高温与空气湿度交互对花期番茄植株水分生理的影响*
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摘要
以番茄品种"金冠5号"为试材,在人工气候箱内进行正交试验,设计日最高气温(℃)/最低气温(℃)分别为32/22、35/25、38/28、41/31共4个温度处理水平,空气相对湿度分别为50%±5%、70%±5%、90%±5%,处理天数为3、6、9、12d,并以28/18、50%±5%为对照(CK),测定不同处理下番茄苗叶片生理指标的变化。结果表明:在32～41℃高温处理下,叶片气孔导度Gs、蒸腾速率Tr在日最高气温35℃时最高,分别为0.109μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、0.21μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1);叶水势ψ_w、根系活力Rv、根冠比R/S、净光合速率Pn和水分利用效率WUE均随胁迫温度的升高而逐渐降低,日温41℃时较CK降低163.76%、66.63%、28.59%、73.90%和65.11%。高温条件下提高湿度至70%后,ψ_w、Gs、Pn、Tr和WUE分别较50%处理均有显著提高,且可以在28d内基本恢复至CK水平,在恢复期内根系恢复良好且保持较高WUE;但湿度提高至90%后,Gs和ψ_w有所上升,而Pn、Rv、R/S、WUE未能显著提高,且在恢复期内WUE较低。故在35℃及以上的高温环境中,提高空气湿度至70%可有效降低高温对番茄的危害,也有利于番茄灾后恢复。
Used tomato variety "Jinguan 5" as the test material, and orthogonal test was carried out in the artificial climate chamber to design the daily maximum temperature(℃)/lowest temperature(℃). For the 32/22℃, 35/25℃,38/28℃, 41/31℃ levels, the relative humidity of the air is 3 levels: 50%±5%, 70%±5%, 90%±5%, and the treatment days is 3, 6, 9, 12 days, and set 28/18℃, 50%±5% as control(CK), the changes of physiological indices of tomato under different treatments were determined. The results showed that under the high temperature treatment of32-41℃, the stomatal conductance(Gs) and transpiration rate(Tr) were the highest at 35℃, respectively,0.109μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1), 0.21μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1); leaf water potential(ψ_w), root system vigorous(Rv), root-shoot ratio(R/S),net photosynthetic rate(Pn) and water use efficiency(WUE) decreased with increasing stress temperature, and decreased by 163.76%, 66.63%, 28.59%, 73.90% and 65.11% at 41℃ compared with CK. After increasing the humidity to 70% under high temperature conditions, ψ_w, Gs, Pn, Tr and WUE were significantly improved compared with 50% treatment and can basically recover to CK level within 28 days, the root system also recovered better and maintained a higher WUE during the recovery period; but after increased the humidity to 90%, Gs and ψ_w increased,but Pn, Rv, R/S, WUE failed to increase significantly, and WUE was lower during the recovery period. Therefore, in the high temperature environment of 35℃ and above, increasing the humidity of the air to 70% can effectively reduce the damage of high temperature to tomato, and it was also conducive to tomato recovery. This study provides a theoretical basis for the optimal management of summer greenhouse tomato.
Used tomato variety "Jinguan 5" as the test material, and orthogonal test was carried out in the artificial climate chamber to design the daily maximum temperature(℃)/lowest temperature(℃). For the 32/22℃, 35/25℃,38/28℃, 41/31℃ levels, the relative humidity of the air is 3 levels: 50%±5%, 70%±5%, 90%±5%, and the treatment days is 3, 6, 9, 12 days, and set 28/18℃, 50%±5% as control(CK), the changes of physiological indices of tomato under different treatments were determined. The results showed that under the high temperature treatment of32-41℃, the stomatal conductance(Gs) and transpiration rate(Tr) were the highest at 35℃, respectively,0.109μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1), 0.21μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1); leaf water potential(ψ_w), root system vigorous(Rv), root-shoot ratio(R/S),net photosynthetic rate(Pn) and water use efficiency(WUE) decreased with increasing stress temperature, and decreased by 163.76%, 66.63%, 28.59%, 73.90% and 65.11% at 41℃ compared with CK. After increasing the humidity to 70% under high temperature conditions, ψ_w, Gs, Pn, Tr and WUE were significantly improved compared with 50% treatment and can basically recover to CK level within 28 days, the root system also recovered better and maintained a higher WUE during the recovery period; but after increased the humidity to 90%, Gs and ψ_w increased,but Pn, Rv, R/S, WUE failed to increase significantly, and WUE was lower during the recovery period. Therefore, in the high temperature environment of 35℃ and above, increasing the humidity of the air to 70% can effectively reduce the damage of high temperature to tomato, and it was also conducive to tomato recovery. This study provides a theoretical basis for the optimal management of summer greenhouse tomato.
