基于GIS与地理探测器的岩溶槽谷石漠化空间分布及驱动因素分析
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摘要
岩溶区土地石漠化已成为中国西部继沙漠化和水土流失后的第三大生态问题,近年来岩溶槽谷区石漠化表现出增加趋势。通过获取槽谷区石漠化、岩性、坡度、海拔、降雨量、土地利用、人口密度和第一产业生产总值等数据,利用GIS空间分析功能和地理探测器模型,探讨了岩溶槽谷区石漠化空间分布特征及驱动因子。主要结论为:①岩溶槽谷区总石漠化面积为21323.7 km~2,占研究区土地面积的8.3%,其中轻度、中度和重度石漠化面积分别是11894.8 km2、8615.8 km2和813.1 km~2,分别占石漠化面积的55.8%、40.4%和3.8%;②从石漠化的空间分布来看,槽谷区石漠化主要发生在连续性灰岩中,轻度、中度和重度石漠化面积分别为占槽谷区相应石漠化类型面积的22.1%、22.4%和1.9%;槽谷区石漠化主要发生在15°～25°的坡度范围,轻度、中度和重度石漠化面积分别为占槽谷区相应石漠化类型面积的27.1%、18.2%和2.3%;从海拔来看,主要分布于400～800 m范围内,轻度、中度和重度石漠化面积分别为占槽谷区相应石漠化类型面积的24.9%、18.4%和0.2%;从土地利用类型来看,主要发生于山地旱地中;从人口密度来看,集中分布于100～200人/km~2中;从第一产业生产总值来看,集中分布于25亿～50亿元中;③地理探测器的因子探测器揭示了岩性(q=0.58)、土地利用(q=0.48)和坡度(q=0.42)3个因子是槽谷区石漠化形成的主要驱动因子,交互式探测器进一步揭示了岩性与土地利用类型(q=0.85)、坡度与土地利用类型的组合(q=0.75)共同驱动槽谷区石漠化的形成。
The rocky desertification in the karst area is becoming the third largest ecological problem in western China following desertification, as well as soil and water loss. In recent years, rocky desertification in the karst trough valley is increasing seriously, and puts more and more pressure on the environment. Therefore, by GIS spatial analysis functions and geodetector models, this paper aims to explore the spatial distribution of rocky desertification in different gradients and its driving factors based on rock desertification, lithology, slope,elevation, rainfall, land use, population density and the total output value of primary industry in the valley. The results are as follows:(1) The total rocky desertification area in the karst trough area is 21, 323.7 km2, accounting for 8.3% of the land area in the study area; of which the light,moderate and severe rocky desertification areas are 11, 894.8 km2, 8615.8 km2 and 813.1 km2,respectively, accounting for 55.8%, 40.4% and 3.8% of the desertified area.(2) From the spatial distribution, rocky desertification mainly occurs in the continuous limestone, and the light, moderate and severe rocky desertification areas respectively account for 22.1%, 22.4%and 1.9% of the corresponding rocky desertification types in the trough area; Rocky desertification in the trough area mainly occurs in the gradient range of 15° to 25°, and the light, moderate, and severe rocky desertification areas account for 27.1%, 18.2% and 2.3% of the corresponding rocky desertification in the trough area, respectively; From the elevation, it is mainly distributed in the range of 400-800 m, and the areas of rocky desertification with light,moderate, and severe erosion grades account for 24.9%, 18.4% and 0.2% of the corresponding rocky desertification area in the trough area, respectively; From the land use type, it mainly occurs in upland mountains; From the population density, it concentrates in areas with 100-200 persons/km2; From the total output value of primary industry, it concentrates in areas with 2.5-50 billion.(3) The factor detectors of geographical detectors revealed that the lithology, land use, and slope are the main driving factors for the formation of rocky desertification in the trough region. Interactive detectors further revealed that the lithology and land use types(q =0.85) together with slopes and land use types(q = 0.75) drive the formation of rocky desertification in the trough area.
