1979—2014年长沙市城市功能用地扩展与驱动力研究
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摘要
基于长沙市中心城区1979年、1989年、2003年、2011年、2014年5个年份的土地利用现状图,借助ArcGIS、SPSS分析工具,提取居住、工业、服务三大功能用地,从方向、圈层、强度、用地间转变及轴带趋向对长沙城市功能用地扩展的时空特征及驱动力进行研究。结果表明:①用地扩展模式以"圈层式、轴带式"为主,并逐渐向"多组团式"过渡,由单一的向外扩展向内部功能间演替和外部扩展相结合转变。整体扩展方向经历了由"东、南、东南-西北、东、东南、北"的变化,但各类用地的扩展方向有所差异;②从扩展强度看,居住用地远远高于城市总体扩展强度,造成了城市功能空间失衡的现象,服务配套明显滞后,部分分区在扩展过程中,出现了与规划定位严重不符的矛盾;③功能用地间的转变主要集中在城市核心区,表现出以核心-外围明显分异的差距。外围片区的功能较为单一,融合度不够,未来应增强配套服务功能。④从经济驱动力、政策调控力、生态制约力与吸引力、社会助推力四个方面分析了功能用地扩展时空差异的驱动因素。⑤从"问题导向-现象归纳-本质剖析-策略应对"提出了城市功能用地扩展研究的基本研究框架。
The expansion of urban functional space has always been a core issue in the study of urban geography and urban planning. In this paper, we mainly focus on the following three types of urban functional spaces: residential space, industrial spaces and service space, and we take the central city of Changsha as our study area. Based on the land use map covering the years of 1979, 1989, 2003, 2011 and 2014 as well as corresponding statistical yearbooks, in combination of taking GIS and SPSS statistical tools, this article analyzed the dynamic features and driving forces of the functional space evolution of Changsha by citing a variety of models such as sector fractal,"center-periphery"spheres density, expansion intensity, coupling degree and axial sprawl index. The results were obtained as follows:(1) The urban functional space of Changsha's central city expanded rapidly between 1979 and 2014. And the pattern of extension was still displaying the "circle mode" and "axis belt mode", but gradually transited to"polycentric structure". In the process of quick external expansion, the urban land also filled internally in the study period. The direction of functional transformation presented a phase difference clearly, which had experienced the process of"east, south and southeast"from 1979 to 1989 to the"northwest, east, southeast and north"during 2011 to 2014. Meanwhile, it showed some differentiation of different types of functional land.(2) Residential space showed excessive expansion and guided other spaces extension, which was incompatible with other functional urban spaces, causing an imbalance in urban functional space. Some zones even showed serious contradiction with city planning during the process of expansion.(3) Functional spaces coupling showed significant"core-peripheral"geographic differentiation, and mainly focused on the core area. Functional space types in peripheral area were relatively single,which means that the level of alignment was insufficient. To strengthen urban comprehensive competitiveness, local government should improve service function and promote functional integration.(4) This study also probes the dynamic driving forces of the evolution of the functional space in Changsha City, mainly including economic, administrative, ecological and social factors. And the administrative factor played a significant role in the evolution.(5) We propose the basic research framework for the study of urban functional land expansion from "problem orientation-phenomenon induction-essential analysis-strategy response", which can provide theoretical guidance for optimizing the internal space structure and improve the functional efficiency of the central city.
The expansion of urban functional space has always been a core issue in the study of urban geography and urban planning. In this paper, we mainly focus on the following three types of urban functional spaces: residential space, industrial spaces and service space, and we take the central city of Changsha as our study area. Based on the land use map covering the years of 1979, 1989, 2003, 2011 and 2014 as well as corresponding statistical yearbooks, in combination of taking GIS and SPSS statistical tools, this article analyzed the dynamic features and driving forces of the functional space evolution of Changsha by citing a variety of models such as sector fractal,"center-periphery"spheres density, expansion intensity, coupling degree and axial sprawl index. The results were obtained as follows:(1) The urban functional space of Changsha's central city expanded rapidly between 1979 and 2014. And the pattern of extension was still displaying the "circle mode" and "axis belt mode", but gradually transited to"polycentric structure". In the process of quick external expansion, the urban land also filled internally in the study period. The direction of functional transformation presented a phase difference clearly, which had experienced the process of"east, south and southeast"from 1979 to 1989 to the"northwest, east, southeast and north"during 2011 to 2014. Meanwhile, it showed some differentiation of different types of functional land.(2) Residential space showed excessive expansion and guided other spaces extension, which was incompatible with other functional urban spaces, causing an imbalance in urban functional space. Some zones even showed serious contradiction with city planning during the process of expansion.(3) Functional spaces coupling showed significant"core-peripheral"geographic differentiation, and mainly focused on the core area. Functional space types in peripheral area were relatively single,which means that the level of alignment was insufficient. To strengthen urban comprehensive competitiveness, local government should improve service function and promote functional integration.(4) This study also probes the dynamic driving forces of the evolution of the functional space in Changsha City, mainly including economic, administrative, ecological and social factors. And the administrative factor played a significant role in the evolution.(5) We propose the basic research framework for the study of urban functional land expansion from "problem orientation-phenomenon induction-essential analysis-strategy response", which can provide theoretical guidance for optimizing the internal space structure and improve the functional efficiency of the central city.