引文
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[2]El-Gizawy A M,Comaa H M,El-Habbasha K M,et al.Effect of different shading levels on tomato plants 1:growth,flowering and chemical composition[J].Acta Horticulturae,1993(323):341-348.
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[6]韩玮,孙晨曦,赵和丽,等.高温胁迫后小白菜的补偿生长能力及防御机制[J].中国农业气象,2018,39(2):119-128.Han W,Sun C X,Zhao H L,et al.Compensatory ability and defense mechanism of Chinese cabbage under high temperature stress[J].Agricultural Meteorology in China,2018,39(2):119-128.(in Chinese)
[7]王斌,赵慧娟,巨波,等.高温高湿对沼泽小叶桦光合和生理特征的影响及其恢复效应[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(28):47-52.Wang B,Zhao H J,Ju B,et al.Effects of high temperature and high humidity on photosynthetic and physiological characteristics of Betula platyphylla marsh and its recovery effect[J].China Agricultural Science Bulletin,2011,27(28):47-52.(in Chinese)
[8]潘文,张方秋,张卫强,等.高温高湿胁迫对红花荷等植物生理生化指标的影响及评价[J].广东林业科技,2012,28(3):1-8.Pan W,Zhang F Q,Zhang W Q,et al.Effects of high temperature and high humidity stress on physiological and biochemical indexes of Carthamus oleracea and other plants[J].Guangdong Forestry Science and Technology,2012,28(3):1-8.(in Chinese)
[9]王艳芳,李亚灵,温祥珍.高温条件下空气湿度对番茄幼苗生长及开花座果的影响[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2009,29(1):27-31.Wang Y F,Li Y L,Wen X Z,et al.The effect of different air humidity under high temperature on tomato plant growth and fruit set[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University(Natural Science Edition),2009,29(1):27-31.(in Chinese)
[10]薛义霞,李亚灵,温祥珍.空气湿度对高温下番茄光合作用及坐果率的影响[J].园艺学报,2010,37(3):397-404.Xue Y X,Li Y L,Wen X Z.Effect of air humidity on photosynthesis and fruit setting rate of tomato under high temperature[J].Horticultural Journal,2010,37(3):397-404.(in Chinese)
[11]王琳,杨再强,杨世琼,等.高温与不同空气湿度交互对设施番茄苗生长及衰老特性的影响[J].中国农业气象,2017,38(12):761-770.Wang L,Yang Z Q,Yang S Q,et al.Effects of high temperature and different air humidity on growth and senescence characteristics of greenhouse tomato seedlings[J].Agricultural Meteorology in China,2017,38(12):761-770.(in Chinese)
[12]王姗姗.干热胁迫下增加空气湿度对缓解温室番茄高温危害的效果[D].太古:山西农业大学,2015.Wang S S.Effect of increasing air humidity on alleviating greenhouse tomato high temperature damage under dry and heat stress[D].Taigu:Shanxi Agricultural University,2015.(in Chinese)
[13]赵恒栋,崔世茂,李明,等.高温高湿高CO2处理对黄瓜根系生长及根系保护酶活性的影响[J].中国园艺文摘,2011,27(5):1-3.Zhao H D,Cui S M,Li M,et al.Effects of high temperature,high humidity and high CO2 treatment on root growth and root protective enzyme activity of cucumber[J].Chinese Horticultural Abstracts,2011,27(5):1-3.(in Chinese)
[14]潘瑞炽.植物生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2012.Pan R Z.Plant physiology[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2012.(in Chinese)
[15]Fraser L H,Greenall A,Carlyle C,et al.Adaptive phenotypic plasticity of Pseudoroegneria spicata:response of stomatal density,leaf area and biomass to changes in water supply and increased temperature[J].Ann Bot,2009,103(5):769-775.