The rocky desertification in the karst area is becoming the third largest ecological problem in western China following desertification, as well as soil and water loss. In recent years, rocky desertification in the karst trough valley is increasing seriously, and puts more and more pressure on the environment. Therefore, by GIS spatial analysis functions and geodetector models, this paper aims to explore the spatial distribution of rocky desertification in different gradients and its driving factors based on rock desertification, lithology, slope,elevation, rainfall, land use, population density and the total output value of primary industry in the valley. The results are as follows:(1) The total rocky desertification area in the karst trough area is 21, 323.7 km2, accounting for 8.3% of the land area in the study area; of which the light,moderate and severe rocky desertification areas are 11, 894.8 km2, 8615.8 km2 and 813.1 km2,respectively, accounting for 55.8%, 40.4% and 3.8% of the desertified area.(2) From the spatial distribution, rocky desertification mainly occurs in the continuous limestone, and the light, moderate and severe rocky desertification areas respectively account for 22.1%, 22.4%and 1.9% of the corresponding rocky desertification types in the trough area; Rocky desertification in the trough area mainly occurs in the gradient range of 15° to 25°, and the light, moderate, and severe rocky desertification areas account for 27.1%, 18.2% and 2.3% of the corresponding rocky desertification in the trough area, respectively; From the elevation, it is mainly distributed in the range of 400-800 m, and the areas of rocky desertification with light,moderate, and severe erosion grades account for 24.9%, 18.4% and 0.2% of the corresponding rocky desertification area in the trough area, respectively; From the land use type, it mainly occurs in upland mountains; From the population density, it concentrates in areas with 100-200 persons/km2; From the total output value of primary industry, it concentrates in areas with 2.5-50 billion.(3) The factor detectors of geographical detectors revealed that the lithology, land use, and slope are the main driving factors for the formation of rocky desertification in the trough region. Interactive detectors further revealed that the lithology and land use types(q =0.85) together with slopes and land use types(q = 0.75) drive the formation of rocky desertification in the trough area.
引文
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(1)数据来源:2014年国家统计局网站及地方统计网站(http://www.stats.gov.cn/)。
[2] Wang S J, Li R L, Sun C X, et al. How types of carbonate rock assemblages constrain the distribution of karst rocky deserti?ed land in Guizhou Province, PR China:Phenomena and mechanisms, Land Degradation&Development,2004, 15(2):123-131.
[3] Jiang Z C, Lian Y Q, Qin X Q. Rocky desertification in Southwest China:Impacts, causes, and restoration. EarthScience Reviews, 2014, 132:1-12.
[4] Planning Outline for Comprehensive Management of Rocky Desertification in Karst Area(2006-2015). National Development and Reform Commission and State Forestry Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Water Resources.[岩溶地区石漠化综合治理规划大纲(2006-2015年).国家发展改革委会同林业局、农业部、水利部.]
[5] Yuan D X. Major Environmental Geological Problems and Strategies in Southwest Karst Rocky Mountains. Beijing:Science Press, 2014.[袁道先.西南岩溶石山地区重大环境地质问题及对策研究.北京:科学出版社, 2014.]
[6] Wang Shijie, Li Yangbing, Li Ruiling. Formation background, evolution and treatment of Karst Rocky Desertification.Quaternary Sciences, 2003, 23(6):657-666.[王世杰,李阳兵,李瑞玲.喀斯特石漠化的形成背景、演化与治理.第四纪研究, 2003, 23(6):657-666.]
[7] Jiang Zhongcheng, Luo Weiqun, Tong Liqiang, et al. Evolution characteristics and influencing factors of Karst Rocky Desertification in Southwest China in the 21st Century. Chinese Journal of Karst, 2016, 35(5):461-468.[蒋忠诚,罗为群,童立强,等. 21世纪西南岩溶石漠化演变特点及影响因素.中国岩溶, 2016, 35(5):461-468.]
[8] Zhang Xinbao, Wang Shijie, Bai Xiaoyong, et al. The relationship between spatial distribution of rocky desertification and karst landform, lithology, annual average precipitation and population density density in Guizhou. Earth and Environment, 2013, 41(1):1-6.[张信宝,王世杰,白晓永,等.贵州石漠化空间分布与喀斯特地貌、岩性、年均降水和人口密度密度的关系.地球与环境, 2013, 41(1):1-6.]
[9] Li Ruiling. Natural background and spatial regional differentiation of rocky desertification in karst areas of Guizhou[D]. Guiyang:Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2004.[李瑞玲.贵州岩溶地区土地石漠化形成的自然背景及其空间地域分异[D].贵阳:中国科学院地球化学研究所, 2004.]