引文
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[26]周国磊,李诚固,张婧,等.2003年以来长春市城市功能用地演替.地理学报,2015,70(4):539-550.[Zhou Guolei,Li Chenggu,Zhang Jing,et al.Transition of urban functional land in Changchun from 2003 to 2012.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(4):539-550.]
[27]郭付友,陈才,刘继生,等.转型期长春市服务空间与城市功能空间关系特征研究.地理科学,2015,35(3):299-305.[Guo Fuyou,Chen Cai,Liu Jisheng,et al.The relationship between service space and other function space of Changchun City in transition period.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(3):299-305.]
[28]林木轩,师迎春,陈秧分,等.长沙市区建设用地扩张的时空特征.地理研究,2007,26(2):265-274.[Lin Muxuan,Shi Yingchun,Chen Yangfen,et al.A study on spatial temporal features of construction land expansion in Changsha urban area.Geographical Research,2007,26(2):265-274.]
[29]周国华,贺艳华.长沙市土地扩张特征及影响因素.地理学报,2006,61(11):1171-1180.[Zhou Guohua,He Yanhua.Characteristics and influencing factors of urban land expansion in Changsha.Acta Geographica Sinica,2006,61(11):1171-1180.]
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[2]Hoyt H.One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago.New York:Arno Press,1970.
[3]申庆喜,李诚固,马佐澎,等.基于服务视角的长春市城市功能空间扩展研究.地理科学,2016,36(2):274-282.[Shen Qingxi,Li Chenggu,Ma Zuopeng,et al.The expansion of the functional space of Changchun city based on service space.Scientia Geogaphica Sinica,2016,36(2):274-282.]
[4]周春山,叶昌东.中国城市空间结构研究评述.地理科学进展,2013,32(7):1030-1038.[Zhou Chunshan,Ye Changdong.Progress on studies of urban spatial structure in China.Progress in Geography,2013,32(7):1030-1038.]
[5]Poelmans L,Van Rompaey A.Complexity and performance of urban expansion models.Computers.Environment and Urban Systems,2010,34(1):17-27.
[6]Couch C,Karecha J.Controlling urban sprawl:Some experiences from Liverpool.Cities,2006,23(5):353-362.
[7]Cutsinger J,Galster G.There is no sprawl syndrome:A new typology of metropolitan land use patterns.Urban Geography,2006,27(3):228-252.
[8]冯仕超,高小红,亢健,等.西宁市30多年来土地利用/土地覆被变化及城市扩展研究.干旱区研究,2012,29(1):129-136.[Feng Shichao,Gao Xiaohong,Kang Jian,et al.Research on land use/cover change and urban expansion in Xining city in recent 30 years.Arid Zone Research,2012,29(1):129-136.]
[9]王振波,方创琳,王婧.1991年以来长三角快速城市化地区生态经济系统协调度评价及其空间演化模式.地理学报,2011,66(12):1657-1668.[Wang Zhenbo,Fang Chuanglin,Wang Jing.Evaluation on the coordination of ecological and economic systems and associated spatial evolution patters in the rapid urbanized Yangtze delta region since 1991.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(12):1657-1668.]
[10]Zhao Shuping,Da Liangjun,Tang Zhiyao,et al.Ecological consequences of rapid urban expansion:Shanghai,China.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2006,4(7):341-346.
[11]岳书评,张树文,闫业超.东北样带土地利用变化对生态服务价值的影响.地理学报,2007,62(8):879-886.[Yue Shuping,Zhang Shuwen,Yan Yechao.Impacts of land use change on ecosystem services value in the Northeast China Transect(NECT).Acta Geographica Sinica,2007,62(8):879-886.]
[12]李进涛,刘彦随,杨园园,等.1985-2015年京津冀地区城市建设用地时空演变及驱动因素研究.地理研究,2018,37(1):37-52.[Li Jintao,Liu Yansui,Yang Yuanyuan,et al.Spatial-temporal characteristics and driving factors of urban construction land in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region during 1985-2015.Geographical Research,2018,37(1):37-52.]