[16]曹云英.高温对水稻产量与品质的影响及其生理机制[D].扬州:扬州大学,2009.Cao Y Y.Effect of high temperature on yield and quality of rice and its physiological mechanism[D].Yangzhou:Yangzhou University,2009.(in Chinese)
[17]张大龙,常毅博,李建明,等.大棚甜瓜蒸腾规律及其影响因子[J].生态学报,2014,34(4):953-962.Zhang D L,Chang Y B,Li J M,et al.Transpiration of muskmelon and its influencing factors in greenhouse[J].Ecological Journal,2014,34(4):953-962.(in Chinese)
[18]Zhang J,Jiang X D,Li T L,et al.Photosynthesis and ultrastructure of photosynthetic apparatus in tomato leaves under elevated temperature[J].Photosynthetica,2014,52(3):430-436.
[19]韦婷婷,杨再强,王琳,等.玻璃温室和塑料大棚内逐时气温模拟模型[J].中国农业气象,2018,39(10):644-655.Wei T T,Yang Z Q,Wang L,et al.Hourly temperature simulation model in glass greenhouse and plastic greenhouse[J].Agricultural Meteorology in China,2018,39(10):644-655.(in Chinese)
[20]董如何,肖必华,方永水.正交试验设计的理论分析方法及应用[J].安徽建筑工业学院学报(自然科学版),2004,6:103-106.Dong R H,Xiao B H,Fang Y S.The theoretical analysis of orthogonal test designs[J].Journal of Anhui Institute of Architecture&Industry,2004,6:103-106.(in Chinese)
[21]张中典,张大龙,李建明,等.黄瓜气孔导度?水力导度的环境响应及其调控蒸腾效应[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(6):139-147.Zhang Z D,Zhang D L,Li J M,et al.Environmental response of stomatal conductance and hydraulic conductance of cucumber and its regulating transpiration effect[J].Journal of Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(6):139-147.(in Chinese)
[22]张大龙,宋小明,杜清洁,等.温室环境因子驱动甜瓜水分传输机理分析与模拟[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(2):232-239.Zhang D L,Song X M,Du Q J,et al.Analysis and simulation of water transport mechanism driven by greenhouse environmental factors in muskmelon[J].Journal of Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(2):232-239.(in Chinese)
[23]杨世琼,杨再强,王琳,等.高温高湿交互对设施番茄叶片光合特性的影响[J].生态学杂志,2018,37(1):57-63.Yang S Q,Yang Z Q,Wang L,et al.Effects of high temperature and high humidity interaction on photosynthetic characteristics of greenhouse tomato leaves[J].Journal of Ecology,2018,37(1):57-63.(in Chinese)
[24]罗永忠,成自勇.水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿叶水势?蒸腾速率和气孔导度的影响[J].草地学报,2011,19(2):215-221.Luo Y Z,Cheng Z Y.Effects of water stress on water potential,transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of alfalfa leaves[J].Journal of Grassland,2011,19(2):215-221.(in Chinese)
[25]Sack L,Holbrook N M.Leaf hydraulics[J].Annual Review of Plant Biology,2006,57(1):361.
[26]刘利民,齐华,罗新兰,等.植物气孔气态失水与SPAC系统液态供水的相互调节作用研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(9):2067-2073.Liu L M,Qi H,Luo X L,et al.Advances in the interaction between stomatal gas loss and liquid water supply in SPACsystem[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(9):2067-2073.(in Chinese)
[27]Rudich M D J.Effect of heat stress on assimilate partitioning in tomato[J].Annals of Botany,1985,56:239-248.
[28]Ga?lle D,Simonneau T,HervéC,et al.An overview of models of stomatal conductance at the leaf level[J].Plant Cell and Environment,2010,33(9):1419-1438.
[2]El-Gizawy A M,Comaa H M,El-Habbasha K M,et al.Effect of different shading levels on tomato plants 1:growth,flowering and chemical composition[J].Acta Horticulturae,1993(323):341-348.
