产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响.农业工程学报,2016,32(14):195- 201.
[8] Choi K S,Lee S G,Jang J R.Vegetative filter strip (Vfs) applications for runoff and pollution management in the Saemangeum Area of Korea.Irrigation and Drainage,2016,65(S2):168- 174.
[9] 马东,杜志勇,吴娟,周震峰,史衍玺.崂山水库流域不同土地利用类型地表径流的氮磷流失特征.水土保持学报,2011,25(6):31- 33,39- 39.
[10] 唐佐芯.不同措施对坡地产流产沙和氮磷迁移的控制作用研究[D].昆明:西南林业大学,2012.
[11] 储双双,刘颂颂,韩博,莫罗坚,王向前,曾曙才.华南不同林地地表径流量及氮、磷流失特征.水土保持学报,2013,27(5):99- 104,114- 114.
[12] 马骞,于兴修,刘前进,吕国安,张含玉.沂蒙山区不同覆被棕壤理化特征对径流溶解态氮磷输出的影响.环境科学学报,2011,31(7):1526- 1536.
[13] Wang G Q,Wu B B,Zhang L,Jiang H,Xu Z X.Role of soil erodibility in affecting available nitrogen and phosphorus losses under simulated rainfall.Journal of Hydrology,2014,514:180- 191.
[14] 陈玲,宋林旭,崔玉洁,张彪,朱晓明,刘德富.模拟降雨条件下黄棕壤坡耕地磷素流失规律研究.农业环境科学学报,2013,32(1):49- 55.
[15] 胡雪琴,蒋平,彭旭东,史东梅.紫色丘陵区不同土地利用类型径流泥沙及氮磷流失特征.水土保持学报,2015,29(2):35- 39.
[16] Wu X Y,Zhang L P,Yu X X.Impacts of surface runoff and sediment on nitrogen and phosphorus loss in red soil region of southern China.Environmental Earth Sciences,2012,67(7):1939- 1949.
[17] 张梦娇,王震洪.模拟地表径流冲刷下大冲流域不同土地利用类型地表氮和磷流失特征.农业与技术,2012,32(2):3- 6.
[18] 庹刚,李恒鹏,金洋,李燕.模拟暴雨条件下农田磷素迁移特征.湖泊科学,2009,21(1):45- 52.
[19] 钱婧.模拟降雨条件下红壤坡面菜地侵蚀产沙及土壤养分流失特征研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2015.
[20] Mardamootoo T,Preez C C D,Sharpley A N.Phosphorus mobilization from sugarcane soils in the tropical environment of Mauritius under simulated rainfall.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2015,103(1):29- 43.
[21] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999:28- 35.
[22] 陈晓冰,王克勤.不同竹林地氮磷径流流失特征研究.林业资源管理,2012,(6):105- 111.
[23] 陈安磊,王卫,张文钊,王飞,尹春梅,李雁勇,魏文学,谢小立.土地利用方式对红壤坡地地表径流氮素流失的影响.水土保持学报,2015,29(1):101- 106.
[24] Hosseini M,Geissen V,González-Pelayo O,Serpa D,Machado A I,Ritsema C,Keizer J J.Effects of fire occurrence and recurrence on nitrogen and phosphorus losses by overland flow in maritime pine plantations in north-central Portugal.Geoderma,2017,289:97- 106.
[25] 沈紫燕.几种关键因素对红壤中溴、磷随径流迁移机制的影响[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2014.
[26] 杜祥运,梁永哲,夏振尧,夏栋,许文年,王英琨.碎石土坡地不同植被配置下的养分流失途径.水土保持学报,2017,31(1):61- 67.
[27] 唐柄哲.不同施肥类型及耕作方式下紫色土坡耕地径流氮、磷流失研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2016.
[28] Forsyth A R,Bubb K A,Cox M E.Sediment and nutrient losses from exotic Pinus plantation management operations under simulated rainfall.Australian Forestry,2006,69(1):58- 67.
[29] Suescún D,Villegas J C,León J D,Flórez C P,García-Leoz V,Correa-Londoňo G A.Vegetation cover and rainfall seasonality impact nutrient loss via runoff and erosion in the Colombian Andes.Regional Environmental Change,2017,17(3):827- 839.
[30] 王茹.不同坡度条件下紫色土坡面土壤侵蚀特征研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2013.
[31] 常龙飞,王晓龙,李恒鹏,胡锋.巢湖典型低山丘陵区不同土地利用类型壤中流养分流失特征.生态与农村环境学报,2012,28(5):511- 517.
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