[13]Liu Y,Yue W,Fan P.Spatial determinants of urban land conversion in large Chinese cities:A case of Hangzhou.Environment and Planning:Part B,2011,38(4):706-725.
[14]陈江龙,高金龙,徐梦月,等.南京大都市区建设用地扩张特征与机理.地理研究,2014,33(3):427-438.[Chen Jianglong,Gao Jinlong,Xu Mengyue,et al.Characteristics and mechanism of construction land expansion in Nanjing metropolitan area.Geographical Research,2014,33(3):427-438.]
[15]Li Xinhu,Lin Tao,Zhang Guoqin,et al.Dynamic analysis of urban spatial expansion and its deterinants in Xiamen island.Journal of Geographical Sciences,2011,21(3):503-520.
[16]黎夏,叶嘉安.基于神经网络的单元自动机CA及真实和优化的城市模拟.地理学报,2002,57(2):159-166.[Li Xia,Yeh Anthony Gar-on.Neurai-network-based cellular automata for resllstic and idealized urban simulation.Acta Geographica Sinica,2002,57(2):159-166.]
[17]杨青生,黎夏.多智能体与元胞自动机结合及城市用地扩张模拟.地理科学,2007,27(4):542-548.[Yang Qingsheng,Li Xia.Integration of multi-agent systemsth cellular automata for simulating urban land expansion.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2007,27(4):542-548.]
[18]全泉,田光进,沙默泉.基于多智能体与元胞自动机的上海城市扩展动态模拟.生态学报,2011,31(10):2875-2887.[Quan Quan,Tian Guangjin,Sha Moquan.Dynamic simulation of Shanghai urban expansion based on multi-agent system and cellular automata models.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(10):2875-2887.]
[19]高玉宏,张丽娟,李文亮,等.基于空间模型和CA的城市用地扩展模拟研究.地理科学,2010,30(5):723-727.[Gao Yuhong,Zhang Lijuan,Li Wenliang,et al.Urban expansion simulation using GIS spatial analysis and cellular automata.Scientia Geogaphica Sinica,2010,30(5):723-727.]
[20]吴启焰,张京祥,朱喜钢.现代中国城市居住空间分异机制的理论研究.人文地理,2002,17(3):26-30.[Wu Qiyan,Zhang Jingxiang,Zhu Xigang.The dynamic mechanism of urban residential differentiation in China.Human Geography,2002,17(3):26-30.]
[21]宋伟轩,吴启焰,朱喜钢.新时期南京居住空间分异研究.地理学报,2010,65(6):685-694.[Song Weixuan,Wu Qiyan,Zhu Xigang.Residential differentiation of Nanjing in the new period.Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(6):685-694.]
[22]余琪.转型期上海城市居住空间生产模式及布局形态演进.城市规划学刊,2010(5):15-25.[Yu Qi.The models of production and evolution of layout of urban residential space in Shanghai during transitional period.Urban Planning Forum,2010(5):15-25.]
[23]刘贤腾,顾朝林.解析城市用地空间结构:基于南京市的实证.城市规划学刊,2008(5):78-84.[Liu Xianteng,Gu Chaolin.Decoding urban land-use spatial structure:A case study on the city of Nanjing.Urban Planning Forum,2008(5):78-84.]
[24]申庆喜,李诚固,周国磊.基于工业空间视角的长春市1995-2011年城市功能空间耦合特征与机制研究.地理科学,2015,35(7):882-889.[Shen Qingxi,Li Chenggu,Zhou Guolei.Coupling characteristics and Mechanism of Urban Functional space of Changchun based on the perspective of Industrial space in 1995-2011.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(7):882-889.]
[25]申庆喜,李诚固,周国磊,等.2002-2012年长春市城市功能空间耦合研究.地理研究,2015,34(10):1897-1910.[Shen Qingxi,Li Chenggu,Zhou Guolei,et al.The coupling of functional urban spaces:A case study of Changchun from 2002to 2012.Geographical Research,2015,34(10):1897-1910.]
[26]周国磊,李诚固,张婧,等.2003年以来长春市城市功能用地演替.地理学报,2015,70(4):539-550.[Zhou Guolei,Li Chenggu,Zhang Jing,et al.Transition of urban functional land in Changchun from 2003 to 2012.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(4):539-550.]
[27]郭付友,陈才,刘继生,等.转型期长春市服务空间与城市功能空间关系特征研究.地理科学,2015,35(3):299-305.[Guo Fuyou,Chen Cai,Liu Jisheng,et al.The relationship between service space and other function space of Changchun City in transition period.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(3):299-305.]
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