[3]张富存,张波,王琴,等.高温胁迫对设施番茄光合作用特性的影响[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(28):211-216.Zhang F C,Zhang B,Wang Q,et al.Effects of high temperature stress on photosynthesis characteristics of greenhouse tomato[J].China Agricultural Science Bulletin,2011,27(28):211-216.(in Chinese)
[4]刘爱荣,陈双臣,王淼博,等.高温胁迫对番茄幼苗光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响[J].西北农业学报,2010,19(5):145-148.Liu A R,Chen S C,Wang M B,et al.Effects of high temperature stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of tomato seedlings[J].Journal of Northwest Agriculture,2010,19(5):145-148.(in Chinese)
[5]Rohn S,Rawel H M,Kroll J.Inhibitory effects of plant phenols on the activity of selected enzymes[J].J Agric Food Chem,2002,50(12):3566-3571.
[6]韩玮,孙晨曦,赵和丽,等.高温胁迫后小白菜的补偿生长能力及防御机制[J].中国农业气象,2018,39(2):119-128.Han W,Sun C X,Zhao H L,et al.Compensatory ability and defense mechanism of Chinese cabbage under high temperature stress[J].Agricultural Meteorology in China,2018,39(2):119-128.(in Chinese)
[7]王斌,赵慧娟,巨波,等.高温高湿对沼泽小叶桦光合和生理特征的影响及其恢复效应[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(28):47-52.Wang B,Zhao H J,Ju B,et al.Effects of high temperature and high humidity on photosynthetic and physiological characteristics of Betula platyphylla marsh and its recovery effect[J].China Agricultural Science Bulletin,2011,27(28):47-52.(in Chinese)
[8]潘文,张方秋,张卫强,等.高温高湿胁迫对红花荷等植物生理生化指标的影响及评价[J].广东林业科技,2012,28(3):1-8.Pan W,Zhang F Q,Zhang W Q,et al.Effects of high temperature and high humidity stress on physiological and biochemical indexes of Carthamus oleracea and other plants[J].Guangdong Forestry Science and Technology,2012,28(3):1-8.(in Chinese)
[9]王艳芳,李亚灵,温祥珍.高温条件下空气湿度对番茄幼苗生长及开花座果的影响[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2009,29(1):27-31.Wang Y F,Li Y L,Wen X Z,et al.The effect of different air humidity under high temperature on tomato plant growth and fruit set[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University(Natural Science Edition),2009,29(1):27-31.(in Chinese)
[10]薛义霞,李亚灵,温祥珍.空气湿度对高温下番茄光合作用及坐果率的影响[J].园艺学报,2010,37(3):397-404.Xue Y X,Li Y L,Wen X Z.Effect of air humidity on photosynthesis and fruit setting rate of tomato under high temperature[J].Horticultural Journal,2010,37(3):397-404.(in Chinese)
[11]王琳,杨再强,杨世琼,等.高温与不同空气湿度交互对设施番茄苗生长及衰老特性的影响[J].中国农业气象,2017,38(12):761-770.Wang L,Yang Z Q,Yang S Q,et al.Effects of high temperature and different air humidity on growth and senescence characteristics of greenhouse tomato seedlings[J].Agricultural Meteorology in China,2017,38(12):761-770.(in Chinese)
[12]王姗姗.干热胁迫下增加空气湿度对缓解温室番茄高温危害的效果[D].太古:山西农业大学,2015.Wang S S.Effect of increasing air humidity on alleviating greenhouse tomato high temperature damage under dry and heat stress[D].Taigu:Shanxi Agricultural University,2015.(in Chinese)
[13]赵恒栋,崔世茂,李明,等.高温高湿高CO2处理对黄瓜根系生长及根系保护酶活性的影响[J].中国园艺文摘,2011,27(5):1-3.Zhao H D,Cui S M,Li M,et al.Effects of high temperature,high humidity and high CO2 treatment on root growth and root protective enzyme activity of cucumber[J].Chinese Horticultural Abstracts,2011,27(5):1-3.(in Chinese)
[14]潘瑞炽.植物生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2012.Pan R Z.Plant physiology[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2012.(in Chinese)
[15]Fraser L H,Greenall A,Carlyle C,et al.Adaptive phenotypic plasticity of Pseudoroegneria spicata:response of stomatal density,leaf area and biomass to changes in water supply and increased temperature[J].Ann Bot,2009,103(5):769-775.