[10] Jiang Y, Li L, Groves C, et al. Relationships between rocky desertification and spatial pattern of land use in typical karst area, Southwest China. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2009, 59(4):881-890.
[11] Bai Xiaoyong, Xiong Kangning, Li Yangbing, et al. Quantitative study on spatial difference of rocky desertification and population factors in different karst mountain areas. Journal of Mountain Science, 2006, 24(2):242-248.[白晓永,熊康宁,李阳兵,等.喀斯特山区不同强度石漠化与人口因素空间差异性的定量研究.山地学报, 2006, 24(2):242-248.]
[12] Wang Jinfeng, Xu Chengdong. Geographical detectors:Principles and prospects. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(1):116-134.[王劲峰,徐成东.地理探测器:原理与展望.地理学报, 2017, 72(1):116-134.]
[13] Wang J F, Hu Y. Environmental health risk detection with GeogDetector. Environmental Modelling&Software, 2005,20(10):114-115.
[14] Dong Yuxiang, Xu Wei, Yang Ren, et al. Discussion on the northern boundary of China's terrestrial tropics based on geographical detectors. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(1):135-147.[董玉祥,徐茜,杨忍,等.基于地理探测器的中国陆地热带北界探讨.地理学报, 2017, 72(1):135-147.]
[15] Wang J F, Li X H, Christakos G, et al. Geographical detectors-based health risk assessment and its application in the neural tube defects study of the Heshun Region, China. International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2010, 24(1):107-127.
[16] Wang J F, Zhang T L, Fu B J. A measure of spatial stratified heterogeneity. Ecological Indicators, 2016, 67:250-256.
[17] Wang Jinfeng, Ge Yong, Li Lianfa, et al. Geographic spatiotemporal data analysis methods. Acta Geographica Sinica,2014, 69(9):1326-1345.[王劲峰,葛咏,李连发,等.地理学时空数据分析方法.地理学报, 2014, 69(9):1326-1345.]
[18] Pu Junbing, Yuan Daoxian, Pei Zhengjiao, et al. Water environment problems in karst areas in Southwest China.Science:Shanghai, 2010, 62(2):32-36.[蒲俊兵,袁道先,覃政教,等.我国西南岩溶区水环境问题.科学, 2010, 62(2):32-36.]
[19] Liu Zaihua, Dreybrodt W, Li Huaju. Comparison of dissolution rate control mechanisms of limestone and dolomite.Earth Science, 2006, 31(3):411-416.[刘再华, Dreybrodt W,李华举.灰岩和白云岩溶解速率控制机理的比较.地球科学, 2006, 31(3):411-416.]
[20] Jiang Yongjun, Zhang Cheng, Li Linli, et al. Analysis of the current situation and genesis of rocky desertification in Hanjiang District of Chongqing based on RS and GIS. Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, 2007, 34(1):81-85.[蒋勇军,章程,李林立,袁道先,等.基于RS、GIS的重庆黔江区石漠化现状与成因分析.水文地质工程地质, 2007, 34(1):81-85.]
[21] Li Yangbing, Bai Xiaoyong, Zhou Guofu, et al. Relationship between land use and rocky desertification in typical rocky desertification areas of China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2006, 61(6):624-632.[李阳兵,白晓永,周国富,等.中国典型石漠化地区土地利用与石漠化的关系.地理学报, 2006, 61(6):624-632.]
[22] Li Yangbing, Bai Xiaoyong, Qiu Xingchun, et al. Correlation between Karst Rocky desertification and land use. Journal of Resource Science, 2006, 28(2):67-73.[李阳兵,白晓永,邱兴春,等.喀斯特石漠化与土地利用相关性研究.资源科学, 2006, 28(2):67-73.]
[23] Zhang Xinbao, Wang Shijie, Meng Tianyou, et al. Mechanism of farming driving rocky land in karst areas of Southwest China. Earth and Environment, 2010, 38(2):123-128.[张信宝,王世杰,孟天友,等.农耕驱动西南喀斯特地区坡地石质化的机制.地球与环境, 2010, 38(2):123-128.]
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(1)数据来源:2014年国家统计局网站及地方统计网站(http://www.stats.gov.cn/)。