[16]曹云英.高温对水稻产量与品质的影响及其生理机制[D].扬州:扬州大学,2009.Cao Y Y.Effect of high temperature on yield and quality of rice and its physiological mechanism[D].Yangzhou:Yangzhou University,2009.(in Chinese)
[17]张大龙,常毅博,李建明,等.大棚甜瓜蒸腾规律及其影响因子[J].生态学报,2014,34(4):953-962.Zhang D L,Chang Y B,Li J M,et al.Transpiration of muskmelon and its influencing factors in greenhouse[J].Ecological Journal,2014,34(4):953-962.(in Chinese)
[18]Zhang J,Jiang X D,Li T L,et al.Photosynthesis and ultrastructure of photosynthetic apparatus in tomato leaves under elevated temperature[J].Photosynthetica,2014,52(3):430-436.
[19]韦婷婷,杨再强,王琳,等.玻璃温室和塑料大棚内逐时气温模拟模型[J].中国农业气象,2018,39(10):644-655.Wei T T,Yang Z Q,Wang L,et al.Hourly temperature simulation model in glass greenhouse and plastic greenhouse[J].Agricultural Meteorology in China,2018,39(10):644-655.(in Chinese)
[20]董如何,肖必华,方永水.正交试验设计的理论分析方法及应用[J].安徽建筑工业学院学报(自然科学版),2004,6:103-106.Dong R H,Xiao B H,Fang Y S.The theoretical analysis of orthogonal test designs[J].Journal of Anhui Institute of Architecture&Industry,2004,6:103-106.(in Chinese)
[21]张中典,张大龙,李建明,等.黄瓜气孔导度?水力导度的环境响应及其调控蒸腾效应[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(6):139-147.Zhang Z D,Zhang D L,Li J M,et al.Environmental response of stomatal conductance and hydraulic conductance of cucumber and its regulating transpiration effect[J].Journal of Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(6):139-147.(in Chinese)
[22]张大龙,宋小明,杜清洁,等.温室环境因子驱动甜瓜水分传输机理分析与模拟[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(2):232-239.Zhang D L,Song X M,Du Q J,et al.Analysis and simulation of water transport mechanism driven by greenhouse environmental factors in muskmelon[J].Journal of Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(2):232-239.(in Chinese)
[23]杨世琼,杨再强,王琳,等.高温高湿交互对设施番茄叶片光合特性的影响[J].生态学杂志,2018,37(1):57-63.Yang S Q,Yang Z Q,Wang L,et al.Effects of high temperature and high humidity interaction on photosynthetic characteristics of greenhouse tomato leaves[J].Journal of Ecology,2018,37(1):57-63.(in Chinese)
[24]罗永忠,成自勇.水分胁迫对紫花苜蓿叶水势?蒸腾速率和气孔导度的影响[J].草地学报,2011,19(2):215-221.Luo Y Z,Cheng Z Y.Effects of water stress on water potential,transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of alfalfa leaves[J].Journal of Grassland,2011,19(2):215-221.(in Chinese)
[25]Sack L,Holbrook N M.Leaf hydraulics[J].Annual Review of Plant Biology,2006,57(1):361.
[26]刘利民,齐华,罗新兰,等.植物气孔气态失水与SPAC系统液态供水的相互调节作用研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(9):2067-2073.Liu L M,Qi H,Luo X L,et al.Advances in the interaction between stomatal gas loss and liquid water supply in SPACsystem[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(9):2067-2073.(in Chinese)
[27]Rudich M D J.Effect of heat stress on assimilate partitioning in tomato[J].Annals of Botany,1985,56:239-248.
[28]Ga?lle D,Simonneau T,HervéC,et al.An overview of models of stomatal conductance at the leaf level[J].Plant Cell and Environment,2010,33(9):1419-1438